mann's lished at Paris his "Ithaca," "The Peloponnesus," "Troy," and "Archeological Researches," an account of his travels in these regions. This was fol- Schlielowed in 1874 by his "Trojan Antiquities," giving works the results of his researches and excavations on the plateau of Hissarlik, the reputed site of ancient Troy. His "Mycenae," a narrative of researches and discoveries of Mycena and Tiryns, was published in 1877, with a preface by Gladstone. His "Troja," 1883, and his "Tiryns," 1886, are in a measure supplementary to his earlier works on Troy and Mycenæ. Johann Orth A 1891 RCHDUKE Johann Nepomuck Salvator of Austria was lost at sea in January. After renouncing his title and completely severing his connection with the House of Hapsburg, Johann Orth, as he called himself, had sailed from Hamburg to Buenos Ayres in 1890. He set out for Valparaiso, but neither he nor his ship was ever heard of again. He was a man of unusual intellectual powers, and had made a reputation as the author of a number of trenchant military treatises. In Chile, the conflict between President BalmaChileans ceda and Congress ripened into a revolution. On Balmaceda the first day of January, the opposition members depose of the Senate and House of Deputies met and signed an act declaring the President unworthy of his office. On January 5, the navy declared itself in favor of the Legislature and against the President. The President denounced this as treason, declared himself dictator, and proclaimed martial law. On January 6, six ironclads put out to sea. The squadron seized every steamer carrying the Chilean flag. President Balmaceda was left without a seagoing warship on the coast. The revolutionists made full use of their formidable naval advantage. The smaller garrisons in the various Civil war nitrate ports were compelled to surrender. The foreign consuls at Valparaiso would not permit a trade blockade of that port. The war opened with more or less desultory engagements. On the morning of January 16, the lands forts of Valparaiso in Chile opened fire on the ironclad "Blanco" and nearly sank her. Of the nitrate ports, Iquique was the first to be attacked. The town held out for a full month. Rear-Admiral Hotham of the British Pacific squadron invited the rival commanders to a conference on board his flagship, and got them to agree to an armistice. On the following day, Colonel Soto evacuated the town with his garri son. The richest of the nitrate ports was thus lost to Balmaceda. During the night of April 23, two Balmacedist torpedo gunboats ran into the harbor of Caldera and there sank the rebel ironclad The "Blanco" in two minutes. This was the first oc- sunk casion on which a Whitehead torpedo was successfully employed against an ironclad. By the end of August, a decisive battle was fought at Placilla near Santiago. Balmaceda's forces were completely routed after five hours' hard fighting with a loss of of 1,500 men. Santiago de Chile capitulated and the triumph of the Congressional party was complete. Balmaceda, who had taken refuge at the Argentine Legation in Santiago, committed suicide. The news was received with manifest relief "Blanco" Placilla Balmaceda throughout Chile. On the 19th of On the 19th of November, End of Admiral Jorge Montt was chosen President of Chile, and on Christmas Day he was installed with great ceremony. In the Argentine Republic, out The "Itata" incident breaks occurred throughout the entire year, caused by political dissension and aggravated by business depression. During the revolution in Chile a serious conflict occurred at Valparaiso in October between United States sailors and a Chilean mob. In reply to Mr. Blaine's demand for indemnity and apology, the Chilean Government stated that the matter was one which concerned the jurisdiction and authority of Chile, and would be duly investigated in her courts. Previous to this another international complication had arisen from a determined attempt of the Chilean warship "Itata," to evade the neutrality laws of the United States. The matter was finally adjusted by arbitration. In Portugal, a republican rising at Oporto occupied the attention of the government. On January 31, the insurgents, supported by some of Dom Pedro's followers, who had returned from Brazil, laden with spoil, attempted to get possession of the barracks. Foiled in their attempt, they seized the town hall and proclaimed a repu olic. The royal palace was bombarded, but at length Bevolt in the royal troops attacked the rioters and drove them back with heavy loss. One hundred lives were lost and 500 persons taken prisoners. Oporto On December 4, the ex-Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II. De Alcantara, a lineal descendant of the three most ancient royal houses of Europe-Hapsburg, Braganza and Bourbon-died at Paris. He was born at Rio de Janeiro, December 2, 1825, and succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his Death of father, Dom Pedro I. In 1843, he married the Prin- His liberal The Republican government of Brazil went to pieces at the first serious encounter. Late this same year, when the Brazilian Congress passed, over the President's veto, a law providing for the impeachment of the President, that body was dissolved by the President, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca. He declared himself dictator and proclaimed martial law at Rio. On November 23, an Revolution insurrection broke out at Rio de Janeiro. The navy took the popular side. Fonseca, finding resistance hopeless, resigned, and General Peixoto in Brazil |