placed in a swell box, separate from the main body of the organ. (See Vox Humana.) It is sometimes labelled Bourdonecho.

Echo Organ. See Crescendo.

Electro-pneumatic Action. As it is not uncommon at the present date to meet with organs which are distributed in different parts of the church-as for example in the new electro-pneumatic organ at Forst, near Bruchsal, which I mention later on-I will say a few words on electro-pneumatics in organ-building, as being the only contrivance making such division possible. I saw this exhibited on trial at the organ-building works of F. Goll, and am convinced that electro-pneumatics have a great future in organ-building, for the following reasons: 1. Electricity makes distance of no consequence; the differences which arise between builder and churchwardens, the dis-! putes about a foot or two of space, no longer occur, as the consol may be separated ad libitum from the main body of the organ, regardless of distance, and placed in the most convenient spot (the demands of acoustics must of course rank pre-eminent). The connection between keyboards and pallets is formed by means of an almost imperceptible cable. On striking the keys the divided parts sound with the same precision as if close together. 2. By means of electricity a whole host of levers, stickers, rollers, trackers, etc., become unnecessary, and the possibility of accidents to the mechanism, and the unfavourable influence of temperature on the works, are considerably reduced. 3. The cost of maintenance is reduced to the trifling minimum for electric batteries. The connecting and disconnecting of the electric current is obtained by the simplest imaginable process. As soon as the wind process

C

begins to act on the bellows, which are still required, the electric circuit is completed by means of suitable accessory bellows; it may, on the other hand, be quite as easily interrupted. It is important that the electric communication between consol and pallets should be materially assisted by small bellows, which act as pneumatic levers; hence the name Electro-pneumatic Action. The doubts reflected on this contrivance, as retarding the prompt articulation of the pipes, have no foundation. A specimen of an organ by Weigle, worked by an electro-magnet, unassisted by pneumatics, was exhibited at the Vienna Exhibition. Many an electro-pneumatic organ is already in action, for instance, in the new Catholic church at Forst, near Bruchsal, in Münster, canton of Lucerne, and one of forty-three stops in the Église St. Nyzier, at Lyons, where the organist sits at a distance of seventy-five metres from the body of the organ. Lastly, a new electro-pneumatic organ is in contemplation for the Philharmonic at Berlin, and for other places. For the present, however, Electro-pneumatic Action cannot be generally introduced, as the patenting of this invention (Organ-Building Department, Schmöle and Mols, amongst others) and the sudden and entire revolution of the existing workshops offer for the present, for conspicuous reasons, insurmountable difficulties, and as the invention, moreover, still lacks stability and guarantee. More particulars of the way in which the laws of acoustics are violated for the convenience of electric division will be found in the illustrated "Acoustics" by Chladni, whom Tyndall, in his book, "On Sound" (page 160), calls the father of all modern acoustics. Compare Tisco's paper, "The New Acoustical Apparatus". (Vienna, 1885), which contains, in addition to other matter, a complete list of books of reference on this subject. This

is the place in which to mention the very interesting hints by Pietro Blaserna, of Rome, on page 50 of his work on "Acoustic Agents in an Enclosed Space."

English Horn. A very beautiful horn-like solo stop, which occurs only on large organs as a striking reed, similar to Oboe. I found this stop particularly lovely in the Münster at Bâle, and on the Court organ at Lucerne. As an 8-ft. Cor Anglais it appears in the St. Eustache and Madeleine organs, Paris.

Equal Temperament. See Octave.

Euphonium. (From the Greek supwvia, euphony.) An 8-ft. free reed, rather softer than Clarionet. A beautiful specimen of it is found in the Grossmünster at Zurich, and in the church of St. John, Schaffhausen. As 8-ft. Euphon it appears at Riga, and as 16-ft. pedal stop in the St. Eustache and St. Sulpice churches, Paris. (See Reed Stops.)

Evacuant (from the Latin evacuare, to empty) is a stop by means of which the organist, on ceasing to play, can relieve the bellows of all wind pressure.

F.

Fistula. (Lat.) An obsolete name for a reed pipe. It is of interest to know that the name of this stop, as applied to copper pipes in organ-building, was found in a manuscript of Bongars of the eleventh century, discovered by Prof. Dr. Hermann Hagen:-"De fistulis organicis quo modo fiant. Cuprum (Late Lat. for cyprium, copper) purissimum tundendo ad summam tenuitatem extenditur—reliquas (fistulas) ipsius ordinis sic facies ut superiores gravioris ordinis fecisti" (Catalogue of Manuscripts by Prof. Dr.

Hagen, page 83, B. 56. Town Librarian at Berne). (See also Gamba.) Also Dr. H. Riemann's "Organ-building in the Early Middle Ages," Leipsic allgemeine Musikzeitung, 1879. Michael Praetorius, in his "Syntagma," Anselm Schubiger, in his "Spicilegien," and J. Seidel (“The Organ and its Construction," page 119) mention the Fistula Minima among the less used stops; J. Weippert as the name of a narrow scale Flageolet of thin intonation. (See Measurement.) For the derivation of Salicis Fistula, see Salicional.

Flachflöte (flat flute). A sharply intonated, broad-lipped 8-ft. and 4-ft. metal flute, arranged as a 2-ft. stop in the Benedictine Convent, Weingarten, and as a 1-ft. stop on the Catholic Court organ, Dresden.

Flageolet. A 1-ft. and 2-ft. flute-like open metal stop, often of wide scale, and fuller in intonation than the 2-ft. Octave. In large organs, and in the Swell box, it often occurs with mellow intonation under the name of Flageolet Echo.

Flautino. A small metal flue stop, often placed as a 2-ft. stop on the upper manuals for the brighter colouring of the whole of the manuals. In conjunction with the 4-ft. Gemshorn in the Echo box, it contributes largely to the more intense effect of the latter. It is evident that the existence of this, as well as of the former, and similar stops of smaller and the smallest possible kind, requires the presence of proportionately numerous 4-ft., 8-ft., and up to 16-ft. stops. (See Combinations of Stops.)

Flauto Amabile. See Flûte d'Amour.

Flauto Dolce, an 8-ft. and 4-ft. wood stop (sometimes of metal, viz. 1 part lead, 3 parts tin), is particularly mentioned here amongst the flues, because it is used with preference as a delicate stop on the first manual in new

German and Swiss organs. In combination with soft stops of every kind it renders most valuable service. In this treatise the Great manual is always understood to be the lowest one, although in some organs the second manual is so termed (Vienna, Geneva, Freiburg, Paris, and others). (See Combinations of Stops.)

Flauto Major. See Flute.

Flauto Piccolo, or 1-ft. Piccolo, the smallest and acutest of all metal stops. (See Flautino.)

Flauto Traverso (German, Traversflöte, Querflöte) is a flue pipe over-blowing into its octave, intended to imitate the real orchestral flute. When constructed as a wood pipe, the body is hollowed out, and in place of the ordinary slit, a round opening is made, such as is found in the real flute for blowing into, and into which the wind enters through an orifice somewhat below the mouth-hole. Flauto Traverso is generally a 4-ft. and 8-ft. stop on the upper manuals, and, if built by a master hand, is a solo stop of delicious effect. In the large English organ, built for Sydney, the Flauto Traverso is represented three times. on the manual of the Solo Organ, that is, as 8-ft., 4-ft., and 2-ft. tone. From c' the Flauto Traverso is made double the length, and it has a little hole at the node of vibration, in order that the over-blowing note may never relapse into the foundation tone. Flauto Traverso makes a fine combination with Æolina and Lieblich-Gedackt, or with Oboe and Wienerflöte. As a solo stop, accompanied by Dolce, the Flauto Traverso is heard to great advantage. For its combination with Physharmonica, q.v. (See also Intonation.)

Flue Stops, Flute Work, Flue Pipes. As this name is frequently used for a whole family of stops in contra