EVENTS OF 1872

Thiers Pays Another Instalment of War Indemnity-Death of Mazzini Italian Patriot-Don Carlos, Spanish Pretender, is Beaten at Oro quita-Death of Morse, Inventor of Telegraph-German Emperor as Arbiter Assigns San Juan Island, Vancouver, to United StatesGrant is Elected President Over Greeley-Death of Greeley-Reforms in Japan-Diaz's Rebellion Suppressed in Mexico-Death of President Juarez-Tejado Succeeds Him-Revolutionists in Honduras Rout Ex-President Medina-Revolution of Guiterrez, War Minister of Peru, Suppressed-Gulterrez is Killed-Death of Gautier, French Author.

'N France Thiers carried out his negotiation for the 3,000,000 francs liabilities still to be met to make the

I

German troops evacuate French territory. In the spring the occupation was limited to six eastern departments.

Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian patriot and republican radical, died at Pisa, on the 10th of March, at the age of sixtyseven. To Mazzini's burning enthusiasm and indomitable perseverance, as much as to Cavour or Garibaldi, Italian unity owed its successful accomplishment.

Spain offered the only exception to this year's tranquil course. In April the Carlist insurrection broke out. The son of Carlos VI was championed by the Carlists as King of Spain. There was but one other claimant, Alfonso, son of Queen Isabella, in whose favor the Duc de Montpensier resigned his pretensions. The Government suppressed the Carlist Juntas in Madrid, Valladolid, Burgos, and other cities. Carlist risings were fomented in the Basque provinces, in Aragon, Navarre, and in Castile and Leon. The principal leader of the rebel forces was General Diaz de Rada. King Amadeus despatched Serrano to the scene of action. On May 4 the two forces met. General Moriones, with an advanced division, came up with Don Carlos and his 6,000 followers at Oroquita, in the valley of Basaburua. Moriones had 2,000 men and a mountain battery. The Carl

1872

DEATH OF GREELEY

ists finally gave way, with a loss of 750 prisoners. The Convention of Amorovieta, on May 27, led the Government to believe that tranquillity was to ensue. Yet confusion reigned throughout the year in Spain. The Carlists in the north, the Federalists in the South, were everywhere exacting contribution, cutting the railways and telegraphs, and putting a stop to commercial intercourse. The prolonged Cuban rebellion added to the drain of Spanish finances.

On April 2 Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, died at the age of eighty-one.

In the midst of the negotiations with England over the "Alabama" Claims, a question arose to whom the island of San Juan in the Vancouver Channel should belong. The German Emperor, to whom the matter was referred for arbitration, decided in favor of the United States.

In November a Presidential election was held, and General Grant was reelected over Horace Greeley by a majority of 725,000 votes. The anxieties and exertions of the Presidential contest exhausted Greeley and unbalanced his mind. On November 29 he died in his sixty-second year. He was the founder of the New York "Tribune." On November 9 a conflagration occurred in Boston. In two days an area of eighty acres was burnt over. The loss was estimated at

$70,000,000.

Early in the year the reorganization of the Japanese ystem of education was undertaken. For educational purposes the Empire of Japan was divided into eight districts, in each of which a university was to be established, to be supplied by some 200 secondary schools of foreign languages. In the Japanese system of jurisprudence great progress was also made. Law schools were established, and in criminal practice defendants were allowed to have the assistance of counsel. The use of torture was abolished, and the list of capital crimes was diminished. At the same time Legations

REVOLUTION OF GUITERREZ IN PERU

1872

and Consulates were established abroad. The most rapid progress was made in journalism. Daily and weekly newspapers, and other periodical publications, equipped with metal type and modern printing presses, began to flood the country with information. The first railway was also opened.

In Mexico President Benito Juarez died, on July 18. Porfirio Diaz's rebellion in eastern Mexico was suppressed just before the death of Juarez. Larda de Tejado was elected President. The pacification of the country was completed before the close of the year, Diaz accepting the amnesty proffered him.

On

In Honduras a civil war had been raging between exPresident Medina and the Provisional Government. July 26 Medina was routed.

Presi

At the same time a revolution broke out in Peru. dent Balta was arrested, martial law was proclaimed at Lima, and Guiterrez, the Minister of War, declared himself supreme chief and dictator of the Republic. Having no real hold upon the army, he tried to buy support with the aid of "forced loans" from the principal banks of the capital. The people of Lima rose in open revolt. The forces of Guiterrez melted away, and his brother was killed in a street fight. Guiterrez then sent a party of his bravos to murder Balta in his prison, and shut himself up in the citadel. Lima rallied at once to the legitimate government under the VicePresident. In despair Guiterrez attempted to escape, but was captured and killed by the mob. The reins of power were handed over to Zevallos, who resigned them, on August 2, to Don Manuel Pardo, the Liberal candidate for the Presidency.

Théophile Gautier, the French writer and art critic, died on October 23 at Paris.

EVENTS OF 1873

Deaths of Napoleon III and Bulwer-Lytton, the Novelist-MacMahon Succeeds Thiers as President of France-Payment of More War Indemnity Takes French Fortresses Out of Pawn-Death of Liebig, the Chemist-Wolseley Conquers Ashantees-Modoc Indians Defeat Wheaton in Oregon and Massacre Canby and Peace Envoys-Davis Defeats Them-Captain Jack is Executed-Death of Powers, the Sculptor-Tweed, Tammany Chief in New York, is Indicted for Embezzlement of City Funds-He Escapes from Prison to Spain-He is Sent Back to New York-Deaths of Manzoni, Italian Poet-Patriot, and Rattazzi, Italian Statesman-Death of Sultan of Morocco Leads to War Between His Brother and His Son for the Crown-Death of Herreras, Spanish Dramatist-Republic is Proclaimed in Spain -Don Carlos Captures Estrella-Castelar Becomes President-Anarchy Reigns in Cartagena-Rebels Repel Government Fleets and Forces Spanish "Tornado" Captures American "Virginius" in Cuba -Its Filibuster Crew, Including British and Americans, are ShotProtests of United States Government are Ineffectual-Deaths of Landseer, the Artist, Agassiz, the Scientist, and Mill, the Economist.

O

N the 9th of January the news was flashed from
Chiselhurst to Versailles that ex-Emperor Napoleon

III was dead. In France there was little mourning. In Italy, however, the news of Emperor Napoleon's death was received with genuine sorrow.

Lord Edward George Earle Bulwer-Lytton, the novelist and statesman, died on January 18, at Torquay, England. Bulwer-Lytton entered Parliament for St. Ives in 1831, and supported the Reform Bill as a Whig, but changed his opinions and latterly supported the Conservatives. Under Lord Derby's Ministry he was Colonial Secretary, and in 1866 he entered the House of Lords as Baron Lytton.

In France, meanwhile, the Republican Government grew stronger. Thiers had urged the definite proclamation of the Republic, and in May presented to the National Assembly a bill to this effect. The Monarchists foiled him. On May 24 Thiers resigned as President of the Republic, and on the same night Marshal MacMahon was elected to the Presidency. He appointed Ministers who were willing to pave the way

for a reinstatement of the French monarchy. Chief among these was the Duc de Broglie. The monarchical Deputies in November confirmed for seven years MacMahon's tenure of the Presidency. The indemnity due from France to Germany as the consequence of the war had been paid on the 5th of September. The evacuation of Nancy and of Belfort had been effected on the 1st of August, that of Verdun, the last fortress, on September 16.

Justus, Baron von Liebig, died on April 18, at Munich. Liebig is regarded as the founder of organic chemistry, owing to the many discoveries he made in this department.

In Africa Ashantee warriors to the number of 12,000 men invaded British territory in February, making straight for Cape Coast Castle, but were foiled. In October Sir Garnet Wolseley, the new British administrator, landed on the Cape Coast. After a hard campaign, which lasted for some months, the Ashantees were completely conquered.

In America, on the 4th of March, General Grant entered on his second term of office as President. Soon another Indian war disturbed the public serenity. General Wheaton, who had made an attack on the Modocs, in southern Oregon and northern California, had been utterly defeated. On the 13th of April a parley was held, which resulted in the shooting of General Canby and the massacre of all the peace envoys excepting one. General Davis, now in command, gave the savages no rest. After weeks of skirmishing the final blow was struck on the 20th of May. Many of the Modocs yielded. Captain Jack with the others tried to escape. The troops captured the refugees. Captain Jack was tried by court-martial at Fort Klamath, Oregon, and was condemned to death.

Hiram Powers, the American sculptor, died this year at Florence. "The Greek Slave," upon which much of his fame rests, was finished in the early forties.