save that he had frankly and honestly given her his opinion unfavourable to her projected course of action. Some of the witnesses for the prosecution proved themselves guilty of perjury and forgery, the result being that the Crown counsel threw up the case in an agony of shame, leaving M. Berryer to rejoice in a triumphant acquittal.

D'Argenson, De Puyraveau, and Garnier Pagès reaped the advantages of Berryer's advocacy on their trials in 1834-5. In 1836 the French Legitimists subscribed a large sum, with which they purchased the estate of Angerville, as a tribute to the brilliant orator who had so boldly and so successfully raised his voice in their defence.

At the trial of Louis Napoleon for his attempt upon Boulogne in 1840 Berryer made a powerful speech in his defence, contending that as 4,000,000 of votes had placed the Napoleon dynasty on the throne, Prince Louis was in fact the heir to that throne.

Berryer was almost a passive spectator of the events of 1848, but was chosen in that year, and again in 1849, representative in the Legislature of the Bouches du Rhône. In the Republican Parliament he spoke but little save upon financial and administrative questions, but he was opposed to the conduct of the President Louis Napoleon, and spoke against it in 1851. In the same year he protested against a proposal for repealing the law which exiled the Bourbons, on the ground that the Count, de Chambord was not an exiled Frenchman, but a King of France unlawfully excluded from the throne, and that no monarch could accept permission to enter his own dominions. Berryer was among those who endeavoured to procure the impeachment of Louis Napoleon, but, after the coup d'état of the 2nd of December, 1851, which he had foreseen and worked against, Berryer took little part in political matters, except in endeavouring to effect a fusion between the two branches of the House of Bourbon. 1852 he was elected bâtonnier of the French bar, and in 1854 became an Academician, on which occasion he did not pay the usual visit to the Emperor. In 1858 he was chosen by the Count de Montalembert to defend him on his trial for the famous article upon a debate on India in the British Parliament. Montalembert was sentenced to fine and imprisonment, but the Emperor would not allow the latter part of the sentence to be carried out. In 1861 he was engaged in the celebrated cause of Miss Patterson concerning the succession of Jerome Napoleon. In 1863 Berryer permitted himself to be

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put in nomination for the department of the Bouches du Rhône, and was elected by his old constituency, M. Thiers and M. Marie being his colleagues.

In 1865 he paid a visit to England as the guest of Lord Brougham, and was entertained at a special banquet given in his honour at the Temple by the Benchers on the 10th of November, where the highest compliments were paid to the great French advocate, who had all through life maintained a thoroughly consistent course.

M. Berryer did not take a very active part in the debates of the Parliament of the Second Empire, but he raised his voice in the Chamber in December, 1867, in approval of the French intervention in Rome; and on the 14th of February, 1868, he made a long speech in the Corps Législatif to sustain an amendment, designed to secure the independence of the judges, which he had proposed to a new law on the press. His last political act was his publicly subscribing to the fund raised to defend the Paris journals which were prosecuted for having published lists of subscriptions for a monument to Baudin, one of the victims of the coup d'état of 1852.

A writer in the Times remarks that M. Berryer had "long been considered the foremost orator of France since the days of Mirabeau; and his speeches had in them at once all the charm of finished orations and the force of the suddenness, vivacity, and fire of extempore harangues. There are those who have compared him to Lord Derby, or rather to the Lord Stanley of a quarter of a century ago; of whose vehement and impassioned manner he reminded English hearers; especially when, confident of some advantage gained over his opponent in debate, he would heap refutations, sarcasms, and taunts on his discomfited adversary. When he stood at the Tribune, with his head raised, and his arm uplifted, and poured forth his torrent of eloquence, nothing could be superior to him in style or in action. Possessing a most musical voice, and thoroughly gifted with every oratorical resource, he was listened to with profound silence, broken by applause only at the end of some fine period. Add to this the fact that he had an astonishing aptitude for business, and an intuitive quickness in mastering the details of the most complicated questions, and the reader may have an idea of the versatile and powerful orator whom France has lost."

SIR DAVID BREWSTER, D.C.L., &c. Sir David Brewster, Principal of the University of Edinburgh, and one of the

first natural philosophers of his age, died at his seat of Allerly, near Melrose, on the 10th of February in the 87th year of his age. He was born at Jedburgh, on the 11th of December, 1781. His father, who was rector of the grammar school there, destined him for the ministry; and he was accordingly sent to the University of Edinburgh, and maintained there for several sessions, during which his performances as a student were promising and even brilliant. He passed through the theological classes, and took licence as a preacher of the Church of Scotland; but he was strongly attracted during his college career towards the study of science and the observation of natural phenomena, and at last he resolved to turn completely to the pursuit of science as his aim in life, and in that spirit declined a presentation which was offered to him by the Duke of Roxburgh. He had received the honorary degree of M.A. in 1800; and at and after that period he enjoyed the acquaintance and assistance in his scientific studies-in which he already gave evidence of surpassing powers of observation-of Robison, the Professor of Natural Philosophy, and of Playfair and Dugald Stewart. He had already so far improved upon the instructions he had received, that in maturely examining the bases of Newton's theory of light he succeeded in discovering a novel and important fact in optics-that of the influence of the condition of the surfaces of bodies on the "inflection " or change of direction of the rays of light, which had been formerly accepted as a consequence of the nature of the bodies themselves. He had already devoted himself principally to the science of optics, in which he was destined to attain so distinguished a reputation. In 1807 a number of honours poured in upon him. He was made LL.D. of Aberdeen University; Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L; and Cambridge that of A.M. Next year Dr. Brewster was elected a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of which he subsequently filled the offices of secretary, vice-president, and president-holding the latter office at his death; and in the same year he took in hand the task of editing the "Edinburgh Encyclopædia," a work to which he made a number of important and interesting scientific contributions, and which he did not complete till 1830. This considerable undertaking, however, was far from occupying the whole of Dr. Brewster's almost marvellous working energy. In 1813, under the title of a "Treatise on New Philosophical Instruments," &c., he presented to the public some of the results of his optical researches during the preceding twelve years. In 1811 he had

bestowed some attention upon the experiments prosecuted by Buffon with the purpose of discovering the nature and emulating the effects of the burning-mirrors of Archimedes; and these experiments suggested to him the construction of what he styled "polyzonal" lenses. Lighthouses at that time were usually fitted up with plain parabolic reflectors; Dr. Brewster proposed instead the use of lenses built up of zones of glass, each of which might be composed of several circular segments, arranged concentrically round a central disc, with the effect of strengthening the light and transmitting it to a greater distance. The invention, or adaptation of Buffon's invention, excited a good deal of interest at the time, as it promised to lead to an improvement in the illumination of our lighthouses and the safe conduct of our coast navigation; but it was not then practically taken up in this country, though it was in France. In 1815, at the desire of the Corporation of Edinburgh and of Professor Playfair, he undertook to take the place of the latter in delivering the lectures on natural philosophy; but he did not long persist in this task, grudging every moment and every effort that did not lead him further in the investigation and knowledge of this favourite subject. In the same year he sent again to the Royal Society of London a paper "On the Polarization of Light by Reflection," and the society elected him a Fellow, and voted him their Copley medal for his discoveries and researches. In 1816 he had the honour to receive from the French Institute half of the prize of 3000f. awarded for the two most important discoveries made in Europe in physical science during the two years preceding. In that year also he achieved the invention which has rendered his name most popular-that of the kaleidoscope.

Thenceforward honours continued to flow in rapidly on him, and in 1831 he received the decoration of the Guelphic Order of Hanover. The year following he was knighted by King William IV. In 1833 he was a candidate for the chair of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, but was defeated by Mr. J. B. Forbes, now Principal Forbes, of St. Andrew's. To the distinctions we have enumerated as falling to his share the King of Prussia added (in 1847) the Order of Merit. In 1849 he was elected one of the foreign Associate Members of the Institute of France, and the Emperor Napoleon (in 1855) conferred upon him the cross of the Legion of Honour. The list of Sir David Brewster's contributions to scientific and general literature is very extensive. Among his more popular works were a

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"Treatise on the Kaleidoscope," a "Treatise on Optics," "Letters on Natural Magic," "The Martyrs of Science," "Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton," and "More Worlds than One," written in reply to Dr. Whewell's "Plurality of Worlds." He was twice married-in 1810 to Juliet, the younger daughter and co-heiress of James Macpherson, of Belleville, M.P., better known to fame as the "translator" or author of "Ossian." The first Lady Brewster died in 1850; and in 1857 Sir David was again married, to Jane, daughter of Mr. Thomas Purnell, of Scarborough, who survived him.

SIR JAMES BROOKE.

Sprung from a good old Somersetshire family, and the son of a plain retired official who had acquired a handsome competency in the civil service of the East India Company, James Brooke was born, either in India, or, according to another account, at Combe Grove, near Bath, on the 29th of April, 1803. His love of adventure, and more especially of Eastern adventure, was remarkable even when a child, and it is not to be wondered at that as soon as he grew towards manhood he should have chosen the Indian army as his profession. He obtained his first commission about the year 1817, and served as a cadet in the first Burmese war, in which he was severely wounded, and shortly afterwards obtained his lieutenancy. After his return to England, upon the death of his father, an accident occurred which altered the whole course of his subsequent life. On recovering from his wound he travelled through France and Italy to re-establish his health; but on reaching India he found that his furlough had expired, and that he was obliged to retire from the service, although he was able to plead in excuse the fact that he had been wrecked on his outward passage, and that he was scarcely accountable for the delay. Accordingly he sailed from Calcutta in the "Royalist" yacht, which, as being attached to the Royal Yacht Squadron, was entitled in foreign ports to the same privileges as a man-of-war. With a fine active crew of twenty men, after more than three years' sailing and cruising in the Mediterranean and other European seas, during which he was training them for greater things-he left the Thames on the 27th of October, 1838, and steered straight for those Eastern seas of which he had read as a child, and which he now resolved to penetrate again. He passed the southern shores of India and Ceylon, crossed the Indian Ocean, and speedily landed at Singapore. This was in July, 1839; and he reached Sarawak, which

lies a few leagues up country from the seacoast of Borneo, in the following month.

On reaching the coast of Borneo he found the Sovereign or Sultan of that island engaged in a long and almost hopeless attempt to subdue one of the rebellions which so frequently happen among the rival rulers of subordinate districts. What he could not do in four years Brooke helped him to do in as many months, if not in as many weeks. His aid was solicited by and given to the Rajah Muda Hassim; and it secured the triumph of authority and law. It appears that Muda soon afterwards being called to the post of Prime Minister, recommended the Sultan to make the English adventurer his successor as Rajah of Sarawak. The advice thus tendered was accepted, and the honour and dignity of Rajah was laid at the feet of the Englishman. When the news came to England that he had taken an active and successful part in the suppression of the Malay pirates, and that the Prince had ceded to him the territory of Sarawak as the representative of England, James Brooke became a popular idol. This was in 1841; and his official proclamation as Governor of Sarawak dates from the 21st of September, 1841, on which day the British flag was hoisted there.

The newly-appointed Rajah immediately set about the reform of the local Government, the framing of new laws, and the improvement of the people thus strangely subjected to the all but irresponsible sway of the "Tuan Besar," or great man, as the natives persisted in calling him, both absent and present, saluting even his picture with a prostration greater and more marked than that with which a pious Roman Catholic would honour the picture of his patron saint. In certain expeditions which he undertook for the purpose of suppressing piracy and slavery, which had always been the chief aim of his existence, he was largely assisted by the Hon. Captain Keppel, R.N., and by Sir Thomas Cochrane, who then held the command-inchief over the fleet in Eastern waters. The result of these expeditions was the shedding of a great deal of blood; but it was said that those who perished were freebooters and pirates, and the outcry raised in consequence against the Rajah gradually died away. Captain Keppel, who had taken so active a part in the suppression of piracy, on his return to England in 1844 published a "Diary" by the Rajah himself, which rendered the public at home familiar with the true state of the case, and prepared them to welcome him on his return with suitable demonstrations of their feelings. On reaching London in 1846, or early in 1847, Rajah Brooke

found himself famous, and more than famous; the Knighthood of the Bath (civil order) was conferred on him by her Majesty; the University of Oxford bestowed on him the honorary degree of D.C.L.; and he was fêted and entertained at dinner by every public body, from the Queen, at Windsor Castle, down to the most third-rate and fourth-rate of city companies. He also reaped the more solid and substantial rewards of being created by the Queen" Commissioner and Consul to the Native States of Borneo, and Governor of Labuan," the latter being a small island near Sarawak, purchased from the Sultan and erected into a British colony. As Governor he enjoyed a salary of 2000l. a year.

It is not to be supposed that all this time he had no zealous opponents or detractors from the credit and the fame which were his due, and more than once Mr. Joseph Hume was defeated in an attempt to procure from the House of Commons what in effect would have been equivalent to a censure on his conduct; the same gentleman also printed privately, and circulated widely, a pamphlet embodying many charges against him, which were for the most part capable of disproof on a closer inspection. Ultimately, however, a commission of inquiry into his conduct was appointed, which, although it came to little or nothing, yet laid the foundation of great mental suffering and bodily illness in a man like Brooke, whose sensitive and chivalrous nature, as Edmund Burke so pointedly said, "feels a stain as a wound." At a public dinner, however, at the London Tavern, the merchants of the city, generals, and admirals, and lawyers and East Indian directors, and statesmen of every shade of party, met to do him honour, and to bear public testimony to their full approval of the work he had done in the East, and their entire belief in the honesty and justice of his policy.

The rest of the ex-Rajah's story is soon told. In 1858 he returned to England, but he had been in this country only a few months when his health received a serious shock in the shape of a paralytic attack. From this he ultimately rallied,, though for some months he was rendered incapable of active mental or bodily exertion; and, to add to his troubles, in the following year he received the intelligence that his books and private papers had been destroyed in an insurrection in Borneo, which he was not on the spot to quell. A public meeting, however, was held in London, and a large sum was collected among his friends and admirers in order to enable him to replace them and to purchase the estate in the south of Devonshire, where his latter days were spent, and where he

died on the 11th of June. Towards the close of 1861 he paid Borneo a visit, accompanied by Mr. Spencer St. John; but he had the mortification of finding the northwest part of the island in rebellion. As soon as this outbreak was suppressed he returned to England, but was again recalled to the East by fresh complications which had arisen in the internal administration of Borneo. These difficulties, however, he had the satisfaction of seeing arranged on his farewell visit to the island about five years since. From that date the fortunes of Borneo and of Sarawak have been on the whole peaceful and quiet. Brooke, though himself placed on a sort of honorary retired list, saw the independence of his favourite settlement recognized by the British Government, and a British consul established there. The Rajah was, both at home and abroad, much and deservedly respected. His name indeed merits a place in history; for all must agree in admitting that he rendered immense services to the country with which his career will be indelibly associated.

LORD BROUGHAM.

It was from the union of a Westmoreland squire and a Scotch lady that one of the most remarkable men who have passed from the English bar and the Lower House to the woolsack and the peerage derived his birth; on one side the grace of antiquity, on the other that of literature, illustrated his origin. The family of Burgham, or Brougham, though not adequately represented by his immediate ancestors, traced its descent beyond the Conquest to Anglo-Saxon times. The maiden name of his mother was Eleanor Syme; her father was a doctor of divinity; her uncle, Principal Robertson, or, more aptly to the Southern ear, Robertson the Historian. The northern relationship, or the advantages offered by Edinburgh as a place of Education, gave to Scotland more than a nominal share in the fame afterwards acquired. In St. Andrew's-square, in that city, on the 19th of September, 1778, Henry Brougham, one of five sons, entered on no common pilgrimage; and the larger part of his youth and early manhood was spent in the place of his nativity. The High School, then presided over by Dr. Adam, was his first arena. Walter Scott and Francis Jeffrey were among his immediate predecessors on the floor. The University course followed, with its larger scope, when he was fifteen. Black's chymistry, Robinson's natural philosophy, Tytler's history, Playfair's mathematics, the moral and political philosophy of Dugald Stewart, laid the

foundation of that sturdy and practised intellect, whose force and whose furniture were not ill-proportioned to one another.

Within the compass of a short notice it is impossible to do justice to the character of a man so many-sided in his aspects, so multifarious in his tastes and studies, so superhuman in his energy and industry. He was almost every thing in turn-a mathematician, an historian, a biographer, an essayist and reviewer, a physical philosopher, a moral and political philosopher, an educator of the people, a lawyer, an orator, a statesman, a philan thropist.

His capacity and his ambition alike determined him to a sphere where tongue and pen could find play. Before the last century had run out he was called to the Scotch bar. In the biding time of that profession (no such long delay for him) he found room for exertion and conflict along with the other "strong spirits" who devised the Edinburgh Review. He was one of that choice coterie who, in the year 1802, met, as Sydney Smith describes, in the upper flat, where Jeffrey began so modestly his married life, and vowed to revolutionize more than one phase of British opinion.

As early as 1803 we find intimations that the young advocate had made up his mind to seek before long a wider sphere than Edinburgh could afford, and in 1804 the public career of Henry Brougham had by his removal to London its true commencement. He was called to the English bar by the Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn in 1808, went the Northern Circuit, and soon got into great business. On Circuit, as in London, he was an energetic and powerful defender of persons charged with political offences. In 1810 he was elected M.P. for the borough of Camelford, and on June 15 in that year he moved an address to the Crown on the subject of the slave trade, the abolition of which he ever after strenuously advocated. He soon became accustomed to the new arena into which his abilities had called him. When he spoke he delivered himself with a daring vehemence and an unexampled fluency. On rolled the stream of his eloquence, strong from conviction, vehement from passion, and burning with invective, as the occasion demanded. Brougham made flogging in the army the subject of one of his most brilliant speeches in the House of Commons that year. Up to October, 1812, he was a frequent speaker in the House-on Colonel M'Mahon's sinecure, the King's Household Bill, the East India Company's affairs, corporal punishment in the army, the Roman Catholic claims, &c. He vigor

ously opposed the leather tax, which the Ministers only carried by a majority of eight. In this year, also, he procured the rescinding of the obnoxious Orders in Council so far as America was concerned, and was invited to stand for Liverpool. He did so, and after a hard canvass was defeated by Mr. Canning. In 1816 he was returned for Winchelsea. The splendour and versatility of his talents were now universally acknowledged. From this time he took a decided lead in the House, and maintained unflinchingly the up-hill game peculiarly suited to his nature. With his force his failings began to be more apparent. The north-country elements, bad and good, made themselves day by day more notorious. The prize-fighter's pluck, the unyielding pertinacity, the unrestrained expression, the uncouth gesticulations, created at once respect and ridicule. The "blundering Brougham of Byron's angry iambics grew into the "blustering Brougham" of the Tory journals. For thirteen years he waged the Parliamentary warfare in the fiercest style-repeated his motions, multiplied his speeches, crowded his illustrations sharpened his taunts, emphasized his periods, intruded his anecdotes, flung down his facts. He was the most constant, the most successful, the most humourous speaker in the House, and at the same time the most elastic and unextinguishable, but his tact and his manner were far inferior to his talent, and his appearance, at once highly remarkable and absurdly ungainly, seemed to justify the distortions of the caricaturists and the lampoons of the ballad-makers:—

"A meagre form, a face so wondrous thin That it resembles Milton's Death and Sin; Long arms that saw the air like windmill sails,

And tongue whose force and fury never fails."

In 1817 he commenced his untiring and disinterested labours in the cause of education. On May 21 of that year he obtained a Committee of the House on the subject, and was its chairman. He presented the report on June 20. In the same Session he opposed the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and took part in nearly every discussion of importance. His educational labours were his great achievement in 1818. A Committee formed by his endeavours advocated the appointment of paid commissioners of charities. The Bill for the purpose, altered in some respects, received the Royal assent June 10, 1818. In this Session Mr. Brougham delivered a speech on Parliamentary reform.

In 1820 he was called upon, as her