to the patient the distinctly mental origin of his different symptoms, the circumstances giving rise to them, and the power which he himself possesses of throwing them off, the whole process thus being one of "reeducating" his reason and his will.

To illustrate, Dr. Prince once had a patient who came to

him to be treated for

neurasthenia

characterized chiefly by extreme fatigue. She could not walk a block without becoming utterly exhausted. Patient inquiry traced the trouble to an unfortunate suggestion implanted in her mind by another physician who, when she first got into a rundown condition, had told her that she was suffering from lead poisoning. She had accepted and exaggerated this wrong diagnosis, and

near an open fireplace where coal or wood was burning.

Inquiry showed that this abnormal dread had originated in a distressing experience she had had with fire many years before, and, having ascertained the origin of her "phobia," Dr. Prince was able to "educate" her into overcoming it.

had subconsciously superimposed upon it the notion that she would inevitably be exhausted by the slightest exertion. In two weeks she was walking briskly, after Dr. Prince had made clear to her that the fatigue was a false fatigue, caused by selfsuggestion.

A second patient, a woman thirty-five years old, had a morbid fear of fire. If a match were struck in her presence she would hunt everywhere, even in bureau drawers, for possible sparks that might cause a conflagration. Every night before retiring she spent an hour or more passing from room to room to make sure that there was nothing that could start a blaze. She was so afraid of fire that she could not be induced to go

It is, however, by no means always possible thus to argue nervous invalids into health. The method has distinct limitations, and must often be accompanied, or even superseded, by other psychotherapeutic

measures.

Especially is this necessary when, as so frequently happens, the malady to be

treated is

rooted in

emotional experiences of such remote

Occurrence as

to be entirely forgotten by the victim. To recall

these lost memories, Dr. Prince, unlike Dr. Dubois, freely avails himself of the remarkable power of hypnotism, or of Dr. Sidis' method of hypnoidization.

Dr. Freud's Method of Psycho-Analysis

It remains to speak of the work of Dr. Sigmund Freud, of Vienna, a psychopathologist for whom his admirers advance the claim that he has "evolved not only a system of psychotherapy but a new psychology."

In one of Dr. Janet's cases, it will be remembered, a cure was obtained as soon as the emotional experiences responsible for the hysterical condition were recalled to the subject's memory. Freud-who, like Janet, studied under

Charcot at the Salpêtriere-was much im pressed by this and other cases similarly cured, and after his return from Paris to Vienna, in the early nineties, he began, in collaboration with another Viennese neurologist, Dr. Joseph Breuer, to treat hysterical patients by the process of recollection.

His method was to hypnotize them, and then question them about the origin of their symptoms, the effect being in many cases the disappearance of the symptoms as soon as the patient "worked off" the subconscious, forgotten emotion by recalling it and describing it to the psychopathologist.

But Freud found, as all psychopathologists have found, that it is not possible to hypnotize everybody, and that he would have to devise some other method applicable in the case of non-hypnotizable patients. The plan he ultimately hit upon was to urge and assure his patients that they could remember the facts he needed to get at, if only they would concentrate their attention and frankly tell him the thoughts, no matter how unpleasant, that came to them in connection with their symptoms. To this method he gave the name of "psychoanalysis."

The Case of the English Governess

I have space for but one case, typical of the many that have been treated successfully by Dr. Freud. It is that of an Englishwoman, employed as governess in the family of an Austrian manufacturer. The symptom of which she principally complained was a persistent hallucinatory odor of burnt pudding, which she seemed to smell everywhere she went. Close questioning by Dr. Freud traced the origin of this hallucination to an episode in the schoolroom when the children in her charge, affectionately playing with her, had neglected a little pudding they were cooking on the stove, and had allowed it to burn. But why this should cause the development of a hallucination was not at all obvious.

"You are, perhaps without knowing it, keeping something from me," Freud told her. "That incident distressed you greatly, or was connected with something else that distressed you. What was it?"

"I do not know,” she said.

"Were you thinking of anything particular at the time?"

"Well," she replied, after much hesitancy, "I was thinking of giving up my position." "Why?"

Gradually the truth came out. The governess had unconsciously fallen in love with

her employer, a widower, whose children she had promised their dying mother to care for always. The episode of the burnt pudding represented a moment when some obscure scruple had urged her to leave the children because of something dimly felt to be wrong in her attitude of mind toward their father.

When this confession was made-a confession new to her as well as to Dr. Freud, for she had studiously concealed from herself her feelings with regard to her employer-the hallucinatory smell of burnt pudding disappeared. She had, by her avowal of the bidden truth, "worked off" the disease-producing emotion.

But, as the scent of the burnt pudding wore away, it became evident that another hallucinatory scent had underlain it and still persisted-the scent of cigar-smoke. Again Dr. Freud made use of his psycho-analytic method, and at length recalled to his patient's mind a scene which, while apparently trivial, afforded the correct explanation of the second hallucination. This scene she described to him as though it were a picture at which she was actually gazing.

"We are all sitting down to dinner, the gentlemen, the French governess, the children, and I. A guest is present, an old man, the head cashier. Now we are rising from the table. As the children leave the room the cashier makes as though to kiss them. The father jumps up, and calls out roughly, 'Don't kiss the children!' I feel a kind of stab in my heart. The gentlemen are smoking-they are smoking cigars."

Again, as Freud pointed out to her, there was an underlying emotional disturbance-the shock of discovering that the man she secretly loved could be so rough and harsh with another who was, like herself, one of his subordinates. She had tried to forget the incident, but it had remained a vivid memory in her subconsciousness, to produce in time the hallucinatory scent of tobacco, symbolical of the submerged memory. Like the smell of the burnt pudding, the tobacco hallucination disappeared with her recital of the circumstances associated with it, and she was enabled to recover her usual health and spirits.

Freud's Audacious Theory

In every case, Freud asserts, he discovered that, aside from the difficulty one would ordinarily experience in filling up memory-gaps, he had to overcome a considerable resistance on the patient's part, and that the resistance was due to the fact that the ideas to be remem

bered were all of a painful nature, of a character to give rise to feelings of shame, selfreproach, etc.

This led him to develop the theory that all hysterical and allied disorders are invariably the result of the repression of unpleasant ideas which one does not wish to remember. Probing still further, Freud found, as he believes, that the repressed ideas which were the immediate cause of the disease-symptoms were in their turn connected with other repressed ideas, often harking back to early childhood, and that these earlier ideas were, without exception, of a sexual character. On this basis he has built up an elaborate system of abnormal psychology, featuring the "instinct for reproduction" as playing the determining rôle in the development of hysteria, neurasthenia, and other nervous derangements.

Thus far, it must be said, no other leading psychopathologist has accepted this sweeping, audacious theory. But it is being pressed vigorously by Freud and a rapidly increasing band of disciples, two of whom-Drs. A. A.

Brill, of New York, and Ernest Jones, of Toronto, Canada-have been ably presenting it for the consideration of American psychologists and physicians. By some Freud is regarded as having delved deeper than any other man into the mechanism of mentally caused diseases; by others he is condemned as an extremist who is "riding a hobby to death." Friends and opponents agree, however, that, whatever his views, his psycho-analytic method of "tapping the subconscious" has resulted, like Dr. Sidis' method of hypnoidization, in placing a new and powerful instrument of diagnosis and therapy in the hands of the psychologically trained physician.

And that the physician of the future will also be a psychologist, there can be no doubt. The widespread interest manifest in medical circles, in medical institutions and periodicals, testifies abundantly to growing appreciation of the unquestionable truth that the labors of Janet, Freud, Prince, Sidis, and their fellow psychopathologists have opened a new era in the practice of medicine.

I

F the management of the Mills Hotel could possibly have known that James Corlett had fallen into the habit of taking in a total stranger, whose name was not on the register and who never paid his way, there would have been more than a mild reprimand for the legal occupant of Room No. 39, while, as for the stranger himself, he would have been addressed in language hardly complimentary. It was a plain infraction of the rules of this first-class barrack for third-class men; still, strange as it may appear, the management-if by hook or crook it could have known-could not have been more displeased about it than was James Corlett as the host.

I wish I had known you in time to introduce you to this James Corlett. He was a man worth knowing; he was—but never mind about that. One of these days, when you are in the mood for it and you really care, I'll take you down to any of the brokers' offices in the heart of things financial and show you prospective James Corletts by the score, all with eyes glued on stock quotations in chalk on the neatly lined blackboards.

Our own particular James Corlett had traveled the usual switchback from that old reliable New England farm into Wall Street; from which in due time and after his share of ups and downs-mostly downs-he had gone on the usual pedestrian trip to the refuge for has-beens, where you and I now find him.

left hand. He fondles the cards with fingers long and very thin, and therefore bony. His faded, frayed sleeves are pulled up, and the skin pulls over the lank forearms as over two sticks. Two bony nubs almost break through the backs of the dry, stringy wrists. A white shock breaks full and ragged and scraggly over the thin, small head; surmounting James Corlett like a relic of a vigorous past.

James Corlett's white beard, in addition, is thin and ragged, and it does not half succeed in hiding the straight side drop of the jaw, nor the two flaps of skin-the color of tanned leather-fitted like a V and connecting almost the point of the narrow chin with the dried, obtruding Adam's apple. The eyes, which feverishly search the cards, once had been a healthy, steady blue, but now they are a murky yellow in the corners and the pupils are cast with a milky film. The nose is what we--for want of more definite knowledge-call an inquisitive, grasping nose; that is, its drop is straight and pointed, and it looks exactly as if it was made to pry into things and get its owner into trouble. The cheeks, or what is left of them, are seared down and across, and refuse to come out of their hollows when a ghostly smile, attending a lucky card, parts straight, bloodless lips, exposing thereby yellow relics of teeth, of unnatural length by reason of the retreat of the almost fleshless gums.

dent, cashier, treasurer and board of directors all in one. And whether Corlett won or lost it