EVENTS OF 1905

Capitulation of Port Arthur-Russians at Mukden Take the Offensive Gripenberg Attacks Oku at Hun River-He Takes Hei-koa-taiHe is Held at Sandepu-Oku Drives Him Over Hun River-s Gripenberg Resigns His Command-Nogi's Army Arrives at Front General Strike in St. Petersburg-Petitioners of the Czar are Massacred by Troops-Riots Extend_Throughout Russia-Grand Duke Sergius is Assassinated-Great Battle of Mukden-Russians are Defeated-They Retreat to Tie Pass-Linevitch and Kuropatkin Exchange Places-Rouvier Succeeds Combes as French Premier -The Concordat is Abolished-Great Britain and Spain Consent to French Control of Weak Moroccan Government-Germany Objects to it and Forces Resignation of Delcassé, French Foreign Minister-France and Germany Call an International Conference to Determine Foreign Interests in Morocco-United States Takes Charge of Santo Domingo's Finances-Supreme Court Declares Beef Trust Illegal-Prominent Officials are Convicted of Postal Frauds Contest Between Officers of Equitable Life Assurance Society Discloses Frauds against Policy-holders-Society is_Reorgan ized--New York Legislature Investigates all the Life Insurance Companies, and Finds Great Abuses-Officers Make RestitutionInternational Commission of Inquiry into North Sea Incident Whitewashes Rojestvensky-Russia Pays for Damage-Rojestvensky is Reenforced by Nebogatoff's Fleet-He Takes Course Through Sea of Japan for Vladivostok-Togo Intercepts Him in Tsushima Straits and Smashes His Fleet-President Roosevelt Urges Russia and Japan to Open Peace Negotiations-They Comply-Peace Conference Meets at Portsmouth, N. H.-Envoys Quickly Agree on Japanese Control of Korea, Russian Evacuation of Manchuria, and Subordinate Terms-Deadlock on Russian Cession to Japan of Sakhalin, Payment of Indemnity, and Subordinate Terms-President Roosevelt Appeals to Czar, who Concedes Cession of Southern Half of Sakhalin-New Anglo-Japanese Treaty Secures Japan against Future Russian Aggression-Mikado, on Advice of "Elder Statesmen" Foregoes Indemnity-Peace is Concluded-Riots in Tokia over Treaty-Admiral Togo's Flagship is Sunk with its Crew by Accidental Explosion-King Oscar Vetoes Bill for Separate Nor wegian Consulates-Norway Declares its Independence-It Elects Prince Charles of Denmark as King-He Assumes Name of Haakon VII-Russian Sailors on "Kniaz Potemkin" Mutiny and Murder Officers-They aid Strikers in Odessa-Defeated by Government Troops, they Surrender Ship to Roumania-Death of Secretary Hay Elihu Root Succeeds Him - Ambassador Porter Finds Body of John Paul Jones in Paris-It is Brought to America-Tour of Secretary Taft, Congressmen, and Others to Philippines Promotes the President's Anti-Race-Suicide Idea More than His Philippine Policy Czar Tries to Satisfy Cry of Russian People for Free Government With Grant of an Advisory Parliament-He is Answered by Increased Disorders-Then He Grants Legislative Assembly and Civil Rights-This is Cautiously Accepted by Zemstvo Congress -Anti-Semitic Riots in Odessa-Mutiny of Squadron in Black Sea -Mutineers Join Strikers in Sebastopol-They are Subdued by Government Forces-Government Suppressed Mutinies at Cronstadt and Vladivostok-Strike of Russian Postal and Telegraph

BATTLE OF HUN RIVER

1905

Employees Ties up Business-Peasants Union Causes Agrarian Disturbances-Chamberlain's Derision of Weak Balfour Cabinet Precipitates its Resignation-Campbell-Bannerman Forms Ministry of Liberals and Labor Men Pending General Election-Deaths of the Year: Theodore Thomas, George H. Boughton, Lew Wallace, Jules Verne, Joe Jefferson, Albion W. Tourgee, Maximo Gomez, J. J. Henner, A. W. Bouguereau, Henry Irving, and George Williams.

B

Y the 3d of January the terms of capitulation of
Port Arthur had been agreed upon, and the Japanese

took possession of the city. The Russians had tried to disable their warships before the surrender, but the Japanese set to work and quickly made the most of them fit for service in their navy. According to Dr. Morrison, correspondent of the London "Times," "no more discreditable surrender has been recorded in history." The city was plentifully supplied with ammunition and provisions, and of its 41,641 combatants, only 15,307 were sick and wounded. In view of these revelations, General Stössel, who had previously been eulogized as "the Hero of Port Arthur," was courtmartialed on his return to Russia, but exonerated. The real hero of the defense was said to have been General Kondrachenko, who was killed on December 18, 1904.

Late in January the Russians defending Mukden took the offensive. The Second Army, under General Gripenberg, 85,000 strong with 350 guns, crossed the frozen Hun River and attacked the Second Army of Japan under General Oku, at the left of the Japanese line. The village of Hei-koa-tai was taken on the 25th, but the attack was stayed by the heroic defense of Sandepu by a small Japanese force. The Japa nese Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Oyama, strengthened his left, and on the 27th drove the Russians back over the river with a loss of 10,000 men. The Japanese loss was 7,000. Gripenberg complained that he had not been properly sup ported by Kuropatkin, and resigned his command.

In February Nogi's gallant army of 60,000 men, relieved from the siege of Port Arthur, arrived at the front, not only

bringing a great increase in numbers, but rousing in the entire Japanese line a spirit of enthusiastic devotion which not even the traditional stubbornness of Russia at bay could withstand. But the Russians had lost their old-time spirit. Reports filtered through the censorship (they were even disseminated by the Japanese among the Russian soldiers) that the autocracy for which they were attempting to filch an Eastern empire was oppressing their brothers at home. Driven by intolerable conditions the workingmen of St. Petersburg joined in a general strike which included all of the 174 industries of the city. Led by a deposed priest, Father Gapon, a great army of the strikers marched to the Winter Palace on Sunday, January 22, known thereafter as "Red Sunday," bearing a petition to the Czar for relief. Troops had been stationed to prevent their approach, and these fired upon the unarmed and orderly petitioners, killing and wounding many hundreds of men, women, and children. The flame of insurrection spread to Moscow, Odessa, Sebastopol, Warsaw, and even the distant Caucasus, where, though the heavy heel of despotism attempted to stamp it out, it broke forth again and again throughout the year. All the better elements of Russia, its professional and business classes, no less than its literary and artistic circles, joined with the artizans in a demand for representative government. The Grand Dukes, the relatives of the Czar who exerted an evil influence over him, were the special objects of popular hatred. On February 17, Sergius, uncle of the Czar, was assassinated by a bomb while driving through the streets of Moscow.

By February 20, the Third Army of Japan under Nogi was in position at Sha-hei-po, a little town west of Liaoyang, covered from the observation of the enemy by cavalry and the left wing of Oku's forces. In a similar position at the other end of the Japanese line, was the new Fifth Army, com