of an ulcerated stomach, and that the complaint had probably descended to himself. But the physicians persevered, with the vigour of science, until their patient refused to take their medicines any longer. From the 17th of March his illness confined him to his room. He had an old contempt for medicine. "Our body is a watch," said he, " intended to go for a given time. The doctor is a watchmaker who cannot open the watch; he must therefore work by accident; and for once that he mends it with his crooked instruments, he injures it ten times, until he destroys it altogether." In April, his Italian physician, Antommarchi, called in Dr. Arnot, an Englishman. Still his patient said, with the Turk, "What is written is written; man's hours are marked. None can live beyond their time."

In this absurd idea, which might have proceeded from the growing feebleness of his mind in the progress of his disease, he continued to refuse the alleviation which the skill of his English attendant might have afforded, for cure was impossible. He now drew up his will, and directed that his body should be opened, and its state described to his son. "Of all

my organs," said he," the stomach is the most diseased. I believe that the disease is scirrhus of the pylorus. The physicians at Montpellier predicted that it would be hereditary in our family." Tumultuous and fierce as his life had been, he died with some sentiments of religion. He had sent for two Italian priests some time before, and he calmly desired that the usual ceremonies of the Romish church should be complied with. In his last hours, he made this summary confession of his faith. "I am neither physicien nor philosophe. I believe in God, and am of the religion of my father. I was born a Catholic, and will fulfil all the duties of that church, and receive the assistance which she administers."

* Infidels.

His hours were now numbered. His complaint was cancer of the stomach. From the 3d of May, he seemed to be in a continued heavy sleep. The fifth was a day of unexampled tempest in the island; trees were every where torn up by the roots, the sea lashed and rent the shores, the clouds poured down torrents, the wind burst through the hills with the loudness of thunder. In this roar of the elements, Napoleon perhaps heard the old echoes of battle; the last words on his lips were of war; 66 tête d'armée" was uttered in his dream,-and he died. The fiery spirit passed away, like Cromwell's, in storm! The coup d'œil of his rise and fall exhibits the most various, vivid, and dazzling career ever known; the mightiest events and most singular vicissitudes ever crowded into the history of one man.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON.

1769-August 15. Born at Ajaccio, in Corsica. 1779-Placed at the military school of Brienne.

1793-An officer of artillery at the siege of Toulon, and appointed general of brigade.

1794-Commands the conventional troops, and defeats the Parisians. 1796-Appointed to the command of the army of Italy-Battle of Lodi -Battle of Castiglione-Battle of Arcola.

1797-Surrender of Mantua and Trieste. April 18. Preliminaries with Austria signed at Leoben-French take possession of VeniceTreaty of Campo Formio, with Austria.

1798-Sails for Egypt-Battle of Embade, or the Pyramids.

1799-May. Siege of Acre-Sails to France. Oct. 7. Lands at Frejus. Nov. 9. Dissolves the conventional government. Nov. 10. Declared first consul.

1800-Peace made with the Chouans-Crosses Mont St. Bernard. June 16. Battle of Marengo-Preliminaries with Austria signed at Paris. Dec. 24. Explosion of the infernal machine.

1801-Treaty of Luneville with Austria-Preliminaries signed with England.

1802-The Cisalpine Republic placed under his jurisdiction. March 27. Definitive treaty with England-Legion of Honour instituted. Au gust 2. Declared consul for life-Swiss form of government changed by June 5. Hanover con

him.

1803-May 18. English declaration of war. quered.

1804-Feb. Moreau arrested. March 20. Death of the Duc d'Enghien -Pichegru dies in prison. May 18. He is declared Emperor. Nov. 19. Crowned by the Pope.

1805-Writes a pacific letter to the King of England. April 11. Treaty of Petersburg, between England, Russia, Austria, and Sweden-He is

declared King of Italy-Mack's army surrenders at Ulm-French enter Vienna Battle of Austerlitz-Treaty of Vienna with Prussia-and of Presburg with Austria.

1806-March 30. Joseph Buonaparte declared King of Naples. June 5. Louis Buonaparte declared King of Holland-Confederation of the Rhine-Marches against Prussia-Battle of Auerstadt or Jena-Enters Berlin. Nov. 19. Hamburgh taken.

1807-Battle of Eylau-of Friedland-Treaty of Tilsit.

1808-July 7. Joseph Buonaparte declared King of Spain-20. Surrender of Dupont's army at Baylen-29. Joseph evacuates Madrid. Aug. 21. Battle of Vimiera. Nov. 5. Buonaparte arrives at Vittoria. Dec. 4. Surrender of Madrid.

1809-January. Battle of Corunna--Returns to Paris. April. War declared by Austria-Heads his army against Austria. May 10. French enter Vienna Battle of Asperne. July 5. Battle of Wagram-Flushing taken by the English-Treaty of Vienna with Austria. Dec. Lucien Buonaparte arrives in England-Marriage with Josephine dissolved→→ Walcheren evacuated by the English.

1810-March. Marries Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis II. July. Holland and the Hanse Towns annexed to the French empire. August. Bernadotte elected Crown-Prince of Sweden.

1811-January 1. Hamburgh annexed to the empire. April 20. The empress delivered of a son, who is styled King of Rome.

1812-January. Swedish Pomerania seized by France. May. Heads the army against Russia. June 11. Arrives at Konigsberg. 28. Enters Wilna. Aug. 18. Smolensko taken. Sept. 7. Battle of the Moskwa, or Borodino. 14. French enter Moscow. Oct. 22. Evacuate it. Nov. 9. Arrives at Smolensko. Dec. 5. Quits the army. 18. Arrives at Paris.

1813-April. Takes the command of the army on the Elbe. May 1. Battle of Lutzen. 20. Of Bautzen. June 4. Armistice agreed on. 21. Battle of Vittoria. Aug. 17. Hostilities recommence. 28. Battle of Dresden. Sept. 7. English enter France. 28. French evacuate Dresden. Oct. 18. Battle of Leipsic. Nov. 15. Revolution in Holland. Dec. 8. English army crosses the Nieve.

1814-Jan. 1. Allies cross the Rhine. March 30. Battle of Montmartre. 31. Allies enter Paris. April 11. Napoleon abdicates the throne. May 8. Arrives at Elba.

1815-March 1. Relands in France at Cannes. 20. Resumes the throne. June 1. Holds the Champ-de-Mai. 11. Leaves Paris for Belgium. 15. Attacks the Prussians on the Sambre. 16. Attacks Blucher at Ligny-and Wellington at Quatre Bras. 18. Defeated at Waterloo. 22. Resigns the throne, finishing the hundred days. 29. Leaves Malmaison. July 15. Received on board the Bellerophon. 24. At Torbay. Aug. 8. Sails in the Northumberland for St. Helena. Oct. 15. Lands at St. Helena.

1821-March 17. Confined by illness. May 5. Dies.

CHAPTER XIX.

The Reign.

In his earlier years the king had never passed the limits of England. Etiquette and financial reasons were the cause. But he suffered little by the restriction. He spoke with sufficient ease all the foreign languages required at court; and if he lost some indulgence of rational curiosity, and some knowledge of the actual aspect of the continent; he gained much more than an equivalent, in escaping those foreign follies which are so irreconcilably repulsive to the tastes of England. The hussar passion was not strong upon him; and though commanding a cavalry regiment, and fond of the allowable decoration of the soldier, it was to more travelled propensities that we owed the frippery which, for so many years, turned some of the finest portions of the British service into a paltry imitation of the worst of the foreign; disguised brave men in the trappings of mountebanks, and made a British parade the rival of a rehearsal at Astley's-a triumph of tailors. He never appeared before his people disfigured with the German barbarism of a pipe in the mouth, nor with the human face divine metamorphosed into the bear's or the baboon's. He was an English gentleman; and, conscious that the character placed him above the grossness of foreign indulgences, or the theatric fopperies of foreign costumes, he adhered to the manners of his country.

But, immediately on his accession to the throne, he visited Ireland,* Hanover,† and Scotland,‡ and in

* August, 1821.

† September, 1821.
Ff

+ August, 1822.

them all was received with the strongest marks of popular affection. While in Scotland, the intelligence of the Marquis of Londonderry's death reached him. The Marquis had died by his own hand! The fatigues of public business, added to some domestic vexations, had disordered his brain, and, after a brief period of despondency, he put an end to his existence. England regretted him as a high-minded statesman; but Ireland had no sorrow for the perpetrator of the Union,-a measure which, though fully merited by the popish propensities of the legislature, yet offended the just pride of the people, and was accomplished by a process of such lavish corruption, such open-faced and scandalous bargain and sale, as aggravated the insult, imbittered the national necessity of the transaction, and stamped the last shame on the brow of a fallen country.

From the close of the French war, England had remained in peace for ten years, with the exception of a war of one day with the Algerines, in 1816. Those barbarians had massacred a crowd of unfortunate Italians trading and fishing at Bona, under the British flag. The insult could not be passed over: and a fleet of ten sail were instantly despatched to demand satisfaction for this act of savagery. The dey scoffed at the demand; and the fleet, under Lord Exmouth, seconded by a Dutch squadron, under Admiral Von der Capellen, tore his massive fortifications to pieces in a six hours' fire. The dey was forced to make the humblest apology, to beg pardon of the British consul, and, by a more gratifying re-sult of victory, to deliver up all his Christian captives, and pledge himself to abolish piracy in his dominions. The latter condition, with the usual faith of barbarians, he violated as soon as the British fleet were under sail. But Lord Exmouth had the high honour of sending to Italy, where they marched in solemn thanksgiving procession to their churches, five hundred human beings, who, but for his success,