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England, are at Sheffield and in London. the former by the local advantages of coal, &c. on the spot, and the greater division of labor, cutlery in general is afforded at much lower prices than in the metropolis, where the finer descriptions of this important manufacture are more attended to, and, surgical instruments, in particular, are made with the greatest skill. CUTLET, n. s. Fr. cotelette. strictly, it means a rib.

A steak;

So mutton cutlets, prime of meat. Swift. CUTTACK, a considerable district of Orissa, Hindostan, situated between the twentieth and twenty-second degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by Midnapoor and Mohurbunge; on the south by the Circars; on the east by the Bay of Bengal; and on the west by several small states of the interior. Its length is about 150 miles, and breadth about sixty, containing a population of 1,200,000 souls. Between Gaintee and Bamori the country is richly productive, and is inhabited by weavers, who manufacture muslins in pieces for turbans. From Arick poor to Cuttack the land is chiefly arable, but interspersed with bushes, and not thoroughly cultivated. The Mahanuddy River, in passing through this country, often changes its name, according to the vicinity of different towns and villages. It is also watered by other considerable streams. The rents are chiefly paid in

cowries.

The holy land of Juggernauth extends about fifteen miles on each side of the temple of Juggernauth, to the north and south. Its occupants have from time immemorial been exempt from the taxes which Hindoos pay for access to the temple, except during the ruth and dole jattries, when they also are liable to a small impost.

The chief towns are Cuttack, Juggernauth, Buddruck, and Balasore. This district is mentioned by the Mahommedan historians as early as the year 1212, under the title of Jagepore, or Jehazpore. It was then subject to a Hindoo prince, who resided at Jagepore; it was subdued by and annexed to Bengal in the reign of Solyman Kerang, 1569. Thus it remained till the year 1751, when it was ceded by the nuwab Alyverdy Khan to the Nagpore Mahrattas, who, in 1803, were again compelled to resign it to the victorious arms of the British, and it is now managed by a civil establishment of judge, collector, &c.

CUTTACK, the capital of the above district, called also Cuttack Benares, formerly Saringgur, was once fortified, and a highly respectable town; but during the period it was governed by the Mahrattas, it fell to decay. In the year 1592 it withstood the Mogul arms for nearly a month, and is naturally strong, but the climate is unhealthy. It is at present the residence of the gentlemen of the civil establishment, and has a cantonment for a corps of native infantry.

CUTTER, a small vessel, commonly navigated in the channel of England. It is furnished with one mast, and rigged as a sloop. Many of these vessels a.e used in an illicit trade, and others are employed by government to take them; the hatter of which are either under the direction of the admiralty, or custom-house.

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It is somewhat strange, that the blood of all birds and beasts, and fishes, should be of a red colour, and only the blood of the cuttle should be as black as ink. Bacon.

He that uses many words for the explaining any subject, doth, like the cuttle fish, hide himself for the most part in his own ink. Ray on the Creation.

CUTTLE-FISH. See SEPIA. CUTTS (John lord), was son of Richard Cutts, esq. of Matching in Essex; where the family were settled about the time of Henry VI., and had a large estate. He entered early into the service of the duke of Monmoutn, was aidde-camp to the duke of Lorraine in Hungary, and signalised himself in a very extraordinary manner at the taking of Buda by the imperialists in 1686; which important place had been for near a century and a half in the hands of the Turks. Returning to England at the Revolution, he obtained a regiment of foot; was created baron Gowran in Ireland, December 6th, 1690; appointed governor of the Isle of Wight, April 14th, 1693; was made a major-general; and, when the assassination project was discovered, 1695-6, was captain of the king's guard. He was colonel of the Coldstream guards in 1701; when Mr. Steele, who was indebted to his interest for a military commission, inscribed to him his first work, The Christian Hero. On the accession of queen Aune, he was made a lieutenant-general of the forces in Holland; commander in chief of the forces in Ireland, under the duke of Ormond, March 23d, 1704-5; and afterwards one of the lords justices of that kingdoin. He died at Dublin January 26th, 1706-7, and was buried there in the cathedral of Christ Church. He wrote a poem on the death of queen Mary, and published, in 1687, Poetical Exercises, written upon several occasiors, and dedicated to her royal highness Mary, princess of Orange. One of his songs is quoted by Steele in his Tatler; but his Muse Cavalier is erroneously ascribed by Walpole to lord Peterborough.

CUT-WATER, the sharp part of the head of a ship below the beak, so called because it cuts or divides the water before it comes to the bow, that it may not come too suddenly to the breadth of the ship, which would retard it.

CUT-WORK, n. s. Embroidered work.

CUXHAVEN, a sea-port of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its embouchure. The harbour, being very large and commodious, is much frequented, and vessels generally take in pilots here, in order to ascend the river to Hamburgh. A yacht is stationed out at sea, near the outermost buoy, with pilots ready to conduct any vessel that may demand them. The town and bailiwic belong to the corporation of Hamburgh, who have held them ever since the fourteenth century. During the late revolutionary wars Cuxhaven became a place of great importance as an entrepôt of

British goods. On the fall of Hamburgh in 1806, it came into the possession of the French, and remained under their domination above seven years. When, at the close of the war, the French defended Hamburgh, Cuxhaven was the scene of some severe fighting. It is sixty miles northwest of Hamburgh, and the light-house is in long. 8° 43′ 1′′ E., lat. 53° 52′ 21′′ N.

CUYO, or CUJO, an extensive province of Peru, and a portion of the former vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, is bounded on the north by Tucuman, on the east by the Pampas deserts, on the south by deserts, and on the west by the Andes. It is mild in climate, and very fertile in grain of all kinds, and pasturage: much wine and brandy are made, and immense herds of cattle range the valleys.

CYATHUS, κvaloc, from xvev, to pour out, was a common measure among the Greeks and Romans, both of the liquid and dry kind. It was equal to an ounce, or the twelfth part of a pint, and was made with a handle like our punch-ladle. The Romans frequently drank as many cyathi as there were muses, i. e. nine; or as many as there were letters in their patron's name. The cyathus of the Greeks is said by Galen and others to have weighed ten drachms; elsewhere he says, that a cyathus contains twelve drachms of oil, thirteen drachms and one scruple of wine, water, or vinegar, and eighteen drachms of honey. Among the Veterinarii, the cyathus contained two ounces.

CYAXARES I., son of Phraortes, king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom against the Scythians; made war against Alyattes, king of Lydia; and subjected to his power all Asia, beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of forty years, in the year of Rome 160.

CYAXARES II. is supposed by Dr. Prideaux and others to be the same as Darius the Mede, the son of Astyages, king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father's dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favored.

CYBELE, in Pagan mythology, the daughter of Cœlius and Terra, wife of Saturn, and mother of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, &c. She is also colled Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c., and by some is reckoned the same with Ceres: but most mythologists make these two distinct goddesses. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince, and, as soon as she was born, she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved by sucking some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father's court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. Most of the mythologists mention the amours of Atys and Cybele. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Curetes, Galli, &c., it is said were not admitted to the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and fid the air with shrieks and howlings,

mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favorite Atys. The goddess was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in pregnancy, to imitate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, or with leaves of oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot, drawn by two tame lions: Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the goddess. She is also represented with a sceptre in her hand, and with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue of Claudia was said to have been vindicated, by removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 257 years before the Trojan war, or 1580 years before the Augustan age. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing, every year on the 6th of the kalends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. Many obscenities prevailed in the observation of the festivals; and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness.

CYBELICUM MARMOR, a name given by the ancients to a species of marble dug in the mountain Cybele. It was of an extremely bright white, with broad veins of bluish-black.

CYCAS, in botany, a genus of plants of the monoecia class, and polygamia order. The fruit is a dry plum, with a bivalved kernel. There is but one species described by Linnæus, viz. the circinalis; but professor Thunberg mentions another, viz. 1. C. caffra, broad broom, or bread tree of the Hottentots. This plant, discovered by professor Thunberg, is described in the Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Ups. vol. ii. p. 283, tab. V. The pith, or medulla, which abounds in the trunk of this little palm, Mr. Sparrman informs us, is collected, and tied up in dressed calf or sheep skins, and then buried in the earth for the space of several weeks, till it becomes sufficiently mellow and tender to be kneaded up with water into a paste, of which they afterwards make small loaves or cakes, and bake them under the ashes. 2. C. circinalis, or sago-tree, which grows spontaneously in the East Indies, and particularly on the coast of Malabar. It runs up with a straight trunk to upwards of forty feet in height, having many circles the whole length, occasioned by the old leaves falling off; for standing in a circular order round the stem, and embracing it with their base, whenever they drop, they leave the marks of their adhesion. The leaves are pinnated, and grow to the length of seven or eight feet. The pinnæ or lobes are long, narrow, entire, of a shining green, all the way of a

breadth, lance-shaped at the point, closely crowded together, and stand at right angles on each side the mid-rib, like the teeth of a comb. The flowers are produced in long bunches at the foot-stalks of the leaves, and are succeeded by oval fruit, about the size of large plums, of a red color when ripe, and a sweet flavor. Each contains a hard brown nut, enclosing a white meat which tastes like a chestnut. This is a valuable tree to the inhabitants of India, as it not only furnishes a considerable part of their constant bread, but also supplies them with a large article of trade. See SAGO.

CYCEON, from KvKaty, to mix, a name given by the ancient poets and physicians to a mixture of meal and water, and sometimes of other ingredients. These constituted the two kinds of cyceon; the coarser being of the water and meal alone; the richer and more delicate composed of wine, honey, flour, water, and cheese. Homer, in the 11th Iliad, speaks of cyceon made with cheese, and the meal of barley mixed with wine, but without any mention either of honey or water; and Ovid, describing the draught of cyceon given by the old woman of Athens to Ceres, mentions only flour and water. understood the word in both these senses; but extolled it most in the coarse and simple kind: he says, when prepared with water alone, it refrigerates and nourishes greatly.

Dioscorides

CYCINNIS, a Grecian dance, so called from its supposed inventor, one of the satyrs belonging to Bacchus. It consisted of a combination of grave and gay movements.

CYCLADES, in ancient geography, islands so called, as Pliny informs us, from the Cyclus or orb in which they lie; beginning from the promontory Geraestum of Eubea, and lying round the island Delos. Their situation and number is not so generally agreed upon. Strabo says, they were first reckoned twelve, but that many others were added: yet most of them lie to the south of Delos, and but few to the north, so that the middle or centre, ascribed to Delos, is to be taken in a loose, not in a geometrical sense. Strabo recites them, after Artemidorus, as follows: Helena, Ceos, Cynthus, Seriphus, Melos, Siphnus, Cimolus, Prepesinthus, Olearus, Naxos, Paros, Syrus, Myconos, Tenos, Andros, Gyarus; but he excludes from the number, Prepesinthus, Olearus, and Gyarus.

CYCLADES, GREAT. See HEBRIDES, NEW. CYCLAMEN, Sowbread, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants: natural order twenty-first, preciæ. COR. verticillated, with the tube very short, and the throat prominent: the BERRY is covered with the capsule. There are but two species, which, however, produce many beautiful varieties. They are low, herbaceous, flowery perennials, of the tuberous rooted kind, with numerous, angular, heartshaped, spotted, marbled leaves; and many fleshy foot-stalks six inches high, carrying monopetalous, five-parted, reflexed flowers, of various colors. CYCLE, n. s. Lat. cyclus ; Kokλoç. CYCLOMETRY, n. s. A circle; a round of time; a space in which the same revolutions begin again; a method, or account of a method till the same course begins again; imaginary

orbs; a circle in the heavens. Cyclometry is the
art of measuring cycles.

How build, unbuild, contrive
To save appearances; how gird the sphere
With eentrick, and excentrick, scribbled o'er
Milton.
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb!

We do more commonly use these words, so as to
style a lesser space a cycle, and a greater by the name
of period; and you may not improperly call the be-
ginning of a large period the epocha thereof.
Holder on Time.

We thought we should not attempt an unacceptable
work, if here we endeavoured to present our gar-
deners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be
done throughout every month of the
year.

Evelyn's Kalendar,
Chained to one centre whirled the kindred spheres,
And marked with lunar cycles solar years. Darwin.
I must tell you that Sir H. Savile had confuted
Wallis.
Joseph Scaliger's cyclometry.

CYCLE OF EASTER. See CHRONOLOGY. CYCLE OF THE MOON. See CHRONOLOGY. It is called also the golden number, and the Metonic cycle, from its inventor Meton the Athenian. At the time of the council of Nice, when the method of finding the time for observing the feast of Easter was established, the numbers of the lunar cycle were inserted in the kalendar, which, upou the account of their use, were set in golden letters, and the year of the cycle called the golden number of that year.

CYCLE OF THE SUN. See CHRONOLOGY.

CYCLISUS, in surgery, an instrument in the form of a half moon, used in scraping the scull, in cases of fractures of that part.

CY'CLOID, n. s. Į Κυκλοεΐδης. Α geomeCYCLOIDAL, adj. Strical curve, of which the genesis may be conceived by imagining a nail in the circumference of a wheel: the line which the nail describes in the air, while the wheel revolves in a right line, is the cycloid. Relating to a cycloid; as the cycloidal space is the space contained between the cycloid and its substance. A man may frame to himself the notion of a parabola, or a cycloid, from the mathematical definition of those figures.

Reid.

CYCLOID, OF TROCHOID, a mechanical or transcendental curve, which is thus generated :— Suppose a circle FEII to roll along the straight line AB, so that all the parts of its circumference be applied to the straight line in succession; the point E, that was in contact with A B at A, will, by a motion thus compounded of a circular and rectilineal motion, describe a certain curve line A, to EDB, which is called a cycloid. The straight line AB is called the base, and the line CD perpendicular to AB, bisecting it at C, and meeting the curve in D, is called the axis of the cycloid. The circle by whose revolution the curve is described is called the generating circle. The following are some of the most remarkable properties of this curve.-1. The base AB is equal to the circumference of the generating circle. 2. The axis CD is equal to the diameter of the generating circle. These two properties are obvious from the definition of the curve. the generating circle CKD be described on the axis CD as a diameter, and let GKE be perpendicular to the axis, meeting the circle in h,

3. Let

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and the cycloid in E. The straight line EG is
equal to the sum of the circular arc D K, and its
sine KG. Let the generating circle FEII pass
through E and touch the base A B at F; join
EF and KC, and draw the diameter FH. The
chords FE and CK are evidently equal and
parallel, therefore FC=EK; now AC-semi-
circumference FEH, and AF-arc FE which
has quitted it, therefore FC arc EH, or EK
are DK, and EG arc DK+sine KG. 4. If
EH be drawn touching the cycloid at E, it is
parallel to K D the chord of the generating circle.
Draw ekg parallel and indefinitely near to EKG,
meeting the chord K D in n. Draw KL, DL,
touching the generating circle. The triangles
KLD, Kkn are similar, and KL=LD, there-
fore Kk kn; now arc DKEK, and arc
Dkek, therefore Kk, or kn-E K—ek, and,
adding ek to each of these equals, E Ken,
therefore the indefinitely small part of the
cycloidal arc Ee, which coincides with the tan-
gent, is parallel to Kn, therefore the tangent E HI
is parallel to the chord K D. 5. The arc DE of
the cycloid is equal to twice the chord D K of the
generating circle. Join Dk and draw ko per-
pendicular to Kn, then Ko is the indefinitely
small increment of the chord k D, and Kk has
been proved equal to kn (4), therefore Kn is
bisected in o; but Kn-Ee (4) therefore Ee the
increment of the cycloidal arc De is always dou-
ble Ko the corresponding increment of the chord
Dk, therefore the whole arc D E must be double
the chord DK. Corollary. The whole cycloid
ADB is equal to four times the axis CD, or
four times the diameter of the generating circle.
6. If CD is produced to M, so that C M-CD,
and if the half of the cycloid BD be placed in
the position AM, and the other half AD in the
position M B, then, if a thread MQE MQA
be unfolded from the arc M A, the extremity E
of this thread will describe the cycloid ADB.
Make AP equal and parallel to CM, and on
AP describe the semicircle ATP. Let the
thread touch the curve at Q; draw QR perpen-
dicular to A P, cutting the circle in T, and join
AT. Then FQ is parallel to AT (4) and there-
fore equal to it; now EQ is equal to the arc
AQ which is double AT (5) or FQ, therefore
EF=FQ=AT, if therefore EKG be drawn
perpendicular to CD, CG is equal to AR, and
arc C Karc AT, also the chord KC is equal
and parallel to the chord AT, which is parallel
to EF, therefore FC=EK; now AF or TQ
arc AT (3). Therefore FC or E Karc TP

arc DK therefore E is a point in the cycloid ABD. 7. Let DV be drawn parallel to AC, and EV perpendicular to DV, the area contained by the straight lines EV, VD, and ED, the arc of the cycloid, is equal to the area contained by the circular arc D K, and the straight lines DG, GK. Draw ev parallel to EV, and let ge meet EV in x

by similar triangles (4) Ex re:: DG:GK, that is Gg: Vv :: EV: GK, therefore the rectangle GK G g= rectangle EV.Vv, that is, the contemporaneous increments of the circular area Dkg and cycloidal area Dve are equal, therefore the circular area DKG is contained by the base A B and the arc of the equal to the cycloidal area DV E. Cor. The area cycloid AD B is equal to three times the area of the generating circle. For complete the rectangle DCAY, and the space DEAYis equal to the semicircle DKC, therefore the rectangle DYAC is equal to the cycloidal area DEAC together with the semicircle DKC; but the rectangle DYAC is contained by DC the diameter of the circle and AC which is half its circumference, it is therefore four times the area of the semicircle, therefore three times the area of the semicircle is equal to the cycloidal area DEAC. See farther relating to the cycloid under MECHANICS.

CYCLOPÆDIA, or Kurλog, a circle, and CYCLOPE'DE, n. s. Η παιδεία. A circle of knowledge; a course of the sciences.

The tedious and unedifying commentaries on Peter Lombard's scholastic cyclopede of divinity.” Warton.

in modern times, has been appropriated, from the CYCLOPEDIA, OF ENCYCLOPÆDIA, a term which, Greek, to express those useful and superior Dictionaries of Science and Literature, of which the term ENCYCLOPEDIA, which is the more we hope to furnish a favorable specimen. Under common, we shall give some account of the principal works of this kind which have appeared in our language.

CYCLOPE'AN, adj. Į CYCLO PICK, adj. furious; savage.

From the Cyclops. Vast; inspiring terror;

The cyclopean furnace of all wicked fashions, the heart. Bishop Hall. Cyclopick monsters, who daily seem to fight against heaven. Bishop Taylor. CYCLOPS, in fabulous history, the sons of Neptune and Amphitrite: the principal of whom were Polyphemus, Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon; but their whole number amounted to above 100. Jupiter threw them into Tartarus as soon as they were born; but they were delivered at the intercession of Tellus, and became the assistants of Vulcan. They were of prodigious stature, and had each only one eye, which was placed in the middle of the forehead. Some mythologists say, that the cyclops signify the vapors raised in the air, which occasion thunder and lightning; on which account they are represented as forging the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Others represent them as the first inhabitants of Sicily, who were cruel, of a gigantic form, and dwelt round mount Etna.

serve the different methods of preparing it. This may be divided into three processes :-I. Preparing the fruit. II. Grinding and expressing the juice from it. III. Fermenting and bottling.

I. In preparing the fruit, care must be taken both as to its peculiar quality, and its stage of ripeness, or the season at which it is gathered. Few apples are ready for gathering before Michaelmas; though they are sometimes manufactured before that time. For sale-cyder, and keeping-drink, they are allowed to remain on the trees till fully ripe; and in general the middle of October is considered a proper time for gathering the stire apples. The ripeness of the fruit is judged of by its falling from the tree; and Mr. Marshall, as well as Mr. Crocker, thinks that the forcing it away before that time robs it of some of its most valuable properties.

The

CYCLOPTERUS, the sucker, in ichthyology, a genus belonging to the order of amphibia nantes. The head is obtuse, and furnished with saw teeth: there are four rays in the gills, and the belly fins are connected together in an orbicular form. There are ten species. The chief are:-1. C. liparis, or the sea snail, so called from the soft and unctuous texture of its body, resembling that of the land snail. It is almost transparent, and soon dissolves and melts away. It is found in the sea near the mouths of great rivers, and has been seen full of spawn in January. The length is five inches; the color a pale brown, sometimes finely streaked with a darker. Beneath the throat is a round depression of a whitish color like the impression of a seal, surrounded by twelve small pale yellow tubera, by which probably it adheres to the stones like the other species. 2. C. lumpus, the lump fish, cock.harvesting of fruit,' says the former, is widely paddle, or sea owl, grows to the length of nine- different in this respect from the harvesting o. teen inches, and weighs seven pounds. The grain, which has the entire plant to feed it after shape of the body is like that of the bream, deep the separation from the soil; while fruit, after and very thick, and it swims edgeways. The it is severed from the tree, is cut off from all posback is sharp and elevated: the belly flat, of a sibility of a further supply of nourishment, and, bright crimson color. Along the body there run although it may have reached its wonted size, several rows of sharp bony tubercles, and the some of its more essential particles are undoubtwhole skin is covered with small ones. The edly left behind in the tree. Fruits which are late pectoral fins are large and broad, almost uniting in ripening, however, will sometimes hang on the at their base. Beneath these is the part by which tree until spoiled by frost, and particularly the weak it adheres to the rocks, &c. It consists of an watery fruits. The general practice of beating oval aperture, surrounded with a fleshy, muscular, them down with poles is much disapproved o. and obtuse soft substance, edged with many by Mr. Marshall, because the fruit must thus be small threaded appendages, which concur as so unequally ripe, the apples on the same tree not many claspers. The tail and vent fins are pur- ripening all at the same time; and thus part o. ple. This fish is sometimes eaten in England, the richness and flavor of the fruit is entirely being stewed like carp: but is both flabby and lost: besides, if the fermentation is interrupted insipid. or rendered complex by a mixture of ripe and unripe fruits, and the liquor is not, at first, sufficiently purged from its feculencies, it will be lifficult to clear it afterwards. To avoid these

CY'DER, n. s. A fermented drink, made of the juice of apples. See CIDER. A tendency to these diseases is certainly hereditary, though perhaps not the diseases themselves; thus a less quantity of ale, cyder, wine, or spirit, will induce the gout and dropsy in those constitutions whose parents have been intemperate in the use of those liquors. Darwin.

CYDER, in rural economy, is particularly used for the liquor expressed and prepared by fermentation from the juice of apples. It has been made in this country from a very early period. Henry of Huntingdon, in describing a quarrel that arose at the court of Edward the Confessor, between the two sons of earl Godwin, represents one of them as departing in a rage to Hereford, (still famous for this beverage) where his brother had ordered a royal banquet to be prepared. There he seized his brother's attendants, and cutting off their heads and limbs, he placed them in the vessels of wine, mead, ale, pigment, morat, and cyder.' Henry Hunt., vol. vi. p. 367. But the art of preparing it has never been investigated with much attention, nor improved by science: it is principally, to this day, in the hands of the growers of the fruit. We shall present the reader with the best practical directions that have been given to the public on the subject, viz. by Messrs. Marshall, Crocker, and Knight.

The first of these gentlemen made a tour through the cyder counties with a view to ob

Some

conveniences, arising from the unequal ripening of the fruit, the trees ought to be gone over first with a hook when the fruit begins to fall naturally, and the trees may be afterwards cleared with the poles when it is all sufficiently ripened, or when the winter is likely to set in. Mr. Marshall observes, that the due degree of maturation of fruit for liquor is a subject about which men differ much in their ideas. The prevailing practice of gathering it into heaps until the ripest begin to rot, is wasting the best of the fruit, and is by no means an accurate criterion. shake the fruit, and judge by the rattling of the kernels; others cut through the middle, and Judge by their blackness: but none of these appear to be a proper test. It is not the state or the kernels, but of the flesh; not of a few individuals, but of the greater part of the prime fruit, which renders the collective body fit or unfit to be sent to the mill. The most rational test of the ripeness of the fruit is, that of the flesh having acquired such a degree of mellowness, and its texture such a degree of tenderness, as to yield to moderate pressure; thus, when the knuckle or the end of the thumb can with moderate exertion be forced into the pulp of the fruit, it is deemed in a fit state for grinding.

Mr. Marshall is of opinion that one of the grand secrets of cyder-making is the skilful sepa

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