THE SOUTH POLE DISCOVERED
Israels, the Dutch painter, August 12, aged 87; Gustave Mahler, the German orchestra conductor, May 18, aged 51; Joseph Pulitzer, proprietor of the New York "World," October 29, aged 64; Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, U. S. N., October 2, aged 72; Peter A. Stolypin, Premier of Russia, assassinated September 18, aged 50; Denman Thompson, American character actor, April 14, aged 77; and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, novelist, January 28, aged 66.
The year 1912 opened in a state of unrest. In the United States preparations were under way for another Presidential election and both the leading parties exhibited dissension within their ranks. The Insurgent wing of the Republican party found its chief voice in Theodore Roosevelt, who suddenly announced that he had rescinded his former determination and would stand for nomination for a third term.
In Mexico the Madero Government seemed woefully weak in coping with rebellion. So many scattered uprisings were reported that President Taft formally warned all Americans in Mexico to evacuate.
A gigantic coal strike was begun in England early in March, in which over 1,000,000 miners walked out. The strike lasted for several weeks and caused the suspension of many other industries from lack of fuel. The trouble was complicated by mining disputes in other countries, notably France, Germany, and the United States.
Two new stars were added to the American flag by the admission, early in the year, of Arizona and New Mexico as States. This brought the total to forty-eight, and was the last of the contiguous territory which awaited statehood.
The world was interested, in March, to learn that Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, had reached the South Pole, on December 14 of the previous year.
IN many instances readers will use this index only to discover the
date of an event. Accordingly the references are made to years and
not to pages.
Where further information is sought it will readily be
found by consulting the summary of events at the head of the chapter
to which the year gives title.
ABENDSBERG, battle of, 1809.
Aberdeen, Ministry of, 1841, 1843, 1844,
1852, 1853.
Aboukir, battle of, 1801.
Abruzzi, polar expedition of, 1900.
Abyssinia, British expedition against,
1868; war with Italy, 1887, 1895, 1896.
Adams, John, death of, 1826.
Adams, John Couch, discovers Nep-
tune, 1846.
Adams, John Quincy, elected President,
1825; in Congress, 1839; death of, 1848.
Adrianople, Russians take, 1829; treaty
of, 1829.
Afghanistan, war with Great Britain,
1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1850, 1878,
1879, 1880, 1885, 1886.
Agassiz, 1839; death of, 1873.
Airship, Zeppelin's, 1900; Santos-Du-
mont's, 1901.
Aix, British destroy French squadron
at, 1809.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 1818.
Alabama Claims, 1869.
Alamo, defense of the, 1836.
Alaska, purchase of, 1867; boundary
fixed, 1903.
Albert, Prince, marries Queen Vic-
toria, 1840; death of, 1861.
Alexander I, wars with Austria, 1809;
expels Turks, 1810; breaks continen-
tal blockade, 1810; death of, 1825.
Alexander II, accession of, 1855; at-
tempts to assassinate, 1867, 1879, 1880;
assassinated, 1881.
Alexander III, coronation riots, 1883;
attempt to assassinate, 1887; death
of, 1894.
Alexandria, siege of, 1801; captured,
1807; bombarded, 1882.
Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 1874, 1875.
Alfonso XIII, birth of, 1886.
Alfred the Great, millenary of, 1902.
Algeria, French wars in, 1829, 1830,
1835, 1836, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845,
1847.
Algeciras, sea fight off, 1801; confer-
ence of, 1906.
Alma, battle of, 1854.
Amadeus accepts Spanish crown, 1870.
"America" wins yacht race, 1851.
Amiens, treaty of, 1802.
Ampere, death of, 1836.
Andersen, Hans C., death of, 1875.
Andrassy, Count, 1867, 1876; death of
1890.
Angouleme, Duke of, invades Spain,
1823; returns to France, 1823.
Anthony, Susan B., death of, 1906.
Antietam, battle of, 1862.
Antonelli, Cardinal, death of, 1876.
Antwerp bombarded, 1830.
Apache War, 1879, 1880, 1886.
Appendicitis, 1888.
Appomattox, surrender of, 1865.
Arai Pasha, 1882.
Arago, 1848; death of, 1853.
Argentina, proclaims independence,
1816; becomes republic, 1825; revolu-
tions in, 1828, 1835; war with France,
1838; coercion of, 1845, 1847, 1851,
1852, 1874; rebellions in, 1891, 1892,
1893; arbitration with Chile, 1902.
Armenia, massacre in, 1880, 1890, 1895,
1896.
Arnold, Edwin, death of, 1904.
Arnold, Matthew, death of, 1888.
Arthur, President, 1881; death of, 1886.
Ashantee, British wars in, 1895, 1896,
1900.
Aspern, battle of, 1809.
Assouan Dam, 1902.
Athens, fall of, 1827; riot in, 1901.
Auber, death of, 1871.
Audubon, death of, 1851.
Auerstadt, battle of, 1806.
Augereau, Marshal, replaces St. Cyr
1809.
Austerlitz, battle of, 1805.
Australia, gold discovered in, 1851.
Austria, made an empire, 1804; wart
with France, 1805, 1809; aids France
against Russia, 1811; wars with
France, 1813, 1814, 1815: occupation
of Italy, 1821, 1831, 1846, 1847; revo-
lution in, 1848, 1849; relations with
Prussia, 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854; ulti-
matum to Sardinia, 1858; war with
France, 1859; war with Denmark,
1863, 1864; war with Prussia, 1866;
empress of, assassinated, 1898.
Automobile service, Gurney's, 1829.
BACILLUS, leprosy, 1879; tuberculosis,
1882; diphtheria, 1883; lockjaw, 1884;
cholera, 1884; influenza, 1892; an-
thrax, 1895.
Bacteria, discovery of, 1863; in pus,
1881.
Bagehot, Walter, death of, 1877.
Balaklava, battle of, 1854.
Balfour, fall of Cabinet, 1905.
Balkan States, autonomy of Moldavia,
Wallachia, and Servia, 1826; revolu-
tion in, 1848; war with Turkey, 1853,
1854, 1876.
Baltimore fire, 1904.
Balzac, Honore de, death of, 1850.
Bancroft, George, death of, 1891.
Barcelona, insurrection at, 1842; an-
archist outrages, 1893, 1894.
Bartholdi, Statue of Liberty,
death of, 1904.
Bautzen, battle of, 1813.
Barras, Count, death of, 1829.
Bayard, T. F., death of, 1898.
Bazaine, in Mexico, 1963, 1864;
Franco-Prussian
death of, 1888.
Beaconsfield, debate with Gladstone,
1852; death of, 1881.
Beauharnais, in Italy, 1809.
Beauregard, P. G., in Civil War,
1861-1865; death of, 1893.
Beecher, H. W., death of, 1887.
Beef Trust, declared illegal, 1905.
Beethoven, homage to, 1814; death of,
1827.
Belgium, gains independence, 1830;
Conference, 1831.
Belzoni, researches in Egypt, 1817.
Bem, General, in Hungarian revolu-
tion, 1848, 1849.
Benedek, General, in Italy, 1859; in
war with Prussia, 1866.
Beranger, imprisoned, 1817; death of,
1857.
Beresina, battle of, 1812.
Besant, Walter, death of, 1901.
Bering Sea, controversy, 1889, 1891,
1893.
Berlin, Napoleon enters, 1806; Decrees,
1806; Russians drive French from,
1813; treaty of, 1878.
Bernadotte, made King of Sweden,
1810; refuses aid to France, 1811;
death of, 1844.
Berry, Duchess of, revolution of the,
1832
Berry, Duke of, assassinated, 1820.
Bessieres, Marshal, 1804, 1807, 1808,
1809, 1812; death of, 1836.
Bethel, Big, battle of, 1861.
Bismarch, plots against Austria, 1865;
unification of Germany, 1866; re-
signs, 1890; death of, 1898.
"Black Friday,' 1869.
Black Hawk War, 1831, 1832.
"Black Warrior" confiscated, 1854.
Bladensburg, battle of, 1814.
Blaine, James G., 1866, 1867; death of,
1893.
Blake, William, death of, 1827.
Blanc, 1842, 1847, 1848; death of, 1881.
Bland Silver Coinage bill, 1878.
Blizzard, the great, 1888.
Bloch, Jean de, death of, 1902.
Blucher, General, 1813, 1814, 1815.
Blum, Robert, 1848.
Bocklin, Arnold, death of, 1901.
Bobrikoff assassinated, 1904.
Boer War, the, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902.
Boer generals visit England, 1902.
Bolivar leads revolt in Venezuela, 1810;
raises expedition in Haiti, 1816; frees
slaves in Venezuela, 1816; captures
Spanish ships at Margerita, 1816
dictator of Peru, 1823; death of,
1830.
Bolivia, independence of, 1817.
Bonaparte, family of, receive thrones,
1806; exiled, 1816.
Bonaparte, Jerome, King of West-
phalia, 1806, 1807, 1813, 1847.
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples,
1806; King of Spain, 1808; regent,
1814, 1815; death of, 1844.
Bonaparte, Josephine, divorced, 1809;
death of, 1814.
Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland,
1806, 1807, 1809, 1810; death of, 1846.
Bonaparte, Lucien, death of, 1840.
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napo-
leon L
Bonheur, Rosa, death of, 1899.
Booth, Edwin, death of, 1893.
Booth, Junius Brutus, 1821; death of
1852
Borneo, British aid Sultan, 1840.
Borodino, battle of, 1812; Napoleon I
retreats to, 1812.
Bosphorus, foreign warships excluded
from, 1840.
Boughton, G. H., death of, 1905.
Bouguereau, A. W., death of, 1905.
Boulanger, career of, 1888, 1889, 1891.
"Bourgogne," wreck of, 1898.
Bragg, General, in Civil War, 1862-
1865.
Brahms, Johannes, death of, 1879.
Brazil, revolutions, 1821, 1822; war
with Argentina, 1825; republic, 1889;
revolution in, 1891; dispute with Bo-
livia, 1903.
Bright, John, death of, 1889.
Brooklyn Bridge, 1883.
Bronte, Charlotte, death of, 1847.
Brown, John, in Kansas, 1855, 1856; at
Harper's Ferry, 1859.
Brussels, World's Fair at, 1897.
Brunswick, Duke of, 1806, 1809; death
of, 1815.
Bryant, W. C., 1808, 1817; death of,
1878.
Buchanan, President, 1856, 1857.
Buchanan, Robert, death of, 1901.
Buell, General, in Civil War, 1861,
1862.
Bulgaria, war with Servia, 1885, 1886.
Bull, Ole, death of, 1880.
Bull Run, battle of, 1861.
BuMer, General, in Boer War, 1899,
1900.
Bulwer-Clayton treaty, 1850.
Bulwer-Lytton, Lord, death of, 1873.
Bunsen battery, invention of, 1843.
Burdett, Sir Francis, death of, 1844.
Burke and Hare, grave robberies of,
1832.
Burma wars with Great Britain, 1824,
1825, 1840, 1851, 1885, 1886.
Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, death of,
1898.
Burnside, General, in Civil War, 1862,
1863.
Burr, Aaron, kills Hamilton in duel,
1804; his conspiracy, 1806, 1807.
Burton, Sir Richard, death of, 1890.
Butler, Benjamin F., in Civil War,
1861, 1868; death of, 1893.
Byron, Lord, 1807, 1815, 1821; death of,
1824.
CABLE, across English Channel, 1850;
Atlantic, 1858, 1866; British Trans-
Pacific, 1902; American Trans-Pa-
cific, 1903.
Cadoudal, conspiracy of, 1804.
Calhoun, elected Senator, 1832; be-
comes Secretary of State, 1844; death
of, 1850.
California, Mexico annexes, 1824; an-
nexation of, 1846; gold discovered
in, 1848; admission of, 1850; earth-
quake in, 1906.
Campanile, fall of, 1902.
Campoamor, Ramon, death of, 1901.
Campos, General, 1873-76, 1895, 1896;
death of, 1900.
Canada, rebellion of Papineau and
Mackenzie, 1837, 1838; upper and
lower Canada unite, 1840; first Par-
liament, 1841; Home Rule in, 1847;
united with Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, 1867.
Canning, opposes Napoleon I, 1807;
duel with Castlereagh, 1809; aids
Greek and South American patriots,
1822; abolishes lotteries, 1826; aids
Dom Pedro IV, 1826; death of, 1827.
Canova, 1802; death of, 1822.
Capodistrias, resigns, 1822; President
of Greece, 1828; assassinated, 1831.
Caprivi succeeds Bismarck, 1890.
Carbonari, rise of, 1820.
Carlist wars, 1833, 1834, 1836, 1839, 1872,
1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877.
Carlotta fails in mission, 1866.
Carlsruhe, reactionary council at, 1819.
Carlyle, Thomas, 1834, 1837; death of,
1881.
Carnot, President, assassinated, 1893.
Cartegena, anarchy in, 1873.
Casimir-Perier, President, 1893, 1894.
Castelar, President of Spain, 1873, 1874.
Castillo, death of, 1897.
Catholic emancipation, 1828, 1829.
Catholics, concessions to, 1840.
Cavaignac crushes insurrection
Paris, 1848.
Cavour, plans unification of Italy,
1853; administration, 1856, 1857, 1858;
resigns, 1859; is recalled, 1860; death
of, 1861.
Cawnpore, massacre of, 1857.
Cedar Mountain, battle of, 1862.
Centennial Exposition, 1876.
Cerro Gordo, battle of, 1847.
Cervera, Admiral, in Spanish-Ameri-
can War, 1898.
Chalmers, Thomas, death of, 1850.
Chamberlain, in Boer War, 1896, 1897,
1899, 1900; angers Germans, 1901;
tariff policy, 1902, 1905.
Charcot, hypnotism as remedy, 1878.
Charles Albert wars with Austria,
1848, 1849.
Charles X, accession of, 1824, 1825; dis-
bands national guard, 1827; dissolves
Chambers; is deposed, 1830.
Chartist agitation, the, 1838, 1839, 1840,
1842, 1848.
Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of Treas
ury, 1862.
Chateaubriand, death of, 1848.
Chatillon, council at, 1814.
Chattanooga, battle of, 1863.
Chavannes, Puvis de, death of, 1898.
Cherokee Strip opened to whites, 1893.
Cherubusco, battle of, 1847.
"Chesapeake," British search of, 1807;
taken by "Shannon," 1813.
Chicago fire, 1871.
Chile, establishes navy, 1819; war with
Bolivia and Peru, 1879, 1883; revolt
against Balmaceda, 1891; American
sailors mobbed, 1891; arbitration with
Argentina, 1902.
Chilean Wallah, battle of, 1854.
China, dismisses British Ambassador,
1816; Emperor prohibits opium trade,
1828; opium war, 1834, 1839, 1840, 1841,
1842; opens treaty ports, 1843; Cush-
ing's treaty with, 1845; Taiping re-
bellion in, 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855,
1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863,
1864; death of emperor, 1875; war
with France, 1884, 1885; war with
Japan, 1894, 1895; Germany annexes
Kiao-Chau, 1897; concessions to the
Powers, 1898; "open door" in, 1899,
1900; Boxer war, 1900, 1901; abolishes
liken dues, 1902.
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1902.
Choate, Rufus, death of, 1859.
Cholera, epidemic in United States,
1832; in England and Wales, 1850; in
Asia, 1890; in Europe, 1893.
Chopin, 1829; death of, 1848.
Christian, Frederick, elected King of
Norway, 1814.
Christian IX, death of, 1906.
Clarkson, Thomas, death of, 1846.
Clay, Henry, 1806, 1814, 1822, 1823, 1825,
1839, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1850; death of
1852.
Cleveland, President, 1884, 1892, 1893;
Venezuela Message, 1895.
Cobbett tried for sedition, 1831.
Cobden, agitates for free trade, 1841,
1843; death of, 1865.
Code Napoleon, 1806.
Coleridge, S. T., 1826; death of, 1834.
Cold Harbor, battle of, 1864.
Colenso, battle of, 1899.
Collins, Wilkie, death of, 1889.
Columbian celebrations, 1892, 1893.
Commerce and Labor, Department of,
1903.
Commune, the, at Paris, 1871.
Comonfort, President of Mexico, 1855,
1856.
Comte, Auguste, death of, 1857.
Concordat, between Napoleon and Plus
VII, 1802; abolished, 1814, 1905.
Confederation of the Rhine, forma-
tion of, 1806.
Congo Free State, 1885; Belgian an-
nexes, 1895; cruelty in, 1904.
Conkling, Roscoe, 1881; death of, 1888.
"Constitution," takes "Guerriere,'
1812; takes "Jena," 1812; takes
"Cyane" and "Levant," 1815.
Cooper, J. Fenimore, 1823, 1826, 1828,
1829, 1840, 1841; death of, 1851.
Copenhagen, battle of, 1801; bom-
barded, 1807; fire in, 1847.
Copyright in Great Britain, 1842; in
United States, 1891.
Corn cultivator, McQuiston patents,
1859.
Corn Laws, sliding scale of grain
duties, 1814; reduction of grain
duties, 1842; repeal of, 1845, 1846.
Cotton famine, 1862; Sully's corner in,
1904.
Courrieres, mine disaster at, 1906.
Cracow, fire in, 1850.
Credit Mobilier, 1852.
Creeks, war with, 1836; deported, 1836.
Crete, insurrection in, 1889, 1890, 1896,
1897; governed by King George, 1898.
Crimean War, 1854, 1855, 1856.
Crispi, death of, 1901.
Cronje, General, in Boer War, 1899,
1900.
Crystal Palace, World's Fair in, 1851.
Cuba, insurrection of Quesada, 1833;
rebellion, 1876, 1895, 1896, 1897; Amer-
ican administration of, 1899, 1901;
Constitution, 1901; grants naval sta-
tions to United States, 1903.
Cuban reciprocity, 1902, 1903.
Cumberland, Duke of, charged with
conspiracy, 1835; in Hanover, 1837.
Curie, Pierre, aids wife in discovery
of radium, 1903; death of, 1906.
Cushing, Lieutenant, exploit of, 1864.
Custer, defeat and death of, 1876.
Cuvier, death of, 1832.
Cyprus ceded to England, 1878.
Czerny, Carl, death of, 1857.
DAGUERRE invents photography, 1839.
Dahomey, French subdue, 1892.
Dalton, John, death of, 1844.
Damien, Father, death of, 1889.
Dantzig, capitulation of, 1807; surren-
ders to Austrians, 1813.
Darwin, "Origin of Species," 1859;
death of, 1882.
Daudet, Alphonse, death of, 1897.
Davenport, Fanny, death of, 1891.
David, J. L., death of, 1825.
Davis, Jefferson, President of the Con-
federacy, 1860; captured, 1865; death
of, 1889.
Davoust, Marshal, 1804, 1806, 1807,
1809, 1812, 1813, 1815; death of, 1823
Davy, Sir Humphry, death of, 1829.
Decatur suppresses Barbary pirates,
1815.
Delagoa Bay awarded to Portugal,
1875.
Delhi, rebels against British, 1856
1857, 1859; Durbar at, 1903.
De Long, Arctic Expedition of, 1879.
Denmark, war with England, 1802
war with Sweden, 1808; ally of
France, 1813; wars with Germany,
1846, 1863, 1864.
Dessalines, 1803, 1804, 1806.
Detroit, surrender of, 1812.
De Vere, Aubrey, death of, 1846.
De Wet, General, in Boer War, 1899-
1902.
Dewey, Admiral, in Civil War, 1862
in Spanish War, 1898.
Dhargai Pass, British take, 1897.
Diaz, Porfirio, rebellion, 1872; Presi-
dent, 1876.
Dickens, 1836, 1837, 1842, 1847; death
of, 1870.
Dingaan, wars with Boers, 1835, 1836,
1837; killed, 1839.
Disraeli. (See Beaconsfield.)
Dollinger, Dr., death of, 1890.
Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, 1822;
dissolves constitution, 1823; accepts
constitution, 1824.
Doniphan in Mexican war, 1847.
Donizetti, death of, 1848.
Dornberg, conspiracy of, 1809.
Dostoyevsky, death of, 1881.
"Dreadnought" launched, 1906.
Dred Scott decision, 1857.
Dreibund, Russia, Austria, and Prus-
sia, 1851.
Dresden, battle of, 1813.
Dreyfus case, the, 1894, 1895, 1898, 1899,
1904.
Dumas, Alexandre, pere, death of,
1876.
Dunbar, P. L., death of, 1906.
Dvorak, Antonin, death of, 1904.
EDWARD VII, accession, 1901; corona-
tion, 1902.
Eggleston, Edward, death of, 1902.
Egypt, Mehemet All revolts against
Turkey, 1832; war with Turkey, 1839,
1840; war with Great Britain, 1882.
Eisenach, Luther celebration at, 1817.
Eliot, George, death of, 1880.
Elkins Anti-Rebate Bill, 1903.
Embargo, United States declares, 1807,
1808.
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