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ficiently recent for many to remember the events of the contest that ensued. Under most unfavourable circumstances, the Ottomans showed themselves by no means unworthy of their ancient military reputation. The Russians met an amount of resist ance they by no means expected. Eighteen months took them to Adrianople, but not until they had lost, by disease or in action, 150.000 men (some accounts estimate their loss yet higher) and 50,00 horses. Then, as now, fever and dysentery played havoc

in their ranks.

The system introduced by Mahmoud was carried out by his successor, the present Sultan, who limited the period of military service, which previously had been for life. By a decree published in 1843, the whole military system of Turkey was definitively regulated; the conscription was established, and European organisation introduced in all branches of the service. The infantry, cavalry, and engineers were organised upon the French model, the artillery upon that of Prussia, to which nation its officers belonged. The main division of the army was into the nizam or standing army, and the redif or reserve. This latter has frequently, during recent discussions of Turkish affairs, been loosely spoken of as consisting of raw levies, or at best a sort of militia, whereas in reality it consists entirely of men who have served their time. This is no unimportant error to rectify before estimating the chances of the war, of whose progress every post for the last fortnight has brought us accounts more and more exciting. Every ordou or army corps -the Turkish standing army has six of these has its redif, whose commanding officer is stationed, in time of peace, at the headquarters of the ordou. The non-commissioned oflicers, who receive regular pay, are bound to reside in the towns and villages of their sub-divisions, and to exercise their men every week. For one month of every year, the soldiers of the reserve muster at the headquarters of their respective ordous, to be exercised in manœuvres on a large scale, and are duly paid and rationed from the time they leave their homes until they return to them.

At other times their arma de 19 served in depots, distribated there the various cantonments, and can y drawn out of store at any moment!? immediate service. Far from berg raw or irregular troops, the relli a in fact all old soldiers, although s young men, and there is no reason for their proving, when called cat, in the least less efficient than their o rades of the line, to which they thenselves have, without exceptat, & ready belonged. The system is almost identical with that of the Prussin

landwehr.

As regards the numbers Triy can bring into the field, the brief statistics on this head we gave in st last article have been confirmed and shown to be within the mark by seve ral writers, who have since bestel themselves with the subject. Esti mating the nizam and redif at 300/40 men, these writers make the troops furnished by tributary provinces, and the irregulars of all kinds, the gen darmes, volunteers, Tartars, &c. amount to upwards of 250,000 more, without reckoning the Bachi-Bozouks, nearly 200,000 strong. These Badi Bozouks are soldiers of the old Turkish army, and their name, which signifies spoiled heads, is given to them because they are allowed to retain the ancient head-dress. From the same authori ties, amongst which a prominent place is to be given to Ubicini's recently published Lettres sur la Turquie-s work in which the military resources of the country receive particular consideration-we learn that the total number of regular troops the tributary provinces are bound to furnish is 40,000, and of irregulars nearly thrice as many. Syria is set down as able easily to send 50,000 horsemen to the assistance of the Porte, if that government has the means to support them. Admitting that there be, as is very likely, exaggeration in some of these estimates, making a large allowance leave, and other contingencies, we still for sick, ineffective, absent without get a very high figure for the total of the exception of some foreign officers, the Turkish army. Of course, with Mussulmans, although Omer Pasha, it is supposed to consist entirely of in his campaign in Bosnia, had 12,000 Christian Bosniaks under his orders,

and at the present time we are informed that 2000 Catholic Albanians are on the Danube. Finally, and to close this branch of the subject to which the present state of war gives especial interest, whilst at the same time it may impair its correctness from one week to the next those estimates most favourable to Turkey make the number of men she now has under arms amount to 330,000, with a power of raising half a million more if necessary. The total amount very nearly agrees with a statement quoted, in our last article, from the Journal de Constantinople. The 330,000 men consist of garrisons, of Omer Pasha's army, of the army of reserve or of the Balkan, whose headquarters are at Adrianople, of Selim Pasha's corps in Anatolia, and of that of Abdi Pasha in Armenia. The most cautious statements, and the least favourable to Turkey, admit that there were, more than a month ago, at least 200,000 men in arms for the Sultan, a force daily increasing, and in whose movements and preparations extraordinary activity was being displayed.

However superior the resources and military efficiency of Turkey may prove to the estimate made of them before they were put to the test, her most sanguine partisans can hardly anticipate that in the long-run they would enable her to cope with the power of Russia. On the first intelligence of Omer Pasha's having crossed the Danube, a step which few anticipated his taking in the teeth of a Russian army, and on the news of his first suc

cesses, which, up to the time we write, and as far as our information goes, have been unchequered by a reverse, some, who before had proclaimed Turkey utterly effete and incapable of defence, passed to the opposite extreme, and began calculating the consequences of her being found more than a match for her antagonist. This is indeed foolish precipitation. We are quite prepared to believe that Turkey may give Russia much more trouble than was generally anticipated; and we found this belief less upon the result of the actions of which we as yet have but imperfect accounts, than upon positive evidence and inferences drawn from the past, which we have adduced in this and in another article. We should be only too satisfied to think Turkey able to hold her own against a sovereign by whom men's lives, in a contest of this kind, would be regarded as mere materiel of war, and who, if he lost half-a-dozen armies, would raise twice as many to replace them. Gladly indeed should we see Turkey maintaining her frontier and baffling her foe without foreign aid. But this is too good a result to hope for, and it is, we fear, only too probable that England and France will be forced to take part in the fight. If they be compelled reluctantly to draw the sword, it is to be hoped they will not sheath it until they have obtained solid guarantees that Europe shall not again have her tranquillity disturbed on flimsy pretexts and for the gratification of a despot's ambition.

INDEX TO VOL. LXXIV.

Acropolis, the, at Athens, 372.
Africa, use of Heap as a narcotic in. 618.
AGED DISCIPLE COMFORTING, THE, 371.
Agriculture, prosperous condition of, 373.
Alas, the Protestants of, 4.

Ae, resp et paid to A hens by, 570.

A eslol and Opiam, difcrent cacets of,
615.

A'e ago, the Protestants of, 4.

Allan, Madame, 79.

BEAUTY, REAL AND IDEAL, 726.
Beauvallet the actor, 79.

Beer, employment of the hop in, 137.
Belzu, president of Bolivia, 143.
Bengal, the opium of, 613.

Berlin, the French Protestant colony is,

11.

Berna lotte, the conduct of, during the
campaign of 1813, 65 -ketches of him
by Sir Hudson Lowe, 163.

All's Well that Eads Well, new readings Berri, the Protestants of, 4.
in, 199.

Almanza, ine leat of the battle of, 15.
Alpaca, the, and its wool, 142.
Alpine region of Switzerland, birds, &c.
of th, 516.

ALPINE RTONS, BUT LIT IN THE, 5').
Alps, the, Dr Ts hadi on, 549.
Ambigu Comique at Paris, the, 78.
American Al e, intariti gnqa or manu-
factured from the, 15).

Andes, sketches arong the, 149.
Augio-Saxon, charact ristics o. the, 236.
Antonine's Wall, sculptured stone found
at, 561.

Antony and Cleopatra, new readings in,

466.

Apacheta, the, in the mountains of Peru,

140.

Areca, narcotic use of, 6×0.

Ardoch, the Roman carip at, 555.
Arsenic, the eating of, 657.

Arthur's Oon, la tory of, 559.

As you Like it, new readings in, 197.
Assassin, origin of the word, 618.

Assembly of Divines, anecdote of the, 25.
ATILENS IN 1-53, 5.9.

Atoils of the Pacific, the, 203.
Australia, effects of the gold discoveries
in, 374- exports to, 375.

Austria, the junction of, with the Allies
in 1813, 70- eating of arsenic in, 687.
Autobiography, remarks on, 520.
Ava, narcotic use of the, 682.
Ave Maria, origin of the, 29.
Badger, the, in Switzerland, 551.
Ball, sketch of a, in Bolivia, 144.
Baranken of Russia, the, 142.

Barcelona and Mataro railway, the, 480.
Bark-gatherers of Peru, the, 148.
Bat, the, in Switzerland, 515.

Baths, Roman, remains of, in Scotland,
563.

Bautzen, Napoleon at, 163.
Béarn, the Protestants of, 4.

Beaumont, Sir George, 525, 528.

Besika, the movement of the combined
fleet to, 637.

Betel-nut, narcotic use of the, C80-
pepper, 682.

Bijou perdu, opera of the, 675.

B: graphical lectures, objections to, 434
Bird plant of Peru, legend of the, 142
Blivia, sketches in, 142 et seq.—consump
tion of coca in, 628.

Bolivian Indians, eating of clay by the,
C91.

Bolivian kitelen, picture of a, 144.

Borneo, employment of opium in, 606.
BOULEVARDS, A LETTER FROM THE, 662.
Bourgeoisie of France, character of the,

252.

Boyne, the French refugees at the, 16.
Brandenberg, the Protestant refugeesin, 9.
Brazil, use of the hemp as a narcotic in,
618.

Bressant the actor, 79.

Brewing, employment of the hop in, 197.
British army, Napoleon on the, 177.
British and Foreign shipping, statistics of
121.

British school of art, characteristics of
the, 530.

Brohan the actress, 79.

Brouage, the Protestants of, 4.

BRUTE LIFE IN THE AI PINE REGIONS, 539.
Burghead, Roman remains at, 563.

Burke, unpopularity of, during his life,

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Capri, defence of, by Sir H. Lowe, 162.
Carolina, the French Protestant refugees
in, 19.

Caroline Fort, incident connected with,
18.

Carpintero of Bolivia, the, 147.
Cascarilleros of Bolivia, the, 148.
Cashu, narcotic use of, 681.

Castlecary, Roman remains found at, 562.
CASTLEREAGH, LORD, THE DESPATCHES OF,
reviewed, 63.

Cathedral of Ronen, the, 596.
Cavalier, Jean, anecdotes of, 17.
Caverns of the Alps, the, 541.
Celtic race, the, in Scotland, 265.
Centralisation, tendency to, in England,
272.

Chaco, preparation, &c. of, in Bolivia,
141, 691.

Chambord, the Count de, the adherents
of, in France, 213 et seq.

Chamois, the, and the hunters of it, 552.
Charenton, destruction of the Protestant
church at, 7.

Charities of Scotland, government neglect
of, 280.

Charles Edward, fidelity of the High-
landers to, 266.

Charqui, preparation of, 141.
Chatillon, the conference of, 73.
Chéri, Rose, 79.

CHINA, THE INSURRECTION IN, 203.
China, universal use of tobacco in, 131–
employment of opium in, 605, 612.
Chirs, collection of, in India, 617.
Chivalry, connection between, and Mari-
olatry, 30.

Chuño, preparation of, in Bolivia, 144.
Chuquiaguillo river, gold washings of
the, 116.

Churrus, collection of, in Nepaul, 617.
Clarendon, Lord, on the Turkish ques-
tion, 635.

Claude Lorraine, the mode of painting of,
98-injury done to his Queen of Sheba,
650.

Clay, the eating of, 600.

Coal, importance of, to England, 289.
Coca, the, as a narcotic, 622.
Cocculus Indicus, employment of, in
brewing, 138.

Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, 170 et seq.
Cocoa tree, the toddy of the, 130.

Colani, a chamois-hunter, 554.

Comedy of Errors, new readings in the,

190.

Commerce, regulations of the Union Act
regarding, 277.
Condor, the, 141.

CONFESSION, A, by H. G. K., 629.

CONFESSIONS OF AN ENGLISH OPIUM-EATER,
THE, 129, 605.

Continent, dress of the lower orders on
the, 290.

Coqueros of South America, the, 624.
Coral insect, mode of working, &c. of the,
360.

CORAL RINGS, 360.

Cordilleras, sketches among the, 149.
Coriolanus, new readings in, 319.
Corrosive sublimate, eating of, 615.
Corsican Rangers, services of the, 161.
Cotton manufactures, increased exports
of, 375.

Court of Spain, sketch of the, 485.
Court ball, a, at Athens, 575.
Cousin's Life of the Duchesse de Longue-
ville, 667.

Criticism, present state of, 519.
Cromwell, conduct of, toward the French
Protestants, 12-measures of, for the
advantage of Scotland, 268.
Cymbeline, new readings in, 469.
DANA'S STRUCTURE, &c. OF ZOOPHYIES,360.
Dante, influence of, on art, 30.
Danubian Principalities, the invasion of
the, 637.

Darien scheme, the, 269.

DARWIN'S STRUCTURE, &c. OF CORAL RELFS,
360.

Dawamese, preparation, &c. of, 618.
Deadly nightshade, narcotic virtues of
the, 686.

Delany, account of Swift and Stella by,
499.

Delius on Collier's Shakespeare, 303.
Depression, indications of, in the Pacific,
366.

Dohna, count, 10.

Dragon's blood, the tree producing, 147.
Dress in England, a foreigner en, 269.
Drury Lane and its neighbourhood,
sketch of, by a foreigner, 256.
DUKE'S DILEMMA, THE, 325.

Duntocher, sculptured stone found at,
561.

Duquesne, admiral, 8.

Eagle, the, in the Alps, 516.

Colbert, protection of the Protestants by, East, universal employment of tobacco in

6.

Coleridge on opium-eating, 603.

Coligny, Admiral, attempts to colonise
America by, 18.

Collegiate terms, anomalies in, 656.
COLLIER'S NEW READINGS IN SHAKE-
SPEARE, review of, No. I. 181-No. II.
303-No. III. 451.

Collins, friendship of, toward Haydon,
532.

Comédie Française at Paris, the, 78.

the, 131-of opium, 605-and of hemp,
617.

Eastern question, remarks on the, 633.
Eastlake's Boaz and Ruth, on, 103.
Eatwell, Dr, on the employment of
opium, 616.

Eblingen, eagle-snaring at, 546.

Edict of Nantes, effect of the Revocation
of the, on France, 2, 3-persecution,
&c., under it, 7.

Edict of Potsdam, the, 9.

Edinburgh, Roman remains in, 558—
points of resemblance between it and
Athens, 571.

Egypt, services of Sir Hudson Lowe in,
161-Napoleon on the expedition to,

173.

Elizabeth, queen, alliances between, and
the Huguenots, 11.
Emetic holly, the, 686.
Emigration, present amount of, and its
effects, 117-influence of it upon the
shipping interest, 374-increased faci-
lities for it, 385.

ENGLAND, FOREIGN ESTIMATES OF, 284.
England, the French Protestant refugees
in, 11-depreciation of, by Frenchmen,
283.

English, jealousy of, toward the Scots,

268.

English drama and stage, a foreigner on
the, 299.

English oratory, a foreigner on, 288.
Esperou, mount, 4.

Eugenie, the empress, 604.

Europe, entire amount of emigration
from, 117-increased consumption of
opium in, 608.

Examiner newspaper, connection of Hay-
don with the, 525.

Exhibition of paintings, remarks on the,

102.

Exports, increase in, and its causes, 375.
EXTENT AND CAUSES OF OUR PROSPERITY,
THE, 373.

Factory population, use of opium among
the, 610.

Fallmerayer, professor, his work on
Greece, 569.

Faridondaine, drama of, 85.

Fermented liquors, universal employment
of, 130.

Figeac, mademoiselle, 79.

FINE ARTS AND THE PUBLIC TASTE IN
1853, THE, 89.

Finlay, George, his works on Greece,
569, 570.

Fishing, peculiar mode of, 148.

Fön, the, in Switzerland, 543.
Food, similarity of the articles used as,

130.

Ford on Spanish railways, 478, 479.
FOREIGN ESTIMATES OF ENGLAND, 284.
Foreign Secretary of England, position
of the, 66.

Foreign and British shipping, statistics
of, 121.

FORSYTH'S CAPTIVITY of Napoleon, &c.,
review of, 159.

Fortifications of Paris, the, 596.
Fox, destruction of a lammergeier by a,
548.

FRANCE IN 1853, 245.

France, state of, under Louis XIV., 2-
persecution of Protestantism in, under
him, 5 et seq.-introduction of tobacco
into, 131-and Frenchmen, a German

on, 292-sketches in, 595-conduct of,
on the Holy Shrines question, 633.
FRANCE'S CHRONICLES OF LIFE ASSUR-
ANCE, review of, 105.
Franchise, practical lowering of the, from
the rise of prices, 126.
Frederick the Great, treatment of the
French Protestants by, 11.
Frederick William, the elector, 2.
Frederick William I., treatment of the
French Protestants by, 11.

Free trade, effects of, on emigration,
118-present prosperity not due to,
373.

French fashions, introduction of, inte
Spain, 482.

FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, HISTORY
OF THE, 1.

French Revolution, influence of the ex-
pulsion of the Protestants on the, 22.
Frenchmen, depreciation of England by,
285.

Fungus, the intoxicating, of Siberia, 684.
Gabrielle, comedy of, 81.
Gaité at Paris, the, 78.

Galgacus, site of the battle with, 565.
Gambier's islands, peculiarities of, 365.
Gambir extract, narcotic use of the, 681.
Geffroy the actor, 79.

Gentleman's Magazine, account of Swift
and Stella from the, 499 et seq.
Geoffroy the actor, 79.

Geraudan, the Protestants of, 5.
German style of art, present tendency to,
in England, 530.

Germany, amount of emigration from,
117.

Gin palaces of London, the, 297.
Godfrey's cordial, employment of, in
Lancashire, 611.

GOLD AND EMIGRATION IN THEIR EFFECTS,

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL, 117.

Gold discoveries, circumstances which
led to the, 118-effects of, on our pros-
perity, 374.

Gold washings in Bolivia, 146.
Gordon's Itinerarium Septentrionale, 559.
Gourgaud, general, character of, by
O'Meara, 171.

Gourgues, Dominic de, exploit of, 18.
Grains of Paradise, narcotic use of, 683.
Grand Opera at Paris, the, 78.
Grazalema, sketches in, 482.
Great Britain, position of, under Castle-
reagh, 66-present amount of emigra-
tion from, 117-introduction of tobacco
into, 131-consumption of hops in,
137-publicity of official life in, 159-
the war between, and China, 204-
decrease of immigration from Ireland
into, 377-financial dishonesty of Spain
toward, 475-consumption of opium in,
612-position, &c. of, in the Turkish
question, 635.

Greek church, the, 579-representation,
&c. of the Virgin in, 29.

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