Attorney-General, to lead the defence of Queen Caroline, and this famous trial greatly increased his popularity. The year 1823 is remarkable in Mr. Brougham's life for two incidents, a fracas with Mr. Canning and the establishment of the London Mechanics' Institution. In 1824 he spoke often on the delays in Chancery. The year following Mr. Brougham was elected Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. The next year was remarkable for his able advocacy of the claim of prisoners on trial for capital offences to be defended by counsel; but the Bill was rejected by a majority of sixty-nine, and the right not conceded till 1836. In 1827 he was mainly instrumental in establishing the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In Trinity Term of that year he received a patent of precedence at the Bar. He spoke in the Session of 1827 on the Catholic claims and the corn laws. In the spring of 1828 he made his celebrated six-hours' speech on the reform of the law. In the Session of 1829 he advocated the Catholic Relief Bill. In the early part of the Session of 1830 he had brought in his Bill for the establishment of county courts, a grand step in law reform, which he saw carried after a lapse of sixteen years. At the dissolution of Parliament in 1830 he stood for the county of York, and was returned. His great speech against the slave trade did much to procure his election. On November 22, 1830, Brougham became Lord Chancellor, and was created Baron Brougham and Vaux; and on the evening of the day on which he took his seat he laid on the table an enormous plan of law reform. He remained on the woolsack throughout the agitation of the Reform Bill, and was the chief hero of its success. In 1835 a change occurred, when Lord Melbourne became Premier and Lord John Russell Home Secretary. From this Government Lord Brougham was excluded; but upon what grounds has never been clearly ascertained. From that time he was never invited to join any of the numerous Administrations which have been formed. Thus kept aloof from political power, Lord Brougham devoted himself thenceforth principally to legal and domestic reforms. Brougham's subsequent life was the chief period of his literary productiveness. He had been making free use of his power of composition through the whole course of his political career; newspapers, reviews, encyclopædias had been under obligations to his versatility. His principal works were "Dissertations on Subjects of Science Connected with Natural Theology," "Lives of Statesmen," "Political Philosophy," "Lives of Men of Letters," "Dialogue on

Lord

Instinct," "A Treatise on the Era of the Civil Wars of England and France, the Era of the Usurper Henry and his Militant Successor;" published letters, the chief one being to the Duke of Bedford on National Education," in 1839; one to Sir James Graham on "Law Reforms," in 1843; to Lord Lyndhurst on " 'Criminal Police and the Treatment of Juvenile Offenders," in 1847; on "The French Revolution of 1848," to Lord Lansdowne; and to Lord Denman on "The Legislation of 1850." Lord Brougham's last years were passed in seclusion and failing health, and his principal enjoyment seems to have been derived from his constant visits to his residence at Cannes, where he died on the 7th of May. In connexion with the chief acts of his later life may be mentioned his able and zealous presidency of the Law Amendment Society and its ally the Social Science Association. As their president he introduced the celebrated French advocate, M. Berryer, who was splendidly entertained by the English Bar in the Middle Temple Hall in 1864.

On March 22, 1860, Lord Brougham obained another peerage patent giving him the same title, but with limitation to his fourth brother, William Brougham, Esq., and the heirs male of his body. Lord Brougham married Mary Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas Eden, Esq., granddaughter of Sir Robert Eden, third Baronet, West Auckland, in the county of Durham, niece of the first Lords Auckland and Henry, and widow of John Spalding Esq., of The Holmes, Scotland, by whom (who died January 12, 1865) he had two daughters, Eleanor Sarah, died an infant, 1820, and Eleanor Louisa, born October, 1822, died November 30, 1839.

THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTER

BURY.

The Right Hon. and Most Rev. Charles Thomas Longley, D.D., P.C., Archbishop of Canterbury, who died of bronchitis on the 27th of October, at Addington Park, Surrey, was the son of John Longley, Esq., barrister-at-law, and Recorder of Rochester, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of J. Bond, Esq., of Battersea-rise. He was born July 28, 1794, and was educated at Westminster School, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in 1815, with a first class in classics, and was subsequently college tutor, censor, and public examiner. He was ordained in 1819, and was appointed to the Perpetual Curacy of Cowley, Oxford, in 1823. He was shortly afterwards nominated to the Rectory of West Tytherley, Hants, which preferment he held till 1829, when he was elected

Head Master of Harrow School, and in the same year graduated D.D. He, in 1836, was consecrated first Bishop of Ripon; he was translated to the see of Durham in 1856; to the archbishopric of York in 1860; and to the archiepiscopal and primatial see of Canterbury in 1862. The Archbishop was eminently distinguished for his piety, his devotion to the interests of religion, and for his amiable and benevolent disposition. He did not much appear before the public out of the range of his ecclesiastical functions, yet he had high scholastic qualifications, and as an author he is chiefly known by his collected charges to the clergy of Ripon from 1838 to 1853; by the sermon he published for the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, printed in the Report for 1842; and by other sermons and several letters on religious subjects.

His Grace married the Hon. Caroline Sophia, daughter of Henry Brooke, first Lord Congleton, by whom (who died March 9, 1858) he left issue two sons and three daughters.

THE EARL OF CARDIGAN, K.C.B.

James Thomas Brudenell, seventh Earl of Cardigan, and Baron Brudenell, K.C.B., who died of injuries received in a fall from his horse on the 28th of March, was the eldest surviving son of Robert, sixth Earl, by Penelope Anne, second daughter of the late Mr. George John Cooke, of Harefield Park, Middlesex, and was born at Hambledon, Hants, on the 16th of October, 1797. Having spent a few terms at Christ Church, Oxford, he was elected to Parliament a few months before he came of age, and sat for Marlborough from 1818 until 1829, when the Duke of Wellington's Adminis tration brought in the Catholic Emancipation Bill. Differing from Lord Ailesbury, by whose influence he had been first brought into public life, Lord Cardigan then resigned his seat for Marlborough, and sat for Fowey, in Cornwall, till the Reform Bill passed, after which, in December, 1832, he was returned for the northern division of Northamptonshire with Lord Milton, after a tremendous contest. While he represented Marlborough an incident very rare in the history of Parliament occurred. Lord Brudenell had to vacate his seat on the acceptance of a cornetcy in the 8th Hussars. Of course, it is needless to say he was re-elected. But it is only the original commission that vacates the seat. A man generally enters the army some years before he does the House of Commons, but Lord Brudenell did not enter the army till he was twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age. In 1832 he

was promoted from half-pay to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the 15th Hussars, a regiment with which his name will long be associated as the most unpopular of commanding officers. He quitted the 15th Hussars on account of a personal quarrel; and in 1836 we find him appointed to the command of the 11th Hussars. It would be useless to recall here the memory of the mess-room feuds between himself and Captain Reynolds, which filled the newspapers of the time, and have since been well-nigh forgotten. It is more to the purpose to place upon record the fact that he always kept his regiment in a high state of discipline and efficiency. His duel with Captain Tuckett, fought on Wimbledon Common, on the 10th of September, 1840, in which he slightly wounded his adver sary, arose, though somewhat remotely, out of the differences which had existed between himself and Captain Reynolds, and he had to answer the charge of "feloniously shooting his opponent before the Upper House in the following February, the House of Lords sitting for the purpose as a Criminal Court for the first time after an interval of more than sixty years. The prosecution was conducted by Sir John Campbell, afterwards Lord Chancellor, as Attorney-General; but the House, upon an absurd technical deficiency of proof, unanimously declared his Lordship "Not Guilty," the Lord High Steward broke his staff of office, and the proceedings came to an end.

On the formation of the army for the invasion of the Crimea Lord Cardigan was appointed to command the Light Cavalry Brigade as Major-General. He was employed by Lord Raglan while at Varna in reconnoitring the outposts of the Russians near the mouth of the Danube, and took a prominent part in the early actions of the Crimean campaign. His personal gallantry at Balaklava, when he charged the Russians at the head of his brigade, forcing his way with about 600 cavalry through some 3600 of the enemy, and leaving half of his men and horses dead upon the field, will long be remembered when the controversy as to the mistaken order in obedience to which he led the charge in the teeth of the enemy's guns is forgotten. On returning home from the Crimea Lord Cardigan was appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry, a post which he resigned in 1860. He had already (in 1859) been appointed to the Colonelcy of the 5th Dragoon Guards, from which he was transferred in August, 1860, to the command of his old and favourite Regiment, the 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars. He was nominated a K.C.B. in 1855, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1861.

The Earl was twice married-first, in 1826, to Elizabeth Jane Henrietta, eldest daughter of the late Vice-Admiral John Richard Delap Tollemache, whose previous marriage with Mr. Johnstone had been dissolved, and shortly after her death, in 1858, to Adeline Louisa Maria, only daughter of the late Mr. Spencer Horsey De Horsey, M.P., and granddaughter of the late Earl of Stradbroke, but had no children by either marriage.

LORD CRANWORTH.

Robert Monsey Rolfe, Baron Cranworth, of Cranworth, in the county of Norfolk, the elder and only surviving son of the Rev. Edmund Rolfe, was born on the 18th of December, 1790. His father, like his uncle, grandfather, and great-grandfather, was a plain country clergyman, holding the livings of Cockley-Cley and of Cranworth, near Shipdham, and it was at the rectory-house of the last-named parish that the late Lord Chancellor was born and from which he selected his title just sixty years afterwards. His mother was a Miss Alexander, and granddaughter of Dr. Monsey, the physician of Chelsea Hospital, whose surname was borne as a second baptismal name by the subject of this

memoir.

Having received his early education at the Grammar School of Bury St. Edmund's, which at that time enjoyed a very high local reputation, young Rolfe was transferred to Winchester College. In due course of time he exchanged Winchester for Cambridge. His undergraduate career, like that of his school days, was marked by satisfactory, though not brilliant, results; and it was probably with entire satisfaction to himself that, having taken his B.A. degree as seventeenth among the "Wranglers," in 1812, he found himself elected to a Fellowship at Downing College, which offered him a provision while studying for one of the learned professions, and had the additional advantage, rarer then than in these days, of being tenable without the necessity of taking holy orders. Robert Rolfe now resolved to seek his fortunes at the bar, and therefore came to London and entered himself as a student of Lincoln's Inn. In 1816 he was "called," and the Equity Bar was his choice. Here his early progress was slow, but not slower, perhaps, than the first steps of John Scott, when he first put his foot on the ladder which ultimately led him to the Chancellorship and the Earldom of Eldon. A few years passed, and briefs, which at first were scarce, began to come in more frequently. He had good practical sense and a sound knowledge of the law-if not

in its great and leading principles, at all events in its minutiæ and technicalities. He had good connexions among the solicitors; he had also the highest reputation for honour, integrity and good faith, and, above all things, great faith in himself. Some years passed by, and just as his legal reputation was beginning to consolidate itself, he had the satisfaction of being appointed to the Recordership of Bury St. Edmund's, a town of which he more than once contested the representation in the Liberal interest against the strong and all-prevailing influence of the Marquis of Bristol. He obtained the honour of a silk gown from Lord Brougham in 1832; but it was not till the end of the same year that he was enabled to secure a seat in the House of Commons. In the December next after the passing of the first Reform Bill, we find him elected for Penryn, where he helped to eject the Tory candidate, the late Mr. J. W. Freshfield, and he secured his re-election at the general election of December, 1834, and of July, 1837. He had not held a seat in the House for two years, when Sir John Campbell's promotion from Solicitor to Attorney-General left the former post at the disposal of Lord Melbourne's ministry. There were other Liberal barristers, in and out of Parliament, to some of whom it was generally thought that the post would have been offered in preference to Rolfe; but Lord Melbourne and his friends wished for a sound and safe man, a Liberal but not a Radical, and above all things a man of high personal character and standing, both with the profession and the public. These conditions they felt were amply united in Mr. Rolfe, who accordingly, in the summer of 1834, became Solicitor-General, and received the honour of knighthood. His tenure of office, however, was brief, as Lord Melbourne resigned after Lord Spencer's death in the following October or November, which broke up the Whig party, in the old King's opinion at least. The eclipse of the Liberals however was but temporary. Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington contrived, indeed, to form a Ministry; but they were beaten on the Speakership at the meeting of Parliament in 1835. After a three or four months' struggle against an adverse majority they tendered their resignations; and Lord Melbourne's return to Downing-street was the signal for a restoration of Sir Robert Rolfe to his former post. This he held, quietly and conscientiously discharging its duties, until the close of the year 1839, when he accepted a Puisne Judgeship as one of the Barons of the Exchequer.

As a Judge he gave great satisfaction.

Honest, painstaking, conscientious, upright, and gifted with that quiet practical ability for the discharge of work which is often of greater value than the most brilliant talents. He certainly more than justified his appointment. The rest of the late ex-Chancellor's history is soon told. In 1850, when the Great Seal was placed in commission, it was entrusted to him conjointly with Lord Langdale and with Vice-Chancellor Sir Lancelot Shadwell, on whose death, a few weeks afterwards, he was nominated one of the Vice-Chancellors of the kingdom. This post he exchanged in the following year for that of one of the Justices of Appeal in Chancery, which he continued to hold until the Great Seal of the kingdom was entrusted to his hands by Lord Aberdeen on the formation of the Coalition Cabinet in December, 1852. He had already been sworn a member of the Privy Council on first becoming a Vice-Chancellor, and in the same year he was raised to the peerage which became extinct by his death.

It remains only to add that Lord Cranworth again held the Great Seal in 1865-6, in the interval between Lord Westbury's retirement and the return of Lord Derby to power in the latter year. If nothing else can be recorded of him, at all events it may be stated here that he was mainly, if not wholly, instrumental in effecting one legal change, which, it may be presumed, has been acceptable to the profession; we allude to the transfer of the sittings of the Equity Courts from Westminster to Lincoln's Inn.

He died after a short illness at his town house, 40, Upper Brook-street, on the 26th of July. Lord Cranworth married, when pretty well advanced in age, a Miss Carr of Hampstead, a lady whose death preceded his by some five or six months.

SIR HERBERT EDWARDES, K C.B.

Major-General Sir Herbert Edwardes, K.C.B., and Knight Companion of the Star of India, who died at the early age of fortynine, in London, on December 23, was the son of the Rev. Benjamin Edwardes, and was born at the close of 1819. He was wounded at Moodkee when aide-de-camp to Lord Gough, and before he was thirty years of age won for himself a distinguished reputation by his conduct while an AssistantCommissioner attached to the Lahore Mission. The rebellion of Dewan Moolraj of Mooltan against his own Sikh Government broke out in May, 1848. Lieutenant Edwardes was then at Derah Futteh Khan, on the Indus, with one regiment of the Lahore troops and 300 horse. His first movement was for the rescue of the British

Envoys, Messrs. Agnew and Anderson, who, however, had been assassinated on the 18th of April. On ascertaining they were murdered he resolved upon raising levies from the border tribes of the Sooleiman mountains, and occupying as much of the rebel provinces as possible; and to collect the revenues and pay his troops from the enemy's resources. Volunteers flocking to his standard in large numbers, he determined to endeavour to shut up the rebel Moolraj in the fortress of Mooltan till a British force arrived. The Nawab of Bhawulpore, who tendered his aid, was requested to cross the Sutlej, and threaten Mooltan from the east, while Edwardes advanced with his levies from the west. Thus was covered and occupied a territory producing an annual value of eight lacs of rupees. On the 20th of May Colonel Cortlandt, an officer in the Sikh service, came up with the Sikh garrison of Dera Ismail Khan, about 4000 men, and some guns; and the Bhawulpore troops having been attacked by the rebel Moolraj on the 18th of June at Keneyree Edwardes hastened to his assistance with his raw levies, being the only European amongst them. He might, however, have fared ill had he not been efficiently aided by a portion of Cortlandt's force, with some guns. The victory was complete; and, undoubtedly, much was due to the exertions of Lieutenant Edwardes, who observed in a letter to a friend that "no Englishman could be beaten on the 18th of June." The British force (British only in its leaders) then advanced upon Mooltan, driving the Dewan before them. On the 1st of July, however, another battle took place at Sadoosam, when the enemy was again defeated, and lost four guns. From this date until the 18th of August Edwardes remained before Mooltan, keeping Moolraj a prisoner. The troops under General Whish then arrived, and Lieutenant Edwardes, being of inferior rank to that officer, took only a subordinate part in the subsequent operations. He received the brevet rank of major for his conduct in the affair, and was created an extra member, by special statute, of the Order of the Bath.

He received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at Oxford, in 1850, was reemployed in the civil administration of the Punjaub in 1851, and created K.C.B. in 1860 for his services as Commissioner of the Peshawur frontier in the mutiny of 1857. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. at Cambridge in 1860, and was again employed in the Punjaub as Commissioner of the Cis-Sutlej States in 1862. He left India on sick leave in 1864, and was created K.C.S.I. in 1866. He married,

in 1850, Emma, daughter of Mr. James Sidney.

SIR E. W. HEAD, D.C.L., F.R.S. Sir Edmund Head, who died suddenly on the 28th of January, was the only son of the Rev. Sir John Head, Bart., M.A., Perpetual Curate of Egerton, Kent, and Rector of Rayleigh, Essex, by Jane, only child and heir of Thomas Walker, Esq., of London. He was born in 1805, and was educated at Winchester and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1827, obtaining a first-class in classics. Subsequently he became a Fellow of Merton at the same University, and graduated M.A. in 1830, and in 1834 was appointed University Examiner. He held the civil appointment of one of the Poor Law Commissioners, having previously qualified himself for that office by service as Assistant Commissioner. In October, 1847, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor for New Brunswick, which office he held until September, 1854, and in that year he was appointed Governor-General of Canada. He retired from that colonial post in 1861.

In 1862, on his return home, he was appointed a Civil Service Commissioner. The lamented baronet was a most accomplished scholar, both in the classical and modern languages, and had received the honorary degree of D.C.L., at Oxford, and LL.D., Cambridge. In literature he was chiefly known by his "Handbook of Spanish Painters;" "but," says a writer in Notes and Queries, "whether as a classic scholar and first-class man at Oxford, whether as a writer on art, or as an adept in languages, grammar, etymology, &c., he was indeed most rarely gifted, and truly a full man.' The utmost industry, zeal, and employment in study were in him united to intense and close application."

He succeeded his father as eighth baronet, January 4, 1838, and in November of that year he married Anna Maria, daughter of the late Rev. John Yorke, by whom he left surviving issue, two daughters; his only son, John, who was born in 1842, was accidentally drowned in Canada, 1859.

C. J. KEAN, F.S.A., F.R.G.S.

Charles John Kean was the second but only surviving son of the celebrated tragedian, Edmund Kean, and was born in 1811, at Waterford, where his father was then performing. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Eton, where he is said to have made satisfactory progress in his studies. In the spring of 1827 he was summoned to London by his mother, who was in great distress consequent on the

dissipated habits of her husband. Having declined an East India appointment offered to him by the late Mr. Calcraft, M.P., unless he could see an adequate maintenance secured to his mother, whom he found in broken health and separated from her husband, Charles Kean sought an interview with his father to bring matters to a final understanding; but, failing in this, he left Eton in the following July, and accepted an engagement for three years, under Mr. Price, at Drury Lane Theatre, the manager rightly expecting that his name would prove no mean attraction. He made his first appearance on the boards on the 1st of October, 1827, as Young Norval, in Home's tragedy of "Douglas," but his success by no means equalled the expectations awakened by the name of the son of Edmund Kean. In 1830 Mr. Charles Kean for the first time visited America, where he was warmly received; but his success in 1833, when, having recrossed the Atlantic, he appeared as Sir Edward Mortimer at Covent Garden, was not sufficient to induce him to remain long in London. It was, however, during this engagement that he acted together with his father for the first and last time in the British capital, being the Iago to Edmund's Othello, at Covent Garden. It was during this performance that Edmund Kean's acting came to an end. Completely broken in health and spirits, his head sank upon his son's shoulder, and he was carried off the stage to the dressing-room. Rallying a little, he was afterwards conveyed to his residence at Richmond, where, in less than a month-namely, on the 15th of May, 1833-he breathed his last. He was buried in Richmond churchyard.

Mr. Charles Kean appeared for the first time at Drury Lane as Hamlet, on the 8th of January, 1838. The record now becomes one of uninterrupted triumph. It was during this part of his career, on the 29th of February, 1842, that he married the amiable and accomplished actress, Miss Ellen Tree.

In 1850, in conjunction with Mr. Keeley, he undertook the management of the Princess's Theatre; but it was not till after the dissolution of that partner. ship that Mr. Kean commenced that gorgeous series of Shakspearian" revivals" which make an epoch in the history of the stage, and which for several years rendered the theatre in Oxfordstreet, previously obscure, as fashionable as an Italian Opera-house. "Those productions," says the Times, "exposed him to much small satire, and it was boldly stated that he rendered Shakspeare attractive by means, not of poetry and acting,