Her comely limbs composed with decent care, Her body shaded with a slight cymar; Her bosom to the view was only hare. Dryden. CYMATIUM, n. s. Lat. from vμátiov, a little wave. A member of architecture, whereof one half is convex, and the other concave. There are two sorts, of which one is hollow below, as the other is above. In a cornice, the gola, or cymatium of the corona, the coping, the modillions, or dentelli, make a noble show by their graceful projections. Spectator. CYMBAL, n. s. Lat. cymbalum. A musi A delphin now his sportive limbs he laves, And bears the sportive damsel on the waves; She strikes the cymbal as he moves along, And wondering occan listens to the song. Darwin. Others their hands applausive beat, Like cymbals sounding as they meet. Sheridan. whence it must have been hollow: which ap pears, too, from the figure of several other things denominated from it; as a basin, caldron, goblet, cask, and even a shoe, such as those of Empedocles, which were of brass. The ancient cymbals appear to have been very different from our kettle drums, and their use of another kind. To their exterior cavity was fastened a handle; whence Pliny compares them to the upper part of the thigh, and Rabanus to phials. They were struck against one another in cadence, and made a very acute sound. The invention of them was attributed to Cybele; whence their use in feasts and sacrifices; setting aside this occasion, they were seldom used but by dissolute and effeminate people. M. Lampe attributes the invention to the Curetes, who, as well as the Corybantes, were reputed to excel in the music of the cymbal. The Jews had their cymbals, or at least instruirents which translators render cymbals; but as to their material and form, critics are not agreed. been sometimes defined as a mean instrument, CYMBALS, MODERN. The modern cymbal has chiefly in use among vagrants, gypsies, &c. It consists of steel wire in a triangular form, whereon are passed rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the left hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring. Durandus says, that the monks sometimes use the word cymbal for the cloisterbell, which called them to the refectory. It is clear that our translators, at least, 1 Cor. xiii. 1, had this small kind of tinkling' instruments in view when they contrast xaλkoç ŋywv, sonorous brass, perhaps the sound of the trumpet, with cuμßaλov aλaλačov, a tinkling cymbal. But modern times have witnessed the extensive introduction of a very different cymbal amongst the military instruments of Europe. It is an instrument of loud percussion, adopted by us immediately from the east, and resembling the celebrated cymbals of Bacchus, which were evidently struck one against another, and would produce a sharp clamorous sound. They are employed as being useful for the loudness of their music in marking the due time and military step of a march. But the sounds produced are said to be inappreciable to the ear, and simply rhythmic or exharmonic. CYME, or CUMA, in ancient geography, a Her large black eyes, that flashed through her long city built by Pelops on his return from Greece. hair As it streamed o'er her; her blue veins that rose Byron. Sardanapalus. CYMBALS, ANCIENT, Gr. Evμẞaλov. Thy cymbal was much used among the ancients. It was made of brass like our kettle drums, and, as some think, in their form, but smaller, and of different use. Ovid gives cymbals the epithet of genialia, because they were used at weddings and other diversions. Cassiodorus and Isidore call this instrument acetabulum, the name of a cup or cavity of a bone wherein another is articulated; and Xenop' on compares it to a horse's hoof; Cyme the Amazon gave it name, on expelling the inhabitants, according to Mela. Livy, Mela, Nepos, Pliny, and Tacitus use the Greek name Cyme, in preference to Cuina. It stood in Eolia, between the Myrina and Phocæa, and in Pentinger's map is set down nine miles from Myrina. From this place was the Sybilla Cumæa, called also Erythræa, from Erythræ, a neighbouring place. It was the country of Ephorus. Hesiod was a Cumean originally; his father coming to settle at Ascra in Boeotia. CYMENE, in botany, a name given by the ancient Greeks to a plant with which they used to dye woollen stuffs yellow; and with which the women used also to tinge their hair; yellow being the favorite color in those ages. It is the same plant with the latea herba of the Latins; or what we call dyer's weed. CYNÆGIRUS, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet schylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. CYNANCHE, a species of quinsy, in which the tongue is inflamed and swelled, so that it hangs out beyond the teeth. Dr Cullen distinguishes five species of this disease; viz. 1. cynanche maligna; 2. cynanche parotidæa; 3. cynanche pharyngæa; 4. cynanche tonsillaris; and 5. cynanche trachealis. See MEDICINE. CYNANCHUM, bastard dogsbane, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order thirtieth, contorta. The nectarium is cylindrical and quinquedentated. There are six species; of which the following are the most remarkable: viz. 1. C. acutum, commonly called Montpelier scammony; and 2. C. Monspeliacum, the round-leaved Montpelier scammony. They abound with a milky juice like the spurge, which issues out wherever they are broken; and this milky juice when concreted has frequently been sold for scammony. These plants propagate so fast by their creeping roots, that few people care to admit them into their gardens. CYNA'NTHROPY, n. s. Κυων κυνός, and ανθρωπος. A species of madness in which men have the qualities of dogs. CYNARA, the artichoke, in botany, a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and syngenesia class of plants: CAL. dilated, imbricated with carnous squama, and emarginated with a sharp, point. Of this ger.us there are eight species; of which only two are cultivated for use: viz. 1. C. cardunculus, the cardoon, greatly resembles the artichoke, but is of larger and more regular growth: the leaves being more upright, taller, broader, and more regularly divided the stalks of the leaves blanched are the only edible parts of the plant. This is a very hardy plant, and prospers in the open quarters of the kitchen garden. It is propagated by seed sown annually in the full ground in March; either in a bed for transplantation, or in the place where they are designed to remain. 2. C. scolynius, the garden artichoke, nas large, thick, perennial roots, crowned by a considerable cluster of large pennatifid, erect leaves, two or three feet long. In the middle are upright stalks rising a yard high, on the top of which is a large round scaly head, composed of numerous, oval, calycinal scales, enclosing the florets, sitting on a broad fleshy receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is the eatable part of the plant. The varieties of this species are, 1. The conical green-headed French artichoke, having the small leaves terminated by spines, a tall stalk, the head somewhat conical, and of a light green color, with the scales pointed at top, opening and turning outward. 2. The globular-headed red Dutch artichoke, having leaves without spines, a strong stalk, the head large, globular, a little compressed at top, and of a reddish green color; broad obtuse scales emarginated at top, growing close, and turning inward. Of these varieties the last is deservedly the most esteemed, both on account of its superiority in size and the agreeableness of its flavor. Both varieties are perennial in their root; but the leaves and fruit-stem die to the ground in winter; and the roots remaining, send up fresh leaves and stems every summer, producing a supply of artichokes for twenty years if required. The flowers and seed of all the plants of this genus are produced in the centre of the head; the scales of which are the proper calyx of the flower, which consists of numerous small bluish florets, succeeded by downy seeds sitting naked on the receptacle. Both the varieties of the artichoke are propagated by slips or suckers, arising annually from the stool or root of the old plants in spring, which are to be taken from good plants of any present plantation in March or the beginning of April, and planted in the open quarter of the kitchen garden, in rows five feet asunder; and they will produce artichokes the same year in autumn. It should however be remarked, that, though artichokes are of many years duration, the annual produce of their fruit will gradually lessen in the size of the eatable parts after the third or fourth year, so that a fresh plantation should be made every three or four years. CYNARCTO'MACHY. Κυων, αρκτὸς, μαχὴ. A word coined by Butler, to denote bear-baiting with a dog. That some occult design doth lie Is plain enough to him that knows Hudibras. CY'NICK, n. s. & adj. Į CY'NICAL, adj. There are extant, in Greek, four books of cynegeticks, or venation. Browne's Vulgar Errours. KUVIKOS. A philosopher of the snarling or currish sort; a rude man; a snarler; a misanthrope. Having currish qualities; brutal; snarling; satirical. How vilely doth this cynick rhime!— Get you hence, sirrah; saucy fellow, hence. Shakspeare. Or been the manes of that Cynic spright Cloathed with some stubborn clay and led to light? Or do the relic ashes of his grave Revive and rise from their forsaken cave? Hall. He doth believe that some new-fangled wit (it is his cynical phrase) will some time or other find out Wilkins. his art. Without these precautions the man degenerates into a cynick, the woman into a coquette; the man grows sullen and morose, the woman impertinent and fantastical. Addison. The Cynics of old, and some of the Stoics, maintained, that in words there is no indelicacy; that there can be no harm in speaking of any thing that is CYNICS, a sect of ancient philosophers, who valued themselves upon their contempt of riches and of pomp, of the arts and sciences, and of every thing in short except virtue and morality. The cynic philosophers owe their origin and institution to Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates; who being asked of what use his philosophy had been to him, replied, 'It enables me to live with myself.' Diogenes was the most famous of his disciples, in whose character the system of this philosophy appears in its greatest perfection. See DIOGENES. These sages are said to have regarded chastity and modesty as weaknesses; and coarseness, even to indelicacy, was certainly one of their characteristics. They argued that what was right to be done, might be done at all times and in all places. Their chief principle, indeed, in common with that of the stoics, was, that we should follow nature. But the stoics clearly included the government of reason, in the rule of nature, which the cynics, for the greater part, rejected. CYNIPS, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the hymenoptera order. The mouth is armed with jaws, but has no proboscis: the sting is spiral, and mostly concealed within the body. There are many species. We can only mention two: fought several battles with the Romans under Plautius, the prætor; about A. D. 43-46. CYNOGLOSSUM, hound's tongue, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifolia: COR. funnel-shaped, with its throat closed up by little arches formed in it; the seeds depressed, and affixed to the style or receptacle only on their inner side. There are eight species, not remarkable for beauty. C. officinale, the common greater hound's tongue, was formerly used in medicine, and its root supposed to possess narcotic virtues; but it is discarded from the present practice. The smell of the whole plant is very disagreeable. Goats eat it: sheep, horses, and swine refuse it. CYNOMETRA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and decandria class of plants; CAL. tetraphyllous: ANTH. bifid at top; the legumen carnous, crescent-shaped, and monospermous. Species two, Indian trees. CYNOMORIUM, in botany, a genus of the monandria order and monccia class of plants: natural order fiftieth, amentaceae: CAL. imoricated catkin: COR. none: one style; and one roundish seed. Species one only. CYNOPHONTIS, in antiquity, a festival observed in the dog-days at Argos, and so called ажо т8Ç KUVα povuv, i. e. from killing dogs; because it was usual on this day to kill all the dogs they met with. CYNOSARGES, a place in the suburbs of Athens, named from a white or swift dog, who snatched away part of the sacrifice offering to Hercules. It had a gymnasium, in which strangers or those of the half blood performed their exercises; the case of Hercules, to whom the place was consecrated. It had also a court of judicature, to try illegitimacy, and to examine whether persons were Athenians of the whole or half blood. 1. C. quercus folii, or oak-leaf cynips, is of a burnished shining brown color. The antennæ are black; the legs and feet of a chestnut brown; and the wings white, but void of marginal spots. It is in the little smooth, round, hard galls, found under the oak leaves, generally fastened to the fibres, that this insect is produced, a single one in each gall. These latter are ligneous, of CYNOSCEPHALE, in ancient geography, a a hard compact substance, formed like the rest, place in Thessaly, near Scotussa; where the by the extravasation of the sap of the leaf, occa- Romans, under Q. Flaminius, gained a great sioned by the puncture of the gall fly when it victory over Philip, son of Demetrius king of deposits its eggs. Sometimes, instead of the Macedon. These Cynoscephala were small tops of cynips, there is seen to proceed from the gall a several equal eminences; named from their resemlarger insect, of a brown color, which is an ich-blance to dogs' heads, according to Plutarch. neumon. This ichneumon is not the real inmate of the gall, or he that formed it. 2. C. quercus gemmæ, or oak bud cynips, is of a very dark green, slightly gilded: its antennæ and feet are of a dun color, rather deep. It deposits its eggs in the oak buds, which produce one of the finest galls, leafed like a rosebud beginning to blow. When the gall is small, that great quantity of leaves is compressed, and they are set one upon another like the tiles of a roof. In the centre of the gall there is a kind of ligneous kernel, in the middle of which is a cavity; and in that is found the little larva, which feeds there, takes its growth, undergoes its metamorphosis, and breaks through the enclosure of that kind of cod in order to get out. The whole gall is often near an inch in diameter, sometimes more when dried and displayed; and it holds to a branch by a pedicle. CYNOBELINE, a king of the South Britons, who flourished in the reign of Claudius, and CYNOSSEMA, the tomb of Hecuba, on the promontory Mastusia, over against Sigeum, in the south of the Chersonesus Thracica; named either from the figure of a dog, to which she was fabled to have been changed, or from her sad reverse of fortune. CYNOSURA, in astronomy, a denomination given by the Greeks to ursa minor, or the little bear, from Kvvorspa, the dog's tail. This is the constellation next our pole, consisting of seven stars: four of which are disposed like the four wheels of a chariot, and three lengthways representing the beam; whence some give it the name of the chariot, or Charles's wain. See CYNOSURE. CYNOSURA, in mythology, a nymph of Ida, in Crete, said to have nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star. CYNOSURA, CYNOSURE, or CYNOSURIS, in ancient geography, a place in Laconia; but whether maritime or inland, is uncertain. Here Esculapius was buried. Milton. Towers and battlements it sees Bosomed high in tufted trees, Where perhaps some beauty lies, The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. CYNOSURUS, in botany, dog-tail grass; a genus of the digynia order and triandria class of plants; natural order fourth, gramina: CAL. bivalved and multiflorous; the receptacle proper, unilateral, and foliaceous. There are ten species, four of which are natives of Britain, viz. the cristatus, or crested dog-tail grass; the echinatus, or rough dog-tail grass; the cæruleus, or blue dog-tail grass; and the paniceus or bearded dog-tail grass. CYNTHUS, in ancient geography, a mountain of the island Delos, so high as to overshadow the whole island. On this mountain Latona was fabled to have brought forth Apollo and Diana; hence called Cynthius and Cynthia. CYNURIA, or CYNURIUS AGER, in ancient geography, a district of Laconia, on the confines of Argolis, that proved a perpetual bone of contention between the Argives and Spartans. CY'ON. See CION. Gather cyons for graffs before the buds sprout. Evelyn. CYPERUS, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and triandria class of plants; natural order third, calamariæ. The glumes are paleaceous, and imbricated towards each side; the corolla is wanting, and there is one naked seed. There are thirty species; the only remarkable are, 1. C. longus, the English, Flemish, or long sweet cyperus, grows in the water, and along banks and river sides. Its root is as thick as an olive, full of little knots or specks, of an oblong figure, gray color, sweet and somewhat sharp taste, and almost without smell when it is newly taken out of the ground. It is much used by perfumers and glovers. 2. C. rotundus, the round cyperus, is a native of the East Indies, and grows by the sides of rivulets and ditches. The root is knotty, wrapped round with fibrous strings, not easy to break, of a brown color without any gray within; of a pleasant scent, especially when fresh and well dried; the leaves are green, and resemble those of the reed and leek. The roots of both species are esteemed cordial, diuretic, cephalic, resisters of poisons, and expellers of wind. which consisted in smearing the body over with honey, and thus exposing the person, with ins hands tied, to the warm sun, to invite the flics and other vermin to torment him. CYPRAEA, the gowrie, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes testacea. It is an animal of the limax or snail kind; the shell is one involuted, subovated, obtuse, smooth valve. The aperture on each side is forty-four species, distinguished by the form of linear, longitudinal, and teethed. There are their shells. This genus is called cypræa and venerea from its being peculiarly dedicated to Venus; who is fabled to have endowed a shell of this genus with the powers of a remora, so as to impede the course of the ship which was sent by Periander, tyrant of Corinth, with orders to mutilate the young nobility of Corcyra. CYPRESS-TREE, n. s. Lat. cupressus. A tree anciently used in funerals; thence, poetically, the emblem of mourning. See CUPRESSUS. He taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the Isaiah xliv. 14. forest. CYPRIANUS (Thascius-Cæcilius), a father of the church, born at Carthage, about the end of the second or beginning of the third century. His parents were heathen; and he himself continued such till the last twelve years of his life. CYPHERING, n. s. Skill in arithmetic; Applying early to the study of oratory, he taught CYPHER. See CIPHER. the art of arithmetic. Is a fine clerk, and has his cyphering perfect. Ben Jonson. CYPHON, in antiquity, a kind of punishment used by the Athenians. It was a collar made of wood; so called because it constrained the criminal to bow down his head. CYPHONISM, CYPHONISMUS, from Kvpwv, derived from kupoc, crooked, a kind of torture or punishment in use among the ancients. The learned are at a loss to determine what it was. Some suppose it to be that mentioned by St. Jerome, in his Life of Paul the Hermit, chap. 2, rhetoric in Carthage with the highest applause. His conversion is fixed by Pearson, A. D. 246, at Carthage, where, as St. Jerome observes, he had often employed his rhetoric in the defence of paganism. Cyprian, although a married man, as soon as he was converted, resolved upon a state of continence, which was then thought a high degree of piety. He wrote ably in defence of Christianity, and addressed to Donatus his first production De Gratiâ Dei. posed a piece De Idolorum Vanitate, upon the vanity of idols. Cyprian was now ordained priest, and, when the bishop of Carthage die" He next com none was judged so proper to succeed him as Cyprian. His first episcopal engagement was to draw up a piece De Habitu Virginum, on the dress of young females; in which he inculcates many lessons of modesty and sobriety. In 249 Decius issued very severe edicts against the Christians; and in 250 the heathens, in the circus and amphitheatre of Carthage, insisted upon Cyprian's being thrown to the lions. Upon this he withdrew from Carthage, and wrote, in his retreat, some excellent letters to the Libellatici, or those pusillanimous Christians, who procured certificates of the heathen magistrates, to show that they had complied with the emperor's orders, in sacrificing to idols. At his return to Carthage he held several councils on the repentance of those who had fallen off during this persecution, and other points of discipline; he opposed the schemes of Novatus and Novatianus; and contended for the rebaptising of those who had been baptised by heretics. At last he died a martyr in the persecution under Valerian and Gallienus, in 258. Cyprian wrote eighty-one letters, and several treatises. The best editions of his works are those of Pamelius in 1568; of Rigaltius in 1648; and of Oxford in 1682. CYPRINUS, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of abdominales. The mouth is toothless; there are three rays in the gills; the body is smooth and white; and the belly fins have frequently nine rays. There are thirty-one species, principally distinguished by the number of rays in the vent-fin. The most remarkable are 1. C. alburnus, the bleak. These fish keep together in large shoals. At certain seasons they seem to be in great agonies: they tumble about near the surface of the water, and are incapable of swimming far from the place; but ia about two hours they recover and disappear. Fish thus affected, the Thames fishermen call mad bleaks. They seem to be troubled with a species of Gordius, or hair worm, which torments them so, that they often rise to the surface and die. The bleak seldom exceeds five or six inches in length. Artificial pearls are made of the scales of this fish, and probably also with those of the dace. They are beaten into a fine powder, then diluted with water, and introduced into a thin glass bubble, which is afterwards filled with wax. The French were the inventors 2. C. auratus, the golden fish, a small fish domesticated by the Chinese, and generally kept for ornament in their courts and gardens. They breed them in small ponds made for the purpose, in basins, and even in porcelain vessels. This fish is no larger than our pilchard. The male is of a bright red color from the top of the head to the middle of the body: the rest is of a gold color: but it is so bright and splendid, that the finest gilding cannot approach it. The female is white: but its tail and half of its body resemble the lustre of silver. F. du Halde, however, observes, that a red and white color are not always the distinguishing marks of the male and female; but that the females are known by several white spots which are seen round the orifices that serve them as organs of hearing, and the males, by having these spots much brighter. Gold fish are light and lively; they love to sport on the of this art. surface of the water, soon become familiarised, and may even be accustomed to come and receive their food on sounding a small rattle. Great care is necessary to preserve them; for they are extremely delicate, and sensible of the least injuries of the air: a loud noise, such as that of thunder or cannons, a strong smell, a violent shaking of the vessel, or a single touch, will oft-times destroy them. These fish live with little nourishment: those small worms which are engendered in the water, or the earthy particles that are mixed with it, being sufficient for their food. In winter they are removed from the court to a warm chamber, where they are kept, generally shut up in a porcelain vessel. During that season they receive no nourishment; however, in spring, when they are carried back to their former basin, they sport and play with the same strength and liveliness as they did the preceding year. In warm countries these fish multiply fast, provided care be taken to collect their spawn, which floats on the water, and which they almost entirely devour. This spawn is put into a particular vessel exposed to the sun, and preserved there until vivified by the heat: gold-fish, however, seldom multiply when they are kept in close vases, because they are then too much confined. In order to render them fruitful, they must be put into reservoirs of considerable depth, in some places at least, and which are constantly supplied with fresh water. They were first introduced into England about A. D. 1691; but were not generally known till 1728, when a great number were brought over, and presented to Sir Matthew Dekker, and by him circulated round the neighbourhood of London, from whence they have been distributed to most parts of the country. 3. C. brama, the bream, is an inhabitant of lakes, or the deep parts of still rivers. It is a fish that is very little esteemed, being extremely insipid. 4. C. carpio, the carp. This was introduced into England about 1514, by Leonard Maschal. Russia wants these fish at this day. Sweden has them only in the ponds of people of fashion. They chiefly abound in the rivers and lakes of Polish Prussia, where they are sometimes taken of a vast size. They are there a great article of commerce, and sent in well-boats to Sweden and Russia. The merchants purchase them out of the waters of the noblesse of the country, who draw a good revenue from this article. They grow also to a very great size: some authors speak of carp 200 lbs. in weight, and five feet in length. They are prodigious breeders: the quantity of roe has been sometimes found so great, that when taken out and weighed against the fish itself, the former has been found to preponderate. From the spawn of this fish caviare is made for the Jews, who hold the sturgeon in abhorrence. The carp is extremely cunning, and is sometimes styled the river fox. They will sometimes leap over the nets, and escape that way; at other times they will immerse themselves so deep in the mud, as to let the net pass over them. They are also very shy of taking a bait; yet at the spawning time they are so simple as to suffer themselves to be tickled, handled, and caught by any body that will attempt it. This fish is apt to mix its milt with the roe of other fish; from |