In Guatemala, members of the yellow or Mongolian race and members of the Negro race and gypsies are prohibited. Persons of Turkish, Syrian, Lebanese, Arabian, Greek, Palestinian, Armenian, Egyptian, Hindu, Iranian, or Afghan origin, or peoples native to the north African coast are prohibited.

Greece is more interested in emigration than in immigration. And immigrants must be 21 years old.

It is very interesting to know that practically all nations require that an immigrant alien must have some means of self-support. They must have a job awaiting them in almost all of these nations.

In Honduras, Negroes, gypsies, coolies, Chinese, Syrians, Assyrians, and Bedouins are prohibited. Armenians, Palestinians, Czechoslovaks, Poles, and Lebanese may enter under strict requirements.

I have found India very interesting. Let me read India:

Foreigners must comply with all conditions prescribed: requiring him to reside in a particular place; imposing restrictions on his movements; requiring him to submit to physical examinations; prohibiting him from association with persons of a specified description; prohibiting him from engaging in specified activities; prohibiting him from using or possessing specified artcles, and he must comply with other specified regulations of his conduct. Such persons may be required to post bond or surety.

Indonesia: So long as a woman is married she may not be allowed to apply for naturalization.

I just threw that in for a little interest, because I felt that all this other was quite dry.

Israel excludes all but those of Jewish origin.

Jordan is exporting more than receiving. An immigrant must know the Arabic language in order to become naturalized.

Liberia: Immigrants are not permitted into the country in larger numbers than can be assimilateed within a reasonable time. All nationalities and races are allowed to enter the country. However, only persons of Negro descent may become citizens of Liberia.

Mexico: Those who cannot read and write are prohibited. Immigrants must be of independent means, and though not specified by law, immigrants with Spanish background are generally favored.

In Morocco, one must be 21 years of age in order to apply for immigration, and know the Arabic language.

Nepal had a closed door policy until the latter part of the 1940's, even to visitors. Immigrants must hold immobile property, and be residents for 12 years.

Nicaragua does not permit Turks, Arabs, Syrians, Armenians, Negroes, Chinese, "coolies," and gypsies as immigrants.

The Netherlands specifically forbids immigrants to practice the following professions: lawyers, doctors, dentists, midwives, pharmacists and pharmacists assistants. And they must be 21 years of age, and they must be born in the Netherlands to become citizens.

Panama prohibits gypsies and anyone who might lower the standard of living.

Paraguay encourages American and European immigrants, limits entry of Asians and Africans and others not included as American or European. Persons over 60 years of age are prohibited unless accompanied by a child.

Peru: Immigration may not exceed the percentage of 2 per thousand of the total population of Peru. Gypsies are also forbidden entry.

And an immigrant must be able to read and write and must have a document approving the affiliation of all the children.

The Philippines will not accept more than 50 individuals of any one nation per year. They prohibit those who cannot read or write, and unskilled manual laborers.

South Africa: Persons of those races which the selective board has determined are not easily assimilated to the European trade or professions are usually prohibited. Anyone who cannot read or write any European language is prohibited. It is almost impossible for Asiatics to enter the country.

Switzerland accepts no immigrants. It has agreements with several countries regarding visa regulations and working permits.

Syria will not permit immigration of persons who hold the nationality of any Arab State.

Thailand has a quota. And the quota does not exceed 200 persons from each country, and 100 stateless persons per year.

Turkey: To become an immigrant of Turkey, you must have Turkish background in order to obtain citizenship. Immigrants who wish to engage in business or professions reserved for Turkish citizens are prohibited. Persons whose activities are not compatible with Turkish law, usages, customs, and political requirements are also prohibited. Gypsies are also prohibited.

In the United Arab Republic, or Egypt. You must reside in Egypt for 10 years, and, of course, know the Arabic language in order to become a citizen.

Soviet Russia accepts no immigrants except under exceptional circumstances.

And lastly, Venezuela. Persons who are not of the white race are prohibited.

Gentlemen, many countries forbid entry of many races, as you can see. I have just presented more than three legal-length papers of restrictions and requirements from the 39 nations who replied to our letters or whose rulings we were able to secure. I now present to you the fact that the United States, under the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act, imposes none of the above-mentioned restrictions and makes none of these requirements. However, false propaganda is continuously being circulated claiming the United States discriminates against certain nations or races.

Senator ERVIN. Is it fair to draw from the testimony concerning the immigration laws of other nations that the McCarran-Walter Act has less restrictions upon immigration than the immigration policies of any of the countries whose systems you have reviewed?

Mrs. FRAME. Unquestionably. And I have a further statement to this effect in just one moment.

Gentlemen, we must not lose sight of the fact that an average of 20,000 Chinese per year now immigrate into the United States under our wide-open-door policy. The additional figure of 2,290 permitted entry under the national origins quota policy is, in effect, a bonus. This bonus allows many immigrants a second chance, as it permits entry of an additional 158,161 immigrants per year, over and above the more than 200,000 who come in through our first chance, which I call our wide-open-door policy. By giving a quota of 2,290 annually to the nations within the Asia-Pacific triangle, they receive more than they

would have received, had the mathematical formula of one-sixth of 1 percent, used in computing quotas for European countries, been applied.

When the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act was created 13 years ago, the Japanese-American Citizens League and the Chinese-American Citizens Alliance were pleased with the liberal provisions of the act (exhibit 5). In view of the restrictions imposed against the entry of any Chinese by nations across the world, it is easy to understand why the Chinese and Japanese were pleased with the McCarranWalter Immigration Act.

During the 412 years of research which was necessary for the creation of the comprehensive McCarran-Walter Act, investigators detected such a high percentage of Communists and subversive infiltration among immigrants that it became necessary to create a new agency of the Government in order to determine the rate of Communist infiltration through immigration. Hence, the creation of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. This committee found such a shockingly high percentage of infiltrators among Asiatics and Russians that this was one of the main purposes in drawing up the AsiaPacific triangle. Let me explain this further.

Incidentally, this is a fact that a lot of people have lost sight of even people in the Congress are not aware of the fact that the Internal Security Subcommittee was originally formed because of the infiltration and immigration.

Immediately upon arrival of an Asiatic in the United States, a communication from behind the Bamboo Curtain may pressure him into doing certain things, and certainly voting, to the advantage of the Communist cause. The threat used is the murder of his parents or relatives at home. Being inherently ancestor worshipers the Asiatic (who has never been self-determining), will never question the morality of the order, but will act according to the instructions of the Communists who dictated the order. Security screening being impossible from Communist nations, we may be certain the very large percentage of immigrants already are (and will continue to be). trained Communists, under party discipline. Today we do not recog nize Communist Red China. However, tomorrow, we may. And we must guard against that eventuality. This would indicate a need for careful reappraisal and strengthening of our existing immigration laws, particularly in view of the possibility that 22 percent of the immigrants coming in under the proposed new bill will be from Red China, and 50 percent or better of the immigrants coming in from the future will be from the Asia-Pacific triangle. Although we know that many of our Chinese immigrants have made fine patriotic Americans, the world situation today is such that we cannot afford to loosen our restrictions--they should be tightened instead.

To bring annually into the United States 1 million immigrants from several nations will change the character and thinking of our country in a few years' period. When your ideas change, your form of government changes. Add to these premises the fact that the United States is embroiled across the Nation with racial riots. Gentlemen, can you visualize the racial riots, the chaos and bloodshed when our Negroes, our Puerto Ricans, Italians, Poles, Irish, Germans, Cubans, and French will be forced into unemployment because of the

immigration of hundreds of thousands of Red Chinese, Asians, or Russians? According to the Miami Herald of March 30, 1965, there are almost 8 million people on our relief rolls, costing us more than $5 billion annually, and 312 million unemployed at our lowest peak of unemployment in many years for this season of the year.

Bringing into the United States an estimated 1 million immigrants per year is equal to depositing, annually, the population of a city the size of Cincinnati and its suburbs, Metropolitan Houston, or Atlanta and its suburbs. Remember, this would occur each year.

The United States is the largest immigrant-receiving nation in the world. So far as my research shows, there is no nation which comes within 200,000 immigrants per year of those received by America. Yet the administration proposes an increase of more than 200 percent.

Russia, which is more than twice the size of the United States, has only 26 persons per square mile, but they forbid entry of any immigrants except under extraordinary circumstances. The United States has twice as many persons per square mile-52-but we still bring in the most immigrants of any nation in the world, including more than 2,697 from our enemy, Communist Russia, each year.

Masao Takanshi, the authority on immigration for Japan, in 1959 stated in his book the following:

As a nation of immigrants, the United States has the most far-reaching and comprehensive immigration law in the world.

The United States is one of the few nations whose immigration laws discriminate against no nation and no race. It restricts the number from some nations; however, it forbids entry to none. We have an obligation to each of our various immigrant groups to refrain from upsetting the balance which permits them to live together in peace and harmony in this country regardless of their Old World ties, animosities, or discordant relationships. As Americans, we must not forget that the people of the world-particularly those behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains, individually look to the United States to save them from communism. It is our obligation to remember that only a long-range program of sanity and security screening and our Nation's continued belief in God, upon which our country was founded, can assure these slave nations of eventual freedom.

False propaganda is continuously circulated, claiming the United States discriminates against certain nations. The United States is the largest immigrant-receiving nation in the world-I say that a second time-to eliminate the Asia-Pacific triangle, which gives us a small measure of protection against Communists and radical changes in cultures, and to increase immigration to our already overpopulation Nation by 1 million immigrants per year, is a decision which you gentlemen will make. The responsibility lies in your hands. If you should recommend the adoption of the proposed administration immigration bill, I urge you to tell your constituents that they should ask themselves the question: "Will our grandchildren speak our language?"

I have presented this testimony today in behalf of the National Federation of Labor. I bring with me resolutions and petitions from various organizations signed by hundreds of individual citizens who wish to petition you gentlemen of the Congress in support of the

McCarran-Walter Immigration Act. Please permit me to read the list of these groups and to present to the secretary of the committee copies of these resolutions and petitions.

Senator ERVIN. Mrs. Frame, is it correct to infer from your testimony that your research and study indicates that the McCarranWalter Act discriminates against the admission of no immigrant on account of his race or on account of his religion or on account of the place of his origin?

Mrs. FRAME. That is correct, Senator Ervin.

Senator ERVIN. Does not the McCarran-Walter Act provide only that all nations should be treated alike, and that immigrants from any nation may come to the United States each year to the extent of one-sixth of 1 percent of the persons of the same national origin who were in this country at the time of the taking of the census of 1920! Mrs. FRAME. That is correct, Senator Ervin. Also, that is just the national origins quota system. But what people try to make us do is to overlook the fact that we have a wide-open-door policy through which 200,000 people enter every year from every nation of every race and creed. And this we do not talk about sufficiently, Senator Ervin.

Senator ERVIN. The McCarran-Walter Act puts every country on exactly the same basis, does it not, except those who under that formula would have less than 100-would be eligible to have less than 100 there may be gifts so that those countries which under the formula have less than 100 would have at least 100?

Mrs. FRAME. That is correct.

Senator ERVIN. So, instead of being a discriminatory law on immigration as it is pictured to be it is the least discriminatory of all the immigration laws of any country on the face of the earth that you have studied?

Mrs. FRAME. That is a fact.

I would like to read to you what the authority in Japan had to say about the American laws. Again I am talking about Mr. Takanashi here.

The Immigration and Naturalization Act of the United States incorporates detailed provisions applicable to a variety of situations.

I am quoting from this Japanese gentleman's book, he is the authority on immigration in Japan.

Reasons for the denial of admission into and compulsory departure from the United States are expressly spelled out. Immigration laws of European nations provide only abstract and general standards under which the administrative official can exercise broad discretion. Perhaps the prewar situation of Japan was analogous to European counterparts, but the postwar Japanese law has been substantially influenced by American law. However, it should be noted that the former, which is Japanese, is more succinct in its contents than the latter.

In other words, the Japanese laws are based almost entirely now on the American laws. And he ends up by saying, he went on to say, this is from the Library of Congress:

The succinctness, however, has no bearing on the quality of the law per se, but it is resulting from mere background as a nation of immigrants. The United States has the most far-reaching and comprehensive immigration laws in the world.

Senator ERVIN. And the only reason that the McCarran-Walter Act is pictured as discriminatory is because that there are some people