SYLLABUS. The following is a list of topics which are deemed fundamental and which should therefore be included in every well planned course of elementary physics. Only a few of the most important applications of these topics have been mentioned; teachers should add liberally to them. It is expected that the teacher will arrange these topics in such order as will suit his individual needs. I. INTRODUCTION: a. Metric system. Linear measure, units-meter, centimeter, millimeter. Cubic measure-cubic centimeter, liter. Mass-kilogram, gram. b. Volume, weight, density. c. States of matter: Solids, liquids, gases. II. MECHANICS: Fluids a. Pascal's law of fluid pressure. The hydraulic press. Pressure varying with depth and density of the liquid. Total pressure on the bottom of a vessel. c. Principle of Archimedes. d. Specific gravity of solids and liquids. e. Gases-relation between pressure and volume. f. Atmosphere pressure, buoyancy, the barometer, pumps for liquids and gases. Solids- a. Principle of moments. Parallelogram of forces (Resolution of forces, rectangular only). b. Newton's laws of motion. Force, momentum, velocity, acceleration. Uniformly accelerated motion, when initial or final velocity is zero. c. Mechanical work. Energy-potential and kinetic. Conservation of energy. d. Machines: Principle of work applied to machines, mechanical advantage, friction, efficiency. (Use terms, effort, and resistance.) Lever, wheel and axle, pulleys, inclined plane. e. Uniform circular motion; centrifugal and centripetal forces qualitatively illustrated. f. Law of universal gravitation. Relation of weight to mass. Stability. III HEAT: a. Heat a form of energy. Temperature, Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales. b. Conduction, convection, and radiation. c. Expansion of solids, coefficient of linear expansion. d. Change of state. Fusion, the melting point. Vaporization, boiling, evaporation. III HEAT-Continued. e. Measurement of heat, latent and specific heat. IV SOUND: a. Nature and origin of sound. b. Pitch, loudness, quality. c. Velocity. d. Reflection of sound, echoes. e. Resonance. V LIGHT: a. Definitions: Light, luminous bodies, illuminated bodies, transparent, translucent, and opaque bodies. b. Rectilinear propagation of light in a homogeneous medium, shadows, pinhole camera. c. Photometry. Intensity of light (source) and intensity of illumination distinguished. d. Reflection. Law of reflection. Regular and diffused reflection. Plane and spherical mirrors, position and character of images. e. Refraction. Laws of refraction (qualitative). Refraction by plates, prisms, and lenses. Lenses: Converging and diverging, conjugate foci, principal focus, principal axis. Position and character of real and virtual images formed by converging lenses. Dispersion, color and the spectrum. Applications: The camera, the human eye, the compound microscope, the telescope. VI MAGNETISM: a. Magnets, permanent and temporary. b. Polarity, magnetic attraction and repulsion. c. Magnetic induction, magnetic field and lines of force, permeability. VII STATIC ELECTRICITY: a. Electrification by friction; two kinds. b. Electrical attraction and repulsion; electroscopes. c. Conductors and insulators; electrification by induction. VIII CURRENT ELECTRICITY: a. Simple voltaic cell. Electrochemical action. Local action and polarization; prevention of polarization. b. Types of cells (Daniel, Leclanché). Relation between direction of current and lines of magnetic force. Electromagnets, ampère turns (qualitative). The electric bell and the telegraph. VIII CURRENT ELECTRICITY--Continued. e. Resistance. The ohm. Ohm's law. The volt. Power-the watt and the watt hour. f. Heating effects. Fuse wire and electric heater. Arc and incandescent lamps. g. Measuring instruments: Galvanometer, ammeter, voltmeter, resistance box. h. Series and parallel connection of cells, lamps, etc. i. Fall of potential in a circuit. j. Electromagnetic induction. Direction and magnitude of the induced electromotive force. Simple two-pole dynamo and motor. Simple alternating and direct current generator. MECHANICS: LIST OF EXPERIMENTS. 1. Weight of unit volume of a substance, prism or cylinder. 2. Principle of Archimedes. 3. Specific gravity of a solid body that will sink in water. 4. Specific gravity of a liquid, two methods (bottle and displacement methods); or, 5. Specific gravity of a liquid by balancing columns. 6. Boyle's law. 7. Density of air. 8. Hooke's law. 9. Strength of material. 10. The straight lever, principle of moments. 11. Center of gravity and weight of a lever. 12. Parallelogram of forces. 13. Four forces at right angles in one plane. 14. Coefficient of friction between solid bodies on a level and by sliding on an incline. 15. Efficiency test of some elementary machine, either pulley, inclined plane, or wheel and axle. 16. Laws of the pendulum. 17. Laws of accelerated motion. HEAT: 18. The mercury thermometer-relation between pressure of steam and its temperature. 19. Linear expansion of a solid. 20. Increase of pressure of a gas heated at constant volume; or, 21. Increase of volume of a gas heated at constant pressure. 22. Heat of fusion of ice. 23. Cooling curve through change of state (during solidification). 24. Heat of vaporization of water. 25. Determination of the dew point. 26. Specific heat of a solid. SOUND: 27. Velocity of sound. 28. Wave length of sound. 29. Number of vibrations of a tuning fork. LIGHT: 30. Use of photometer. 31. Images in a plane mirror. 32. Images formed by a convex mirror. 33. Images formed by a concave mirror. 34. Index of refraction of glass; or, 35. Index of refraction of water. 36. Focal length and conjugate foci of a converging lens. 37. Shape and size of a real image formed by a lens. 38. Magnifying power of a lens. 39. Construction of model of telescope or compound microscope. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY: 40. Study of magnetic field. 41. Magnetic induction. 42. Study of a single fluid voltaic cell. 43. Study of a two-fluid voltaic cell. 44. Magnetic effect on an electric current. 45. Electrolysis. 46. Laws of electrical resistance of wires-various lengths, cross-section, and in parallel. 47. Resistance measured by volt-ammeter method. 48. Resistance measured by Wheatstone's bridge. 49. Battery resistance-combination of cells. 50. Study of induced currents. 51. Power or efficiency test of a small electric motor. LABORATORY NOTEBOOK. While the College Entrance Examination Board does not require the submission of the candidate's laboratory notebook as part of the examination in physics, it requires the submission of a teacher's certificate descriptive of the candidate's work. The notebook should be forwarded directly to the proper authorities of the college or scientific school that the candidate purposes entering. TEACHER'S LABORATORY CERTIFICATE. In lieu of the presentation of the laboratory notebook, the candidate must submit to the College Entrance Examination Board a certificate in the following form: (School) has personally performed and properly recorded in a suitable notebook equivalent to ...... The time given to lectures and recitations has been each, equivalent to School. periods of ...... minutes each, periods of 60 minutes each. Half the number of hours given to laboratory work plus the full number of hours given to lectures and recitations is equal to ...... hours.1 Teacher of Physics. The teacher may here enter the final grade of ...... per cent. 1 To meet the board's requirement the number of hours here entered must be at least 120. CHEMISTRY. One unit The requirement in chemistry was framed by a representative commission, the appointment of which was authorized by the College Entrance Examination Board in April, 1911. The report of the commission was adopted by the board in April, 1913.1 The following requirement has been planned so as to make it equally suitable for the instruction of the student preparing for college and for the student not going beyond the secondary school. To this end the requirement is divided into two parts. Part I contains a minimum list of essential topics. In the examination papers there will be no optional questions on this part, and these questions will count 60 per cent. Part II is supplementary, and provides for a more extended program along three main lines, namely, A. Descriptive chemistry. B. Chemical principles or theories. C. Applications of chemistry in the household or in the arts. This part of the examination paper offers a choice of questions and will count 40 per cent. In his answers the candidate must confine himself to two out of three groups of questions. The teacher may thus devote the time to any two of the three groups indicated, and so adapt his course to local conditions or personal preference. It should be clearly recognized that thoroughness in teaching must not be sacrificed to an attempt to cover the topics named in all three of the groups. It is required that the candidate's preparation in chemistry should include: (1) Individual laboratory work, comprising at least 40 exercises selected from a list of 60 or more, not very different from the list below. (2) Instruction by lecture-table demonstrations, to be used mainly as a basis for questioning upon the general principles involved in the pupil's laboratory investigations. (3) The study of at least one standard textbook, to the end that the pupil may gain a comprehensive and connected view of the most important facts and laws of elementary chemistry. PART I. MINIMUM LIST OF ESSENTIALS. The following outline includes such representative topics as should be studied in the classroom and laboratory. The material is, for the most part, common to all elementary textbooks and laboratory manuals. For convenience of statement the topics are classified without reference to the proper order for presentation. The actual order will be determined by that employed in the textbook or by the individual teacher himself. The preparation, properties, and uses of the following elements: Hydrogen, oxygen, atmospheric nitrogen, chlorine; the properties and uses of carbon (including allotropic forms), sulphur, sodium, zinc, iron, copper, and gold. In the case of the metals mentioned, the action of air, of water, and of dilute acids should be discussed. The preparation (one method), properties, and uses of the following compounds: Hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, silver chloride; sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (preparation by the contact process), hydrogen sulphide; calcium phosphate; carbon dioxide, including its relation to vital processes; carbon monoxide; calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide; ammonia, ammonium hydroxide; nitric acid (including action on copper), nitric oxide; sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate; the properties and uses only of sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate. The preparation, properties, and uses of a few common organic substances, namely, petroleum products, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, glucose, cane sugar, and starch. 1 An account of the commission and its work will be found in the thirteenth annual report of the secretary of the College Entrance Examination Board, pp. 6-17. |