exile. He also visited the battle-fields of Europe, made illustrious by French valour. At Berlin and Munich he had splendid receptions from the kings of Prussia and Saxony.

In 1843 the Prince came to England, and after visiting the great seats of industry in the midland counties, travelled northwards to Edinburgh, by way of Abbotsford and the land of Scott. Thirteen years before he had visited the Scottish Highlands, and now he made a complete exploration of every object of interest in the Scottish capital. On his way south he was the guest of the Duke of Buccleuch, at Drumlanrig Castle, in Dumfriesshire. He was entertained also at Alton Towers and Alnwick Castle, the seats of the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Duke of Northumberland. Arriving in London, the Prince took up his residence in Belgrave Square, when it appeared that this visit to England was not without a distinct political object. Many of the most influential of the French Legitimists gathered around him in London, among whom were Berryer, Chateaubriand, and the Duc de Fitzjames. Deputations of peasants and mechanics from Bretagne came also to render the tribute of their homage and sympathy. Such proceedings alarmed the Government of Louis Philippe, who saw in the gatherings at the Court of the Pretender, in Belgrave Square, no other object than to undo the work of 1830. The French king dreaded lest the descendant of the elder branch should be received at the Court of Queen Victoria, and with his own hand wrote to Leopold, King of the Belgians, to use his influence to prevent such an occurrence. Her Majesty, advised, it is believed, by her ministers, did not receive the Duc de Bordeaux.

In 1845 the Duc de Angoulême (uncle Antoine) died, and the young Duc, his nephew, became thus the sole representative and head of the elder branch. After this event he forwarded to the great Powers a protest against the usurpation of the crown of France on the part of Louis Philippe, at the same time asserting his own inalienable right to the throne, but also expressing his unwillingness to insist upon the vindication of his claims until his conscience and conviction required his presence in France. The Duc de Bordeaux at this time assumed the private title of Comte de Chambord. The Gothic castle of Chambord, from which this title is derived, was purchased by a number of French Legitimists, and presented to the Prince. The castle, founded by Francis 1, and completed by Louis XIV, is situate in the department of the Loire, about twelve miles from Blois. The treaty between Henry II of France and Maurice Duke of Saxony was ratified at Chambord, January 15th, 1552.

After these events the Comte de Chambord, with his aunt, the Duchesse d'Angoulême, and his sister Louise, removed from Goritz to the castle of Frohsdorf, in Austria. Here the Comte has since resided, and here took place that celebrated interview, in August last year, with the Comte de Paris, which led to the fusion between the Legitimist and Orleanist partisans of monarchy.

In 1846 the Comte married Archduchesse Maria Theresa Beatrice of Modena, eldest sister of the reigning Duke of Modena. This ruler was the only reigning prince in Europe who had refused to recognise Louis Philippe as King of the French. The Comte's sister, Mademoiselle" Louise de France, it may be mentioned, married the Duke of

Parma and Piacenza, who was assassinated. It was the fate of his widow, who governed the duchies for her son, to be turned away from her dominions on their annexation by King Victor Emmanuel.

No fruit has sprung from the union of the last French Bourbon with Maria of Modena, and to this circumstance the scheme of the fusion owes its origin. On the overthrow of Napoleon III the partisans of the Comte de Chambord, the faithful Legitimists, so long out of date as an appreciable political element in France, began to revive the old dreams of divine right, and to speculate on a reconciliation between the two cognate families. The Bill abrogating the laws of proscription against the exiled princes was adopted by the Assembly by 484 votes against 103; and the elections of the Duc d'Aumale and the Prince de Joinville were subsequently declared valid. The repeal of the law of proscription applied also to the heir of the elder branch of the Bourbons.

The Comte de Chambord has from time to time, during the long period of his exile, put forth, in various forms, declarations of his views and desires for the guidance of his followers and the information of the French people. In 1850 he issued a manifesto by Comte de Barthélemy, in which he formally and absolutely condemned the system of an appeal to the people as implying the negation of the great national principle of hereditary monarchy. Again, in 1852, from Venice he addressed a letter to the French Royalists, urging them to enter into no office or engagement in opposition to their political faith. The salvation of France, he urged, was con-nected with the restoration of the legitimate monarchy. While the project of a fusion was in contemplation as a step towards the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, the hopes of the fusionists were somewhat rudely shaken by a sudden proclamation of the Comte de Chambord, issued on the 5th of July, 1871, and dated from the Castle of Chambord. The Prince, after his forty years' expatriation, had hastened to visit the banks of the Loire. "Frenchmen," he said, "I am in the midst of you." Then, after explaining that he had come for a moment only, and would not remain in France to cause embarrassment, he avowed that he was ready, if called to the throne, to resume the national movement of the latter end of the eighteenth century, and to restore to it its true character. People had sought to imposo on him conditions to which he would not submit. If France called him he would come to her with his "devotion," his principles, and his flag-that white flag which had been the standard of Henry IV, of Francis 1, and of Joan of Arc, and which he had received as a sacred deposit from the old king, his grandfather, who had died in exile.

At the end of January, 1872, the Comte do Chambord issued another address, in which he again asserted his fidelity to the white flag, and maintained that the monarchical principle was the heirloom of France and the last hope of her grandeur and her liberties. "Nothing will shake my patience," he said; "nobody will under any pretext obtain my consent to become a legitimate king of a revolution." Within a fortnight after this expression of his views, the Prince arrived at Antwerp, and set up for a few days a kind of Court, to which his agents and adherents resorted. Shortly after, in a letter to M. de la Rochette, deputy for the Loire Inférieure, the Prince told his friend to take no part in the hateful enterprise of establishing a republic. "I have,"

His

Comte is comely, dignified, and agreeable. profile resembles that of his grand-uncle Louis XVIII, a moustache and whiskers of a slightly Austrian cavalry cut being allowed for. His demeanour is easy, graceful, and unstudied. He is slightly above the middle height, and more than slightly given to embonpoint the family failing, if it be not the family favour of the elder branch. His forehead is remarkably high and smooth; his voice is sonorous and particularly attractive. His acquirements as a linguist, especially in English, are, it is reported, remarkable. He is in every respect accomplished, and is a very brilliant conversationalist. The Prince is an early riser, seldom quitting his apartment later than six in the morning. Towards nine he starts for an airing on horseback, accompanied by a single servant, or by some gentleman, on a visit to Frohsdorf. At half-past ten he returns to breakfast. The meal over, the Prince adjourns to the smoking-room. He talks freely upon ordinary topics, receives visitors, and gives audience to persons coming on business. During the remainder of the day he usually devotes two or three hours to writing, after which, accompanied by the princess, he takes a ride in the park or in the environs of Frohsdorf, returning to dinner, which is served at seven o'clock, and lasts precisely one hour. Beyond the ordinary rules of exalted etiquette, which are of course rigidly observed, there is no restraint on the conversation which concludes the evening; and by ten o'clock all is quiet in the castle of Frohsdorf."

Varieties.

J. H.

SCOTTISH CENSUS.-A report on the census taken in Scotland in 1871, showing the occupations of the people, has just been issued. Of the 3,360,018, which is the total population of Scotland, it appears that 1,468,585 followed occupations of some kind. The professional class during the ten years has increased by 2,567, and now numbers 54, 198. The commercial class during the same period has increased by 31,773, its total number being 114,694. In the agricultural class, however, there was the marked decline of 102,289, the total number now being 270,008, instead of 372,257, as in 1861. This fact, says the report, "fully bears out the conclusion we arrived at, that the prosperity of our country is every year becoming more and more dependent on the prosperity of our commercial, manufacturing, and mining industries."

REVEREND AS A TITLE.-The refusal of a clergyman, sanctioned by a bishop, to allow a Wesleyan minister to put the prefix of Rev. on the tombstone of his child, has brought out the curious historical fact that the title Reverend, as applied to a clergyman, was unknown before the middle of the 17th century. There were "most grave, potent, and reverend seignors" before that time, and occasionally a learned and pious author was styled "reverendissimus," but the conventional use of the word for all clerks in holy orders is of recent origin. The Bishop of Lincoln's statement on the subject is a strange reductio ad absurdum. According to his rule the title would be withheld from men of eminence like the late Thomas Chalmers and Norman Macleod, although they were royal chaplains, and also from learned and pious divines, like President Edwards or Professor Tholuck, or venerated missionaries like Livingstone and Moffat, while it must be given to every young mountebank who assists at the semi-popish service in a ritualistic church. The Archbishop of Canterbury, with his usual moderation and good sense, protested against this abuse of ecclesiastical terminology. It appears that before the eighteenth century, the prefixes Master, Mr., and at an earlier period Sir, were in use for the clergy. In Iceland (is it so in Norway also?) the common title for a minister is Sira at this day.

LOBSTERS AND CRABS.-The hole in which the lobster lodges has almost always two openings, through one of which

it sometunes contrives to escape when the other is stormed by the fisher; whereas the crab is usually content, like the "rat devoid of soul," in a hole of only one opening; and, besides, gets so angry in most cases with his assailants, as to become more bent on assault than escape; and so loses himself through sheer loss of temper. And yet the crab has some points of intelligence about him too. When, as sometimes happened, he got hold, in his dark, narrow recess in the rock, of some luckless digit, my uncle showed me how, that after the first tremendous squeeze, he began always to experiment on what he had got by alternately slackening and tightening his grasp, as if to ascertain whether it had life in it, or was merely a piece of dead matter; and that the only way to escape him, on these trying occasions, was to let the finger lie passively between his nippers, as if it were a bit of stick or tangle, when, apparently deeming it such, he would be sure to let it go; whereas, on the least attempt to withdraw it, he would at once tighten his grasp, and not again relax it for, maybe, half-an-hour. In dealing with the lobster, on the other hand, the fisher had to beware that he did not depend too much on the hold he had got of the creature, if it was merely a hold of one of the great claws. For a moment it would remain passive in his grasp; he would then be sensible of a slight tremor in the captured limb, and, maybe, hear a slight crackle; and, presto, the captive would straightway be off like a dart through the deep-water hole, and only the limb remain in the fisher's hand. My uncle has, however, told me that lobsters do not always lose their limbs with the necessary judgment. They throw them off, when suddenly frightened, without first waiting to consider whether the sacrifice of a pair of legs is the best mode of obviating the danger. On firing a musket immediately over a lobster just captured, he has seen it throw off both its great claws in the sudden extremity of its terror, just as a panic-stricken soldier sometimes throws away his weapons.-Hugh Miller's “My Schools and Schoolmasters."

CONVALESCENT AND SEA-SIDE HOME FOR ORPHANS.Attached to several of the London hospitals and charitable institutions there are convalescent homes. Some of these are in healthy rural places, as at Weybridge, in Surrey, others on the sea-coast, as at Bournemouth, for patients from the Consumption Hospital at Brompton. This is a most useful and desirable form of charitable help to the poor and afflicted. During the autumn, the foundation-stone was laid of a sea-side home at Margate for children belonging to the Orphan Working School at Haverstock Hill, and the Alexandra Orphanage for No institutions in London are better Infants, Hornsey Rise. managed than these orphanages, and the committee, with their usual prudence, resolved that the home should be opened free from any debt. The treasurer of the orphanage is Basil Woodd Smith, Esq., J.P., and the hon. secretary is Mr. Joseph Soul, 73, Cheapside.

RUSSIAN CHORAL SINGERS.-The lovers of national music have lately had opportunity of hearing two companies of vocalists, strangely diverse and strongly contrasted, but both of them comparatively novel and very characteristic. The first were the American Jubilee Singers belonging to Fisk University, a college for coloured students, for the extension of which they have been giving benefit concerts on both sides the Atlantic. Many genuine negro melodies were admirably sung by this company of young male and female "darkies," some of the religious or revival tunes and hymns being especially quaint and expressive. The Russian company consisted of eight female voices. Their singing, while highly artistic, had nothing artificial or "stagey" about it, but gave idea of the choral effects produced by careful training of naturally sweet peasant voices. The choruses of the "Harvest Song," and other national melodies, were interesting and peculiar in method and rhythm. Specimens of Swedish, Danish, and German national melodies were also effectively given.

METROPOLITAN FIRE BRIGADE.-The fire-engine brigade of London has now for nearly nine years been under the Metropo litan Board of Works, having previously been supported by the various fire insurance companies. The total strength of the brigade, including the chief officer and four superintendents, is 395. Every one knows the laborious and often dangerous work lantry and efficiency of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. But the of these useful public servants, and we are all proud of the galpay, and more especially the pension arrangements, are not such as the services and risks of the men ought to secure for them. So much is this the case that during this period of nine years more than 400 men, a number exceeding the whole strength of the corps, have left for other employments with better remuneration. The general good character and hardy training of the

men easily obtain for them advancement in pay and position. | More than a tenth of the whole number have either died during these nine years, or have been killed when on duty at fires, or been discharged as disabled or invalids. This is not a state of things that ought to exist in a service so arduous and useful. Let the pay be increased so as to retain trained and efficient men, and let provision be made for pensions to their families, as well as gratuities for special services. It is not a creditable thing for a body like the Board of Works to allow efficient men so constantly to be tempted from the brigade, and in cases of fatal accidents to leave help to come from charitable subscrip

tions.

SUTTEE. It seems that cases of suttee still occur in remote villages of Central India and Rajpootana. A few months ago the ancient rite was performed by the family of a money-lender in Bikanir. On that occasion the chief culprit was sentenced by the Rajah to ten years' imprisonment, and a fine of 200 rupees was levied on his village. Similar attempts have been made elsewhere to carry out the same barbarous usage, and the strangest thing is that they are frequently made among the lower classes, who in India, as elsewhere, are prone to imitate the manners and customs of the higher classes. In India, where the metempsychosis was always a cherished belief, they are also spurred by the hope of rising to a higher state of existence after death. The practice in such cases appears to be that, after the funeral pyre has been left more or less burnt down, the widow should slip away from her house, perhaps under pretence of going for the customary purification by bathing after a death in the family, and seat herself on the smouldering heap. If the fire has burnt too low to consume her, it is enough to ignite her clothes and lead to her death, then or afterwards, from the burns inflicted, unless she is discovered and rescued immediately, as sometimes happens. More often, perhaps, some member of the family, on coming up and finding the widow already scorched, will leave her where she is, adding fuel, if necessary, to the fire, in order to complete an act which he may still regard as a religious duty.—Allen's Indian Mail. LAKE TITICACA.-The "Scientific American" states that Lake Titicaca, on the crest of the Andes, is the highest large body of fresh water, and that the lake never freezes over. Two little steamers of 100 tons each do a trifling business. Steam is generated by llama dung, the only fuel of the country, for there are no trees within 150 miles. The steamers actually cost their weight in silver, for their transportation (in pieces) from the coast costs as much as the original price. A steamboat company has asked from Bolivia the exclusive right of navigating Titicaca and the Rio Desaguadero to Lago Pampa, with guarantee of 6 per cent. on the capital and a share in all new mines discovered. Professor Orton, the latest traveller in the region, calls attention to the fact that Lake Titicaca is not so high as usually given in geographical works by about 300ft. Its true altitude is 12,493ft., and in the dry season it is 5ft. less. This fact has been revealed by the consecutive levellings made in building the Arequipa railway just finished, which reaches from the Pacific to Lake Titicaca. Lake Titicaca is about the size of Ontario, shallow on the west and north, deep towards the east and south. On an island within it are the imposing ruins of the Temple of the Sun, and all around it are monuments which attest the skill and magnificence of the Incas. There are also the remains of burial towers and palaces which antedate the Crusades, and are, therefore, pre-Incarial.

INDIA AS A FIELD FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING.-The Marquis of Salisbury, in delivering the prizes at the Indian Engineer College, thus spoke of the prospects of India :-"Our military position is well assured and quite impregnable. Our financial position, setting aside the question of public works, is flourishing; but we have before us a tremendous problem to solve-a tremendous difficulty to overcome, in the question of public works. We must do them, and if we do not select them wisely and execute them cheaply, we are involved in a difficulty from which we never may escape. We have these difficulties placed before us by the excellence of the rule which we have brought to India. Under the peaceable government of the British people the Indian nations are increasing with great rapidity, and are threatening us with one of those problems which, when they were suggested by Malthus fifty or sixty years ago, were thought to be a mere dream, but which have come upon us with all the elements of stern reality. The population is increasing at a vast rate; it is a population that will not emigrate, and it has not yet learnt to accumulate for itself. Under former rulers this increase would have been met by famines, which would have been allowed to do their work without hindrance.

But our

humanity forbids us to allow such a emedy to work, and of course all the power of the British Government has been used to check it. But if the population is to go on increasing at a ratio of which we have little idea, it must be to our works, wisely selected and well executed, that we only can look to relieve us from difficulties from which otherwise we should have no escape. It is the civil engineer who must provide the canals which will diminish the effect of famines; who can neutralize the visitations of the famine from which the population have suffered, and who must make communications by which relief can be rapidly and economically brought to the distressed districts. But, before all, it is the civil engineer-in making canals, railways, roads, and bridges-who will stimulate the growth of wealth so as to enable this population, in times of difficulty as well as in times of plenty, to sustain itself without asking for external aid, or falling back on Government support, and without pledging the industry of future generations for its relief. It is from the increase of population and from the necessity of relieving periodical famines that the dangers of your Indian finances arise, and it is only from a wise system of public works that these dangers could be counteracted, and it is only by civil engineers who will give their heart to the work, and who will remember that economy as much as efficiency is the glory of their profession, that these works can be carried on. But we can hope that the work will be so constructed as to attain this end. If they are to be constructed on a lavish and reckless principle, they will not bring relief; they will rather add embarrassment. If, however, they are conducted with an earnest sense of duty, and a regard to the necessities of the people, then they will be the salvation of India."

CASUALTIES IN THE ASHANTEE WAR.-A War Office return shows that the total strength of the force engaged in the recent war with Ashantee (exclusive of native levies and West Indian regiments) was 297 officers and 2,290 non-commissioned officers and men, making 2,587 in all. The casualties from disease were 511-viz., 11 officers and 33 men died, 50 officers and 248 men invalided home, and 169 men left on board ship or in hospital. The casualties from engagements with the enemy were 202-viz., four officers and two men killed in action, one officer and ten men died of wounds, six officers and 49 men severely wounded, 21 officers and 109 men slightly wounded. The casualties after arrival at home (up to 31st of May, 1874) were ten-viz., one man died of wounds, and two officers and seven men died of disease in Africa. Allowing for two double entries the total is 71 died and 750 wounded or invalided.

VALUE OF LAND IN KENT.-The Godmersham Park Estate, near Canterbury, was recently offered for sale, and, after spirited bidding, was knocked down to Mr. J. Cunliffe Kay, of Farfield Hall, Yorkshire, for £225,000. The estate comprises a mansion and 5,045 acres.

DERWENTWATER FLOATING ISLAND.-At a recent meeting of the Keswick Literary and Scientific Society a paper was read by Dr. Knight on the subject of this island. It has generally, it seems, been observed in the latter half of a warm and dry summer, remaining visible for uncertain periods varying from a few days to several weeks. In size it is sometimes only a few square yards, but sometimes has exceeded an acre. The weeds common to this and other lakes grow on its surface. A feature in this island is that this thickness of vegetable matter is found to be impregnated with large quantities of gas, which, on examibureted hydrogen, or marsh gas, and nitrogen, with a little carnation by Dr. Dalton, was found to consist of a mixture of car

bonic acid. The islands-for there are sometimes more than

one-generally appear at the same place, about one hundred yards from the shore, opposite Cat Gill, and at the mouth of the Lodore stream. Two theories have been advanced to explain this phenomenon. The gas imprisoned in the grass will account for its floating, but will this explain the rising up of what is really the soil at the bottom of the lake? Dr. Dalton and others are of this opinion, while local opinion somehow stream which forms the cascade in Cat Gill. That stream sinks connects the appearance of the islands with the running of the in dry weather, while in wet it follows a regular course to the right of its delta. channel into the lake, and so elevate or contrive to loose the Can this water pass by an underground peat material, the gas in which will account for its floating?

ROMAN CANDLES.-According to the "Tourists' Church Guide," in 166 churches in England and Wales, vestments are used, and while in 513 of the churches enumerated candles are placed on the altar, in 274 they are lighted. This refers, of course, to Anglican churches, not Romish chapels.