fair judgment of the claims of the applicants. The MSS. mention many of the valuable pledges thus left by students, as, for instance, volumes beautifully illuminated, daggers of more than ordinary workmanship, silver cups, hoods lined with minever, &c.

Of some of the most curious and amusing facts scattered broad-cast through these interesting volumes, we may notice the following. Thus we find the wise and just regulation that no one shall be sued during his absence or during vacation; that causes must be decided in three days; the excommunication of the Mayor of the city by the Chancellor for removing the pillory; an ordinance that if the Chancellor be absent more than a month during full term, his office shall become, ipso facto vacant. We find that masses were ordered to be said for the soul of Edward III., as for other distinguished personages; a statute to compel tailors to cut robes of the proper dimensions; and that no scholar expelled from one hall be received into another till he has been punished and has provided sureties for good conduct. No heads of colleges or halls are to admit any scholar or servant suspected of being a Lollard; and an order is given that all persons engaged in writing or engrossing legal deeds shall attend lectures on rhetoric and grammar, there being no lectures in the French language for them to attend.

Mr. Bergenroth, who has been employed for some time under the direction of the Master of the Rolls in the examination of the MSS. relating to England and Spain, among the archives at Simancas in Spain, has produced a very valuable collection of documents on various negotiations between Spain and England, at a period of history of much interest to both countries. In two volumes of Calendar and one of Supplement he gives the memorials of forty years from the battle of Bosworth Field to the date of Katharine's quarrel with Wolsey. The reader will therein find an abundance of new matter, and will learn for the first time not the least curious fact of the whole story, viz. that when Mr. Bergenroth began to work many documents were withheld from him, and that when at last he wrung them from the reluctant hands of the authorities, he was compelled to print a supplement, which upsets many of the views maintained in his two first volumes.

Mr. Furnivall's editions for the English Text Society comprise several works which throw much insight into the domestic history of the Middle Ages, written, as most of them were, for the education of young children, and for the giving them those "manners" which William of Wykeham rightly thought "makyth man." One especial volume termed "French and Latin Poems on like Subjects, and some Forewords on Education in early England," is full of these curious moral “ saws and wise sayings." Thus we learn that children are always to come to their meals with clean hands, and not to leave the refectory till they had dipped their greasy fingers in clean water; gentlemen are requested not to wipe their noses on the cloth, and courtesy is described as coming from Heaven, when Gabriel greeted "our Lady." Extreme cleanliness and constant prayer are enjoined as of absolute necessity; and if children forgot this or any one of the hundreds of regulations recorded in these books, the rod was ready "to reform this negligence." Nor was this minute care bestowed on the boys only. The girls were to be obedient to God, pure of heart, zealous Church-goers, whom rain could not deter, and as lovely as they could make themselves, if they cared to become, what it was supposed they all aspired to be-not angels-but wives. Wives were not to envy other ladies who chanced to have handsomer dresses than their own. Moreover, they were not to get drunk. The modes of discipline seem to us to be as various as the

occasions which called for their exercise. Thus one writer, Hugh Rhodes, tells us, "If any strife or debate be among them of thy house, at night, charitably call them together, and with words or stripes make them all agree in one." It is certain Mr. Rhodes did not anticipate that his advice would have been (no doubt unwittingly followed) by a recent Head Master of Eton of flogging memory, who once, unknown to the rest of the school, indeed to any but those flogged, whipped the whole Fifth Form, during the early hours of the night, the result being, that when daybreak came, some 120 or more young rebels awoke to the fact that they were sorer and wiser than they had been twelve hours before. Some curious incidental matters we learn from these early documents. Thus the meat cooked in the kitchen was closely watched till it reached the "High Table." Squires, we learn, guarded it from thieves, other officials taking no less care that it was not purloined by the squires. After dinner, young men were expected to study, but if reading should chance to make a man sleepy, he is recommended to sleep standing, "leaning against a cupboard." Nay, further, if a man wished to have light slumbers, he is strictly bidden to sleep on his right side; and, in the morning, he is further told to jump up at once, to pray to God, and to brush his breeches inside and out. Combing the head well required drawing the comb through at least forty times; and if the dandy of the day chose to wear a precious stone, this was to be considered not so much a decoration as a charm against diseases and other evils. Further, if they were called on to do homage, kneeling on both knees to a man (who has only a right to the bending of one) is said to be paying a tribute due to God alone. Lastly, travellers were ordered under no pretence to put up at an inn kept by a red-haired man or woman. We may remark that this sensitiveness to the colour of hair seems to be something like an instinct among the more savage and uninstructed races; and that to this we owe the historical difference between the Fin-gal or Fair Gael, and Roderick Dhu, or "the dark," a distinction which, curiously enough, has led to blunders innumerable with regard to the early populations of Ireland. The "Phenicians" of the Irish writers of the last century, the "Fenians," whose ravages we have had to deplore so recently, both really are modifications or corruptions of the Celtic word for the "fair" people. Neither has aught to do with the historical Phænicians.

We cannot close this portion of our subject, the early records which are the bony structure of later history, without calling attention to a very curious discovery made by Mr. Hepworth Dixon, the well-known editor of the "Athenæum." We give it in the exact words of the official report of Mr. Thomas Duffus Hardy, the Assistant Keeper of the Public Records, as we consider the whole transaction reflects great credit on the acumen and good sense, let us add, also, on the patriotic spirit of Mr. Dixon. Mr. Hardy says, "During a tour in America in 1866, Mr. W. Hepworth Dixon visited the Library Company of Philadelphia, and saw five volumes of Irish State Papers, which had been presented to that company in 1799. Mr. Dixon suggested to the librarian that it would be a graceful act on the part of the authorities of the library to restore to the British government the volumes in question, as they were evidently a part of the national archives of Great Britain, and had been removed without permission by some person from Dublin. The directors of the Library Company immediately and unanimously agreed in the propriety of the suggestion, and a communication was accordingly made to the Master of the Rolls through the medium of Mr. Dixon. His lordship immediately informed the Lords Commissioners of your Majesty's Treasury of

Mr. Dixon's intimation, forwarding, at the same time, a letter on the subject from Mr. Lloyd P. Smith, the librarian of the Library Company of Philadelphia. He proposed that a suitable acknowledgment should be made by the Lords of the Treasury to the Library Company, and that the letter be accompanied with a copy of all the Government works published by their authority under his direction, in testimony of their high appreciation of a gift so honourably and so disinterestedly made by the directors of the library to the British nation. The Lords of the Treasury, by their minute of the 18th of January, 1867, having accepted the offer made by the Library Company of Philadelphia, the five volumes were forwarded to England by your Majesty's Minister at Washington, and duly received by the Master of the Rolls the 24th of April, 1867. His lordship immediately informed the Treasury of the safe arrival of these MSS., and suggested that it would be a graceful act if their lordships would direct him to deliver the five volumes to the care of the Public Record Office in Dublin, as they related more especially to the history of Ireland, and ought to be preserved in the archives there. He further urged that, by such a procedure, their lordships would follow the liberal example set by the Philadelphia Library Company in making restitution of these volumes to the country to which they properly belonged. In the persuasion that their lordships would comply with the suggestion, the Master of the Rolls gave orders to have four of the volumes copied verbatim et literatim, the copies to be properly authenticated, and placed for general use in the search room of the Public Record Office in London. It was not deemed necessary to have the fifth volume transcribed (the Memoirs of the Marquis of Clanricarde), as it had been already printed. The Lords of the Treasury approved the recommendation of the Master of the Rolls, that the volumes should be strongly bound, and that a suitable inscription should be placed upon them, commemorative of the circumstances under which they were restored to the British nation, and they directed that the volumes should be delivered to the care of the Public Record Office in Dublin, in order that they might be preserved in the archives of the country to the history of which they more especially relate. The volumes will accordingly be transmitted to Dublin, when the transcript is completed. In conformity also with the recommendations of the Master of the Rolls, a set, as far as published, of the Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland, numbering 156 volumes, and of the Calendars of State Papers, as well as of the facsimiles in Photozincography of Domesday Book, and of the national MSS., uniformly bound, was sent to the Philadelphia Library Company, as a grateful acknowledgment of the feelings their lordships entertained of the honourable and disinterested spirit which prompted their gift. The directors of the library have returned thanks, through the Master of the Rolls, to your Majesty's Goverment for this munificent gift.' It is but justice to Mr. Hepworth Dixon to state that it is entirely owing to his zealous activity that these valuable muniments have been restored to the British nation."

We only wish that a few more men so well acquainted with the early history of England as Mr. Dixon is known to be, could be induced to spend a longer time than they do at present in the examination of English records widely dispersed in foreign countries. What Simancas has preserved for us, the readers of Froude's history well know, but Spain has only, by accident, preserved what we have reason to believe exists in far greater abundance elsewhere. Shall the Vatican never be compelled to give up its hidden treasures? Once we had a hope on this subject, when an Englishman, Cardinal Wiseman, was named as

librarian; but we have his own, the highest assurance on this matter, that fears were entertained that if so appointed, his northern spirit would have led him to inquire into the contents of the Vatican vaults too searchingly to be altogether convenient. So his appointment was not confirmed.

2. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

The Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, by Mr. R. H. Major, is at once one of the most creditable and most carefully elaborated Biographies we have had the pleasure of examining. Moreover, it has been drawn up by the very man who, in England, perhaps we should say any where, was best fitted to perform the task; being, as he happens to be, himself keeper of the maps and charts in the British Museum, and one of the honorary secretaries of the Geographical Society. Well did the Prince deserve the title of the Navigator. Born in March, 1394, his first deed of prowess was to assist his brother in expelling the Moors from Ceuta, which they have never since been able to recover. His next, to plan, and in part to carry out, the great scheme of the conquest of Guinea, which, however, he did not for some years accomplish, as the ships he sent out yearly were not able to get round Cape Boyador. The Portuguese, indeed, in those days, as Barros observes, were not accustomed to venture into the open sea, their nautical knowledge being limited to coasting along in sight of land. The examination, however, of the African coast was by no means the whole object of Prince Henry's early ambition. His great desire was to discover the nearest track to India, to find out an ocean way to that land of wealth and wonders, and to secure for his own country the trade thus brought, as of old, at great cost and labour overland by caravans. With this view, he took up his abode about 1418 at Sagres in Algarve, a most inhospitable place, at the S.W. angle of Europe, with nothing but "a few stunted juniper-trees to relieve the sadness of the shifting sand." His first reward was the rediscovery by Gonsalvez Zarco and Tristram Vaz of the islands of Porto Santo and Madeira. Traditionally, at all events, perhaps truly, Madeira was discovered first in the reign of Edward III., by Robert Machim, an Englishman, whose name is supposed to be preserved in that of the first village and harbour (Machico) one meets with on arriving from England. There is no doubt that the two islands were known to exist as early as 1351, as they appear on the "Portulano Medices" preserved in the library at Florence, which bears that date. They were colonized at once by Prince Henry; the sugar cane was planted in Madeira, and the Malvasia or Malvoisie grape was imported from Cyprus. In 1433 Gil Eannes succeeded in rounding Cape Boyador, and, two years later, the same distinguished sailor, accompanied by Baldaya, sailed fifty leagues beyond Boyador and found traces of men and camels, but no habitations. Baldaya, in a third expedition, sailed seventy leagues still further South, landed at the Rio de Ouro, and brought back news of the natives. Many expeditions followed, and place after place on the Senegambia coast were discovered. In 1455 Prince Henry engaged the services of a famous Venetian navigator Cadamosto, who continued the exploration of the African coast, and discovered the Gambia, before Prince Henry's death in 1460. Mr. Major, having completed what may be called the actual biography of Prince Henry, gives some excellent chapters on the general result of the Prince's labours and of the spirit he had infused into his countrymen, and which led them for years to be the great pioneers of geographical research. "The Coast of Africa," says he, "visited; the Cape of Good Hope rounded; the

new world disclosed; the sea-way to India, the Moluccas and China laid open; the globe circumnavigated, and Australia discovered; such were the stupendous results of great thought and indomitable perseverance, in spite of twelve years of costly failure and disheartening ridicule." The fact about the discovery of Australia by the Portuguese, after it had been stated for years that the Dutch in 1605 were the first to discover it, may probably be new to many of our readers; but we are constrained to agree with Mr. Major, who, after a very careful examination of all the evidence, says that it is "highly probable that Australia was discovered by the Portuguese between the years 1511 and 1529, and to a demonstrable certainty that it was discovered before the year 1542." The finding of the passage round the Cape, which had been the dream of Prince Henry's life, was, as is well known, ultimately accomplished by Bartholomew Diaz in 1487, twentyseven years after his death.

Those readers who are still interested in the Old War will find much to interest them in a short life recently published by his kinsman, Mr. John Murray Graham, of General Lord Lynedoch, who had Macpherson, the editor of “Ossian,” for his tutor, who did not enter the army till 1793, when he was already forty-five years of age, and who lived for several months into his ninety-sixth year. Lord Lynedoch's first service was with Lord Hood in the South of France, assisting the Royalists at Toulon, and from this time he remained in active service till 1814, when his gallant but unsuccessful attempt on Bergen-op-Zoom ended a military career which had justly won for him the credit of being one of Wellington's most distinguished officers. At the end of the war Lord Lynedoch retired from the army and devoted himself with characteristic energy to the pursuit of sport, to the diversions of society, and to the amusement of foreign travel. His biographer states that "his personal activity and love of locomotion continued during the whole of his life. When residing at Cosgrove Priory, he would, after a late London dinner party, be at the meet of the hounds in Northamptonshire, at half-past ten the following morning." Lord Lynedoch's wife, who died so long ago as 1792, and whose death, it is said, drove him to seek consolation in the army, was the original of the "Mrs. Graham," the celebrated picture of Gainsborough, which was one of the wonders of the Manchester Exhibition of 1857. It is said, that, on her early death, the old general was so distressed that he had this picture nailed up in a box, and that it was only discovered again a short time before the Exhibition. Be this as it may, it certainly had an appearance confirmatory of this story, for it looked as fresh as if it had been painted but the year before.

The Memoirs of Baron Bunsen, which have been most carefully edited by his widow, and his own great work, "God in History; or, The Progress of Man's Faith in a Moral Order of the World," cannot be treated separately, so fully do they throw light on each other, so completely, at least, does the latter derive its main inspiration and power from the hourly and daily training which made Bunsen what he was. It must not, however, be supposed that the present volumes will give to those who had not the happiness of knowing him any adequate idea of Bunsen himself. These pages are only what they profess to be, the private and personal records of this great and good man, arranged and drawn up in homely language, in ignorance of mere literary style, yet, for this reason, the more genuine and true; documents indeed such as would naturally be made use of by a kind and affectionate woman who was his constant helpmate, whose character and judgment, we know, often had much influence with him (invariably for his good), and who still survives to relate what he was to her and to her