semiskilled and skilled labor of which a high per cent is American. In discussing the automobile industry one must bear in mind not only the automobile factories, but likewise the accessory manufacturers, the scattered assembly plants, and that large number of service stations and garages which, because of the technical service they demand, are particularly attractive to American boys as places of employment. The growing manufacture of radio appliances is of the same class.

I believe that in what I have said is to be found the real answer to the question which Congressman Raker raised repeatedly, namely, as to what is happening to the native-born laborer seeing that he is not going into the rough work required in primary industries.

If the committee wishes additional testimony or evidence upon this point it can readily be furnished.

I am taking the liberty of sending a copy of this letter to each of the other members of your committee for such information and interest as it will be to them.

House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.

MY DEAR MR. JOHNSON: I am inclosing a letter which explains itself. I feel there is a great deal in this letter.

I am particularly impressed with what Mr. Weber has to say regarding the contention of those advocating the tariff bill passed by this Congresss. Those advocates claimed that this bill was absolutely necessary to protect American labor against the pauper labor of Europe. This was the contention of the large employers of labor in this country who supported the tariff bill and now those same employers of labor are urging you to bring out a bill, and urging Congress to pass it, that will bring the pauper labor of Europe to this country to compete with our own American labor.

So far as I am personally concerned, I will never vote for a bill that will let down the bars that are up against foreign labor until our own American labor is employed at a fair wage.

Very truly yours,

(The letter inclosed by Mr. Beck is as follows:)

HONORABLE JOSEPH D. BECK,

J. D. BECK.

MILWAUKEE, WIS., January 5, 1923.

House Office Building, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SIR: The campaign of big business carried on through the columns of the subsidized public press for the abandonment of the present immigration restriction on the ground of a threatened shortage of common labor is another one of those schemes of deception heralded throughout the Republic to mislead the people as to the game for cheap and enslaved labor which is being played by big business.

This deceptive scheme of a shortage of labor, together with high protective tariff legislation to keep out the products produced by European labor, ought no longer deceive the workers in industry within these United States.

It is one of the deceptive games of big business to claim to protect the workers by high tariff against the factory products produced by cheap foreign labor, and at the same time big business advocates the abandonment by the Government of the immigration restriction, thereby bringing into competition with labor here, foreign labor itself. Big business seeks cheap foreign labor 29018-23-SER 5-0-23

not only to gain larger profits, but also to hold the threat of unemployment over the heads of the citizen workers of these United States; for nothing makes the worker such a cringing wage slave, as an army of job hunters, hungry for his job.

If Congress should comply with the demands of big business and establish a wide open door policy for immigration, we would find that the trans-Atlantic lines owned and controlled by big business would be crowded with immigrants, as southern and western Europe would immediately be flooded with advertisement by unscrupulous immigrant agents, announcing the great fortunes awaiting the workers in the United States, on account of high wages paid labor and these unscrupulous immigrant agents would reap a large harvest from the commission they would receive.

The Federated Trades Council herewith informs you that there is no shortage of common or any other labor providing big business will pay a living wage. Wages represent livelihood and livelihood is at the very basis of civilization. We therefore appeal to you to use every legal power and influence at your command to prevent the abandonment of present immigration restriction, as the whole agitation on the part of big business is for the sole purpose to tie the worker to the industry in the Republic of the United States. Yours for justice and the protection of the workers of the Republic,

THE FEDERATED TRADES COUNCIL, By FRANK J. WEBER,

General Secretary.

CENTRAL LABOR COUNCIL, Spokane, Wash., January 12, 1923.

Hon. ALBERT JOHNSON,

House of Representatives,
Washington, D. C.

DEAR CONGRESSMAN: Pursuant to instructions of Spokane Central Labor Council I am inclosing herewith a copy of resolutions adopted by the council on unanimous vote. They are self-explanatory. Because of your position on the Immigration Committee and your publicly expressed views we felt that you could assist us in this matter.

Thanking you for any consideration you can give to our request and extending to you our best wishes, I am,

Very truly yours,

(Resolutions referred to in above letter follow :)

O. A. DIRKES,

Secretary.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY SPOKANE CENTRAL LABOR COUNCIL JANUARY 8, 1923.

Whereas a consistent propaganda is being carried on to relax the immigration restrictions and flood the United States with immigrant labor; and

Whereas this propaganda takes various forms, but has always the same object in view, that of breaking down American working conditions and flooding the labor market with aliens, who accept, without protest, any wages or conditions offered by employers; and

Whereas at this time the propagandists are seeking to play upon the sympathies of the American people by a steady repetition through the daily press of stories reciting the plight of Greeks, Armenians, and others of the Near East, who are alleged to be at the mercy of the Turks and must perish unless an asylum is found for them in this country; and

Whereas great church organizations and high churchmen have, through misinformation, no doubt, been enlisted in support of this insidious and most dangerous propaganda; and

Whereas Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy, formerly a resident of Portland, is reported to have appeared before the Immigration Committee of the House of Representatives and urged that the immigration laws be so amended as to admit hundreds of thousands of the so-called refugees; and

Whereas we believe the Near East situation is a game being played by the capitalists of different nations for rich oil deposits, and that the Turks have been misrepresented and maligned for the purpose of preparing the public mind

for another bloody world-baptism, with oil as the stake to be taken by the victors; Therefore be it

Resolved by the Spokane Central Labor Council, That we protest against the removal of any of the present immigration restrictions; that we deplore the use of the influence of the churches, acting in the name of the Prince of Peace, to deceive the public and aid and abet the most heartless group of financial bandits who ever infested the earth in their schemes to sacrifice millions of men to the god of war for the purpose of extending the power and increasing the riches of the capitalists; and be it further

Resolved, That we protest to Doctor Lovejoy and ask her to desist in her present course; that we call upon the churches to follow and uphold the teachings of Him who preached "On earth peace; good will toward men," and that the churches be asked not only to discontinue their present demands for interference in the Near East and the admission of the so-called refugees into the United States, but that they also be asked to throw their great influence against mass murder, glorified as war; and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to members of the Washington delegation in the Congress of the United States, a copy to Dr. Esther Pohl Lovejoy, a copy be mailed to the ministerial federation in this city, a copy to the American Federation of Labor, and a copy to the Washington State Federation of Labor.

BRITISH FINANCIER SEES HALT IN UNITED STATES PROGRESS.

LONDON.-Sir Mackay Edgar, British industrialist and financier, has just returned here from a visit to the States.

"It is an amazing spectacle," he says. "There you have 115,000,000 people feverishly tearing from the earth its irreplaceable wealth and using it to maintain a rate of growth utterly without precedent in all human history.

"They have long been the champion spenders of the world, but now they are making all previous records look silly.'

Sir Mackay says that the biggest economic fact in the world to-day is America's gigantic consuming power. "It is terrible, because already it is outrunning pro

duction."

Then the financier goes on to prophesy that before long, while the demand will be as voracious as ever, the supply will have run short, and so he predicts a sharp halt in American progress, which may be something like a collapse.-New York Tribune, January 9, 1923.

Status of immigrant quotas January 17, 1923-Continued.

1 After all admissions and pending cases have been deducted from the annual quota.

2 Exhausted for year. Pending cases for which quotas have been granted cover differences between annual quota and number already admitted.

THE DANVILLE TRADES AND LABOR COUNCIL,

Danville, Ill., January 20, 1923.

To Our Representatives and Senators,

Congress of the United States.

Be it resolved, That we, the Danville Trades and Labor Council of Danville, Ill., in regular session assembled, demand that our Representatives be instructed to demand that the United States Congress pass a law suspending immigration for a period of five years, at the end of said time a general naturalization day to take place for those who are fit to become citizens; and those who are not fit to be deported at once, and provisions to be made for those who have wives and children in foreign lands who have become citizens.

MY DEAR MR. GILLETT: I desire to call to your attention the fact that the farmers of Massachusetts, at the recent meeting of the State Farm Bureau Federation, took a decided stand against letting down the bars to foreign immigration. They have little sympathy with the efforts now being made by some manufacturers and by various organizations of foreign born to change the law so as to admit an indiscriminate conglomeration of low-grade foreign labor whenever some particular industry may happen to be short handed.

The resolution which I desire to call to your attention is as follows:

"Resolved, That while not opposing improvement in the preent immigration law looking to a change in the character of the persons admitted so as to include a larger percentage of manual workers without materially increasing the number admitted, we are strongly opposed to all proposals which would bring about a general influx of aliens of traditions and race radically differing from American standards.

I earnestly hope that you will do all you can to prevent any lessening of the immigration restrictions.

Yours very truly,

HOWARD S. RUSSELL, President.

(The following article is reprinted from Scribner's Magazine for September, 1922:)

HAS THE WESTWARD TIDE OF PEOPLES COME TO AN END?

[By FREDERIC C. HOWE, former Commissioner of Immigration, port of New York.] America has apparently come to a decision on the question of immigration. Congress has decreed that the invasion by other peoples must stop. Public opinion seemingly supports Congress in this decision. The Southern States, that should want white labor, do not want the alien. The West and Northwest, that were settled largely by immigrants from the north of Europe, seem disposed to close the doors to south and central Europe. The Protestant Churches fear the Catholic majority from southern Europe, while that part of our population that is descended from AngloSaxon-Germanic stock does not take kindly to the idea of America becoming a nonAnglo-Saxon nation. Congress has the support of the country in the policy of " exclusion. The press supports it. The Protestant churches approve of it. Organized labor has long insisted that free trade in labor should cease. Manufacturers, contractors, and others interested in liberal immigration have been swamped by the changing sentiment of the country, reinforced temporarily by the present industrial depression.

The United States has aligned itself with Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. which countries are also closing their doors to immigration. From now on we may look for increasing vigilance on the part of immigration authorities and greater restrictions in the law. After three centuries of almost complete freedom on the part of the individual to come and go over the face of the earth his movements are being circumscribed. No matter what the industrial demand may be, no matter which party may be in power, the gates are likely to remain closed, with such exceptions as may be made to travelers, expert artisans, professional men, and possibly women servants to relieve our domestic problems.

In some respects this is the most significant fact in our life to-day, as it is significant in the long history of the world. For this closing of our gates means many things to our industrial life, to our productive powers, to our ethnic make-up, and to the future development of our peoples. In a larger view it marks the end of a world-long movement of peoples from the Far East to the distant West; a movement that began long before the Christian era, that repeated itself in almost every century, and that has only come to an end by reason of the barrier of the Pacific Ocean and the inclosure of the public domain, which for three centuries absorbed the dispossessed and restless spirits not only of the Old World but of America as well.

Immigration is not a new thing. It is as old as the human race. Whole nations emigrated from India. Persia, and central Asia to Europe. Races, tribes, and families left their ancestral homes and made new nations about the Mediterranean. Rome was settled by emigrants from Greece. In later centuries Italy peopled central Europe. The Romans fought with the Gauls for France, with the Teutonic tribes for Germany, with the Angles for the British Isles. For centuries after the fall of Rome the Goths and Ostrogoths, the Huns and the Vandals, the Lombards and the tribes of central and eastern Europe overran the Roman Empire. They obliterated old cultures. They absorbed, or were absorbed, by other peoples; they finally divided into states and nations.

For six or seven centuries immigration came to an end. Population increased. The struggle for existence became more severe. The feudal system reduced the worker and the farmer to serfdom. Wherever the conditions of life were most difficult there the desire to escape was the most insistent. With the opening up of America the westward movement began again. It started from England, not because of a desire for religious liberty so much as because England possessed ships, while conditions of life in England, following the inclosure of the common lands, made it necessary for people to escape. The same was true of Scotland as it was of Ireland in the nineteenth century.

For three centuries old Europe has been depopulating herself in response to the urge of greater economic opportunity in the new lands to the west. For two and a half centuries people came from the north and west of Europe. They came almost exclusively from races of Nordick stock. England, Scotland, and Ireland contributed most. Germany sent large contingents up to about 1880, as did the Scandinavian countries. About 1890 the tide turned toward the South. Italy, and especially southern Italy, Hungary, Poland, Russia, the Balkan States, and the Near East sent increasing contingents to our shore. By 1914 the predominant immigration was from these countries. In that year there were 683,000 admissions from central and southern Europe and 220,000 from northern and western Europe. In the 25 years before the war the bulk of the immigration was from south and central Europe, so that of the