Laxatives: A Practical GuideSpringer Milan, 1 apr. 1997 - 85 pagini Constipation is a common disorder that is often defined differently by patients and physicians. Clinically, constipation occurs when bowel move ments are difficult or painful. The "normality" of bowel movements, in terms of frequency, varies among individuals; frequency that is thought by one person to be constipation may be reported by another to be usual and thus normal. Often the perceived "need" to have a bowel movement leads to self-treatment with laxatives as these drugs are widely available without a prescription. This situation can raise problems in patient care, because of potential interactions between laxatives and other medications. Furthermore, chronic use (abuse) oflaxatives can cause serious medical consequences, causing patients to visit physicians, and even to be hospitalized for further evaluation and care. This has a financial impact on the patient, and on health care systems. It is essential that pharmacists, physicians and other health care practitioners counsel patients on the causes of constipation and the proper use oflaxatives. A medical work-up by a physician should be done to determine if the constipation is due to a pathological process. Often nor mal bowel function (for an invididual) can be maintained by diet and/or lifestyle. Most laxatives in use today are of botanical origin. Further research on the mechanism of action of these and synthetic laxatives is needed to bet ter define their pharmacology and toxicology. |
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abdominal absorption alginic acid aloe anthranoid laxatives anthraquinone autacoids Autore G Beubler bile acids bisacodyl bowel movements bran Ca2+ calcium Capasso F cascara castor oil cathartic cause chronic constipation clinical constipation contains crypt cyclic AMP defecation diarrhea diet Dietary fiber dose drugs electrolyte emodin epithelial cells feces fluid Gaginella glycosides hydrophilic ileum increase induced inhibition intake intestinal secretion intestinal tract Izzo AA lactulose large intestine laxa laxation laxative abuse laxative action laxative effect laxatives Leng-Peschlow magnesium Magnesium sulfate Mascolo mechanism melanosis coli membrane metabolism motility mucosa mucosal injury myenteric nitric oxide normal oral osmotic Oxyphenisatin patients perfused Pharm Pharmacol Pharmacology 36 Suppl Pharmacology 47 phenolphthalein picosulfate produce prostaglandins psyllium rat colon receptors rectal rectum Rhein ricinoleic acid salts senna sennosides small intestine smooth muscle sodium stimulation stinal stool studies substances tion tive transit transport vitro water and electrolyte yes yes yes