the Tritons, and the Nereides, reclining in a languishing posture in a sea-shell. CYTINUS, in botany, a genus of the dodecandria order, gynandria class of plants; natural order eleventh, sarmentaceæ: CAL. quadrifid, superior: coR. none; the antheræ are sixteen, and sessile; the fruit an octolocular polyspermous berry. Species one, a Cape shrub. CYTISUS, tree treefoil, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionacea: CAL. bilabiated, with the upper lip bifid; inferior, tridentate; the legume attenuated at the base. There are eleven species; of which the most remarkable are, 1. C. Austriacus, the Austrian, or Tartarian evergreen cytisus, has a shrubby stem, dividing low into many greenish branches, forming a bushy head three or four feet high, having smooth whitish-green leaves, and bright yellow flowers in close umbellate heads at the ends of the branches, having a cluster of leaves under each head. These flowers appear in May. 2. C. laburnum, or large deciduous cytisus, has a large upright tree-stem, branching into a full spreading head, twenty or thirty feet high, having smooth greenish branches, oblong oval entire leaves, growing by threes on long slender footstalks; and from the sides of all the branches numerous yellow flowers collecting into long spikes, hanging loosely downward, and appearing in May. CYZICENI, CYZICENIANS, the people of Cyzicum, who were noted by the ancients for their timidity and effeminacy. Hence the proverb in Zenodotus and others, tinctura Cyzicenica, applied to persons guilty of an indecency through fear; but stateres Cyziceni, nummi Cyziceni, denote things executed to perfection. CYZICUM, in ancient geography, an island of the Propontis, on the coast of Mysia; joined to the continent by two bridges, the first of which was built by Alexander the Great. CYZICUM, or CYZICUS, one of the noblest cities of the Hither Asia; situated in the above island. It was a colony of the Milesians, and is famous for its siege by Mithridates, which was raised by Lucullus. The inhabitants were made free by the Romans, but forfeited their freedom under Tiberius. It was adorned with a citadel and walls; had a port and marble towers; and three magazines, one for arms, another for warlike engines, and a third for The czarina was satisfied with introducing them, for she found it impossible to render them polite. Goldsmith. CZASLAU, or TZASLAU, a town of Bohemia, the capital of a circle of the same name, on the Crudinka. It is said to possess the highest spire in Bohemia; and within the beautiful church is interred the famous Zisca. The circle of Czaslau, or Csaslau, is enclosed by Moravia, the circle of The Tabor, Caurzim, Bitschow and Chrudim. soil is productive, but the manufactures are not flourishing. It contains eight towns, thirty-three boroughs, and 829 villages. CZERNIGOV, or TSCHERNIGOV, a government of European Russia, erected in the year 1781, and lying between those of Mohilev, Smolensko, Orel, Kursk, Pultava, Kiev, and Minsk. The soil is very fertile. It has been augmented beyond its original boundaries by the addition of the government of NovgorodSieverskoi; and now contains, according to official returns, 741,850 inhabitants. Czernigov, or Tchernigow, the capital, situated right bank of the Desna, is fortified, and is the see of a Greek archbishop. Population 5000. Seventy-five miles north of Kiev, and 344 south-west of Moscow. on the CZERNOVICZ, or TSCHERNOWITZ, a town of Austria, the capital of the Bucharvine, or, more properly, of a circle in Galicia. It is situated at the foot of mountains, on the south bank of the Pruth, on the high road from Lemberg to Jassay, 140 miles south-east of the former, and ninety-five north-west of the latter. much enlarged and improved in 1771, and contains 5400 inhabitants. Here is a Greek bishop, a custom-house, a criminal court, a provincial and a charity school. The population of the circle, in 1803, was 195,268. It was CZIRKNITZ ZEE, a very extraordinary lake of Austria, in Carniola, five miles long and three broad, which annually produces both fish and corn: for, being dry in summer, its bottom is cultivated, and it produces corn, grass, &c.; but about the 29th of September the water rushes in from several subterraneous passages, which, with the rains and streams that fall from the mountains, quickly fill it again for the winter season. These subterraneous passages are probably connected with some gulf, the ebbing or flowing of whose waters depend upon periodical winds or currents. CZONGRAD, a market town of Hungary, in a county of the same name, situated at the conflux of the Korosch and the Theyss. CZONGRAD, a county of Hungary, enclosed by the counties of Hewesch, Bekesch, Chonad, Batsch, Pesth, and Little Cumania. thirty miles in length and eighteen in breadth. It is D. D. The fourth letter of the Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, Latin, and French languages, is traced by Minsheu in its shape to the Hebdaleth, signifying, says he, a gate, which the figure of this letter partly resembles. Hence, with a slight alteration, came the Greek A, and by rounding two of the angles of the delta, the Roman D. D is generally ranked among the lingual letters, having a middle sound between t and th, formed by a stronger impulse of the tongue to the roof of the mouth than the former letter. In Latin words the t and d are often changed for one another, as at for ad, set for sed, haut for haud, &c. And in the formation of words from the Latin, di frequently assumes the shape of gi or j, as journal for diurnal. In English the sound of d never varies, nor is it ever mute. D, as a numeral, signifies five hundred; D, five thousand. See ABBREVIATIONS. DAB, v. a. & n. Gr. devw, duπTW; Chald. dub; Ger. doggwa, dopa; Sax. da pan, dippan; Scot. dub; Belg. dabben, dabbelen; Fr. dauber. All probably, as Minsheu suggests, from the sound of mud, when struck. To dab is to apply something soft or moist, as to a sore; to strike a soft blow. Dab, as a substantive, is a low word for a man expert at something: also a small fish. Mr. Todd thinks it a corruption of adept, adab. To dabble is to move about; to strike, or strike in water or mud; and, by consequence, to smear, daub, or bespatter: metaphorically, to meddle without mastery,' as Dr. Johnson well says; and hence a dabbler is a superficial meddler. A dab-chick is a small water-fowl. We first illustrate dab. text, I have had more reverence for the writer and the printer, and have left every thing standing. Atterbury to Pope. A dab-chick waddles through the copse On feet and wings, and wades, and flies, and hops. Pope. DA CAPO, (Ital. from the head), in music, an Italian term signifying that the beginning of the tune is to be repeated to complete the piece. Its DACCA JELALPORE, an important and productive district of Bengal, situated for the greater part between the twenty-third and twenty-fourth degrees of northern latitude. It is bounded on the north by Mymunsingh, on the east by Tipperah, on the south by Backergunge, and on the west by Ranjeshahy and Jessore. It contains a great number of valuable zemindaries or estates, and is every where intersected by the Ganges and Brahmapootra, and their various branches, so that every town of consequence has its river or canal. These rivers, however, frequently occasion considerable damage by their inundations. In this district it is not uncommon to find fields of rice covered with water, six or eight feet deep. Rice is its principal produce, and has been sold, in cheap years, at the rate of 640 lbs. the rupee. other productions of consequence are the betel nut, tobacco, and cotton; but it imports large quantities of the last article, which is manufactured in every town and village. Its muslins are very fine and delicate. A deputy of the nabob, called the naib nazim, was the chief of this district during the Mahonimedan government: the last person who held this office was Jessarut Khan, who having been ordered in 1763, by the nabob Cossim Aly Khan, to put all the English at Dacca to death, kindly put them on board boats, and sent them under the protection of a guard to Calcutta; in reward for which he was appointed, after the expulsion of his master, to act in his former office on behalf of the British, and, on his decease, a pension was settled on his family, and the eldest son honored with the title of nabob. The principal towns of this district are Dacca, Narraingunge, Sunergong, and Rajanagur. It contains nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants, most of whom are Mahommedans. DACCA, a considerable city of Bengal, capital of the foregoing district, and for eighty years the capital of Bengal, when it was called Jehangireanagur. It is the residence of a judge, collector, &c., and is situated on the north bank of the Boor Gunga (Old Ganges), which is here very deep and broad, at the distance of about 100 miles from the sea. The best houses are built of brick, but the bazaars are often thatched; and every vacant spot is filled with trees. The French, Dutch, and English East India Companies had factories here at an early period; those of the two former are gone to decay. The ancient citadel at the west end of the town is in ruins, but the palace or Pooshteh is in good repair. In this city are manufactured beautiful muslins, and shell bracelets much worn by the Hindoo ladies. The hot winds which pervade almost all other parts of India, are, through the abundant irrigation of the neighbourhood, little felt here. The months of September and October are, however, unhealthy. The neighbourhood abounds with game of all sorts, from the tiger to the quail. Provisions and fish are also here very cheap and abundant. Distant by land from Calcutta, 180 miles. DACE, n. s., called also DACE and DART, provincially. Sax. dagian, from dag to shine as in Lat. luciscit, luciscus; a small fish. Let me live harmlessly, and near the brink Of Trent or Avon have a dwelling place; Where I may see my quill or cork down sink With eager bite of pearch, or bleak, or dace. Walton. DACE, in ichthyology, a species of CYPRINUS, which see. DACIA, in ancient geography, a country which Trajan, who reduced it to a province, joined to Moesia by an admirable bridge. This country lies extended between the Danube and the Carpathian Mountains, from the river Tibiscus, quite to the north bend of the Danube; so as to extend thence in a direct line to the mouth of the Danube and to the Euxine; being on the north next the Carpates, terminated by the river Hierasus, now called the Pruth; on the west by the Tibiscus or Teiss; and comprising a part of Upper Hungary, all Transylvania and Walachia, and a part of Moldavia. DACIA AURELIANA, a part of ancient Illyricum, which was divided into the eastern and western; Sirmium being the capital of the latter, and Sardica of the former. DACIER (Andrew), was born at Castres in Upper Languedoc, 1651, and studied at Saumur under Tannegui le Fevre, then engaged in the instruction of his celebrated daughter, who became Madame Dacier. The duke of Montausier, hearing of his merit, engaged him in an edition of Pompeius Festus, which he published in 1681. His edition of Horace printed at Paris in ten volumes, 12mo., and his other works, raised him to great reputation. He was made a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1695. When the history of Louis XIV. by medals was finished, he was chosen to present it to his majesty; who settled upon him a pension of 2000 livres, and appointed him keeper of the books of the king's closet. When that post was united to that of library keeper to the king, he was not only continued in the privileges of his place during life, but the survivance was granted to his wife, a favor of which there had been no former instance. The death, however, of Madame Dacier in 1720, rendered this grant, which was so honorable to her, ineffectual. He died September 18th, 1722, of an ulcer in the throat. DACIER (Anne), daughter of Tannegui le Fevre, professor of Greek at Saumur in France, went after her father's death to Paris, whither her fame had already reached: she was then preparing an edition of Callimachus, which she published in 1674. Having shown some sheets of it to M. Huet, preceptor to the dauphin, and to several other men of learning, the work was so highly admired, that the duke of Montausier made a proposal to her of publishing several Latin authors for the use of the dauphin. She now, therefore, undertook an edition of Florus, published in 1674. Her reputation being soon after spread over Europe, Christina, queen of Sweden, ordered count Konigsmark to compliment her, and offer her a settlement at Stockholm, in return for which Mademoiselle le Fevre sent the queen a Latin letter, with her edition of Florus. In 1683 she maried M. Dacier; and Soon after declared her design of reconciling herself to the church of Rome. Both she and her husband made their public abjuration in 1685. In 1693 she applied herself to the education of her son and daughter; the former, however, died in 1694, and the daughter, after making great attainments, became a nun in the abbey of Longchamp. Her mother has immortalised her memory in the preface to her translation of the Iliad. Madame Dacier was in a very infirm state of health the last two years of her life; and died, after a painful sickness, August 17th, 1720, aged sixty-nine. DACOLITHUS, in ichthyology, a name given by zoologists to a small fish, supposed to be a species of loache, and called by Ray and some others cobitis barbatulea aculeata. It is a very small fish, seldom exceeding two or at most three inches in length. The head is broader and flatter than the body: its back is of a dusky brown color spotted with black, and its belly yellow. It has two beards on each side of the upper jaw; and on the coverings of the gills, on each side, two prickles, or a double-pointed sharp hook, whereby it moves itself among the stones. It delights in shallow waters, with a stony bottom, and spawns in May and June. DACTYLE, n. s. Gr. dakrvλog, a finger, DAC'TILET, (from daw to point) beDACTYL'IC, adj. cause composed of three parts, the first longer than either of the others; Minsheu. A poetical foot, consisting of one long syllable and two short, like the joints of a finger; as candidus. Bishop Hall uses dactilet as a diminutive. The nimble dactils, striving to outgo Bp. Hall. Satires, 1. 6. A dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the two latter unaccented: as, labourer, possible. Murray. On Prosody. DACTYLETHRA, or DACTYLITHRA, digitalis, among the ancient physicians, a medicine used to excite vomiting. It was a sort of topical application, and is described at large by Oribasius. DACTYLIC VERSES are hexameter verses, ending in a dactyle instead of a spondee; as spondaic verses are those which have a spondee in the fifth foot instead of a dactyle. An instance of a dactylic verse occurs in Virgil: Æn. vi. 33. Bis patriæ cecidere manus: quin protinus omnia. DACTYLI IDEI, q. d. the Fingers of Mount Ida, in pagan mythology, personages very differently described by ancient authors. The Cretans paid divine worship to them, as to those who had nursed and brought up the god Jupiter; whence it appears, that they were the same as the Corybantes and Curetes. Nevertheless Strabo makes them different; and says, that the tradition in Phrygia was, that the Curetes and Corybantes were descended from the Dactyli Idei: that there were originally 100 men in the island, who were called Dactyli Idæi; from whom sprang nine Curetes, and each of these nine produced ten men, as many as the fingers of a man's two hands; and that this gave the name to the ancestors of the Dactyli Idæi.' He relates another opinion, which is, that there were but five Dactyli Idæi; who, according to Sophocles, were the inventors of iron: that these five brothers had five sisters, and that from this number they took the name of fingers of Mount Ida, because they were in number ten; and that they worked at the foot of this mountain. Diodorus Siculus says, the first inhabitants of the island of Crete were the Dactyli Idæi, who had their residence on mount Ida: that some said they were 100; others only five, in numbers equal to the fingers of a man's hand, whence they had the name of Dactyli: that they were magicians, and addicted to mystical ceremonies: that Orpheus was their disciple, and carried their mysteries into Greece: that the Dactyli invented the use of iron and fire, and that they had been recompensed with divine honors.' Diomedes the grammarian says, the Dactyli Idæi were priests of the goddess Cybele: called Idai, because that goddess was chiefly worshipped on Mount Ida in Phrygia; and Dactyli, because that, to prevent Saturn from hearing the cries of infant Jupiter, whom Cybele had committed to their custody, they used to sing certain verses of their own invention, in the Dactylic measure. Strabo gives us the names of four of the Dactyli Idæi: viz. Salaminus, Damnanæus, Hercules, and Acmon. See CORYBANTES, CRETE, and Cu RETES. DACTYLIOMANCY, or DACTYLIOMANTIA from dakrvλios, a ring, and uavrea, divination, a sort of divination performed by means of a ring. It consisted in holding a ring, suspended by a fine thread, over a round table, on the edge of which were made divers marks with the letters of the alphabet. The ring in shaking, or vibrating over the table, stopped over certain of the letters, which, being joined together, composed the answer required. DACTYLIS, in botany, cock's foot grass; a genus of the digynia order, and triandria clas DACTYLUS, in zoology, a name given by Gassendi, Blondel, Mayol, the learned bishop of These facts are attested by Sulturara, and more particularly by Aldrovandi, of it as a common fact, which they themselves a physician of Bologna, The two latter speak saw. antiquity, priests of Ceres. The goddess having DADUCHI, Gr. dadoxes, torch-bearers, in began to make search for her at the beginning of ost her daughter Proserpine, say mythologists, the night. lighted a torch, and thus set forth on her travels In order to do this in the dark, she throughout the world: for which reason she is represented with a lighted torch in her hand. In commemoration of this pretended exploit, it became a custom for the priests, at the feasts and sacrifices of this goddess, to run about in the temple with torches after this manner :-one of them took a lighted torch from off the altar, and, holding it with his hand, ran with it to a certain part of the temple, where he gave it to another, saying to him, tibi trado: the second ran after the like manner to another part of the temple, and gave it to the third, and he to another and So on DAD, n. s. Heb. 1, dodh, beloved; Gr. S arra; Hind. ata; Lat. tata; Goth. atta; Fr. papa. One among those familiar words their father; and which are universally comwith which, in all languages, children first salute pounds of a and t or d; or a and or p. I was never so bethumpt with words, His loving mother left him to my care, DADE, v. a. Dut, douden. To hold up by a easily united to him when she discovered the leading string. artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. The little children when they learn to go, DÆD'AL, adj. Lat. dædalus; Gr. dauðaw; to variegate skillfully, first applied to needlework. Why Dr. Johnson warns us against using the word with this meaning is difficult to divine. See Ainsworth, and the fine example from Spen- But living art may not least part expresse, His Dadale hand would faile and greatly faynt, Nor hath Philips. DEDALUS, in fabulous history, the son of Eupalamus, descended from Erectheus king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age; and to him we are said to be indebted for the invention of the wedge, with many other mechanical instruments; as well as the sails of ships. He made statues, we are told, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. After the murder of Talus, he, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos gave him a cordial reception. Daedalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them to his body and that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian Sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cuma, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. He lived about A. A. C. The dædal hand of nature only poured Her gifts of outward grace. DÆDALA, two festivals in Boeotia; one of the observed in Alalcomenos by the Plateans in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made, called Dædala, in honor of Dædalus. The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every sixty years by all the cities of Boeotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Plateans. Fourteen of the statues called Dædala were distributed by lot among the Plateans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Charoneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Platæans, and caused them to be recalled from exile about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander, the son of Antipater, During this festival a woman, in the habit of a bride-maid, accompanied a statue which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of Mount Citharon by many of the Boeotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood cemented together like stones was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Boeotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with Dædala, were thrown into the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this fable-When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Euboea, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Citharon king of Plataa, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Citharon advised him to dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Platea the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed; and Juno, informed of her husband's future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was VOL. VII. 1400. DÆMON, dawv, a name given by the ancients to certain spirits or genii, which they say appeared to men both to do them service and to injure them. The word is derived, according to Plato, in his Cratylus, from danμwv, knowing or intelligent; but according to others from datoμat, to distribute. They held a iniddle rauk between the celestial gods and men, and carried on all intercourse between them. It was the opinion of many that the celestial divinities did not themselves interpose in human affairs, but committed the entire administration of the government of this lower world to these subaltern deities. Hence they became the objects of worship. If idols are nothing,' says Celsus (Origen cont. Cels. lib. viii. p. 393), what harm can there be to join in the public festivals? If they are dæmons, then it is certain that they are gods, in whom we are to confide, and to whom we should offer sacrifices and prayers, to render them propitious.' Plutarch teaches, Vit. Romul. p. 36, ed. Paris, that according to a divine nature and justice, the souls of virtuous men are advanced to the rank of dæmons; and that from dæmons, if they are properly purified, they are exalted into gods, not by any political institution, but according to right reason.' D He |