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Queenswood College, Hampshire, where he found Edward Frankland as resident chemist, destined afterwards, like himself, to scientific eminence, and to become associated with him at the Royal Institution. The fame of Professor Bunsen, of Marburg, in Hesse Cassel, having reached the young philosophers in Hampshire, they both resolved to repair to that school of science. Leaving Hampshire for Germany, Tyndall enrolled himself as a student in the University of Marburg. Bunsen proved to him not only the teacher from whom he drew knowledge and inspiration, but a fast friend as well, behaving to him, as he expresses it, as a brother." At a banquet given to him at New York on the eve of his departure from America, after the completion of his lecturing tour in 1872, Professor Tyndall in his farewell speech adverted to some interesting particulars touching his life at Marburg. "In 1848," he says, "wishing to improve myself in science, I went to the University of Marburg-the same old town in which my great namesake, when even poorer than myself, published his translation of the Bible. I lodged in the plainest manner, in a street called the Ketzerbach. I wished to keep myself clean and hardy, so I purchased a cask and had it cut in two by a carpenter. Half that cask, filled with spring water over-night, was placed in my small bedroom, and never during the years I spent there, in winter or in summer, did the clock of the beautiful Elizabethekirche, which was close at hand, finish striking the hour of six in the morning before I was in my tub. For a good portion of the time I rose an hour and a half earlier than this, working by lamplight at the differential calculus when the world was slumbering around me." To the writings of Carlyle, Emerson, and Fichte, Dr. Tyndall has acknowledged his indebtedness at this period. "These three unscientific men," he says, made me a practical worker. They called out, 'Act!' I hearkened to the summons, taking the liberty, however, of determining for myself the direction which effort was to take." With the bias which such minds must have given to a young and earnest student, we cease to wonder at some results of his training. His education has been, in its way, as special as that of John Stuart Mill, with natural intellect as acute, and with result as noteworthy.

At Marburg Mr. Tyndall gained the friendship of Professor Knoblauch, distinguished for his researches on Radiant Heat. Plückner's and Faraday's investigations on Magne-Crystallic action then filled all scientific minds. Towards the end of 1849 Professor Knoblauch and Mr. Tyndall commenced a joint investigation of the entire subject. The results obtained were published by Mr. Tyndall, after his arrival in England, in the "Philosophical Magazine" for 1850. It was in that year that Tyndall first saw Faraday. He went to the Royal Institution, sent up his card with a copy of the paper by Knoblauch and himself, when Faraday came down and conversed with the young aspirant in science, impressing him "with the wonderful play of intellect and kindly feeling exhibited by his countenance."

Mr. Tyndall returned to Germany, and continued to prosecute the inquiry on which he had entered by the favour of Professor Magnus, of Berlin, who gave him a place in his laboratory. An incident which we may here advert to was not without an important bearing on Mr. Tyndall's future. Dr. Bence Jones happened to make a visit to the Prussian capital to see the celebrated experiments of Du Bois Raymond,

and influenced by what he there heard of Mr. Tyndall, he afterwards invited him to give a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution. The lecture given was on Magne-Crystallic action, a subject which had largely engaged the attention alike of Faraday and Tyndall. The object of the lecturer, on this his first appearance at the Royal Institution, was, he has informed us, "to subvert the notions both of Faraday and Plückner, and to establish in opposition to them what he regarded as the truth." At the conclusion of the lecture, he says, in illustra: tion of Faraday's magnanimity, "Faraday quitted his accustomed seat, crossed the theatre to the corner into which I had shrunk, shook me by the hand, and brought me to the table." This lecture was given in February, 1853, and in June of the same year Mr. Tyndall was unanimously elected to the position he still holds-that of Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution.

In the preceding year he had become a Fellow of the Royal Society.

The results of Mr. Tyndall's labours on MagneCrystallic action at Berlin were laid before the British Association at Ipswich, and also published in the "Philosophical Magazine." Further investigations were made on the same subject, and communicated to the Royal Society, in which also certain definite conclusions were established. The author has collected all these papers and republished them in a volume entitled, "Researches on Diamagnetism and Magne-Crystallic Action, including the question of Diamagnetic Polarity." The student has thus in an easily accessible form the recorded and conclusive experiments of Dr. Tyndall, and, indeed, the entire history of this branch of science since the discovery of Diamagnetism by Faraday.

In his book, "Faraday as Discoverer," he has repeatedly expressed his admiration and affection for his predecessor. It was on account of Faraday's friendship that he valued his post at the Royal İnstitution more than any other that could have been offered to him. "It is not for the honour," he has recently said, "though surely that is great, but for the strong personal ties that bind me to the Royal Institution, that I now chiefly prize this place. You may credit me were I to tell you how lightly I value the honour of being Faraday's successor compared with the honour of being Faraday's friend. His friendship was energy and inspiration, his mantle is a burden almost too heavy to be borne."

The first period of Dr. Tyndall's professorship at the Royal Institution was devoted exclusively to original research. Papers were year by year communicated by him to the Royal Society, and published in the "Philosophical Transactions." His first paper, read in January, 1853, was on "The Transmission of Heat through Organic Structures." His second paper, in the following year, was on "The Vibrations and Tones produced by the Contact of Bodies having Different Temperatures;" while in 1855 the honour was accorded him of delivering the Bakerian lecture for that year, which was entitled, "On the Nature of the Force by which Bodies are repelled from the Poles of a Magnet." These were again succeeded by numerous papers on other branches of inquiry. The subject of the origin of Slaty Cleavage had long interested Dr. Tyndall, and specially engaged his attention in 1856. year, in a lecture at the Royal Institution, he attributed Slaty Cleavage to pressure. Mr. Huxley, who

In that

was present at this lecture, called the attention of Dr. Tyndall to the views of Principal J. D. Forbes on the veined and laminar structure of glacier ice, suggesting at the same time that the explanation of Forbes might apply to the question of Slaty Cleavage. This led to an expedition by the two professors to the Alps, and afterwards to the production of a conjoint paper communicated to the Royal Society, "On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers." In this paper Tyndall and Huxley controverted Forbes's theory of viscous motion, attributing the movement of glaciers to the fracture and regelation of the ice-particles. In the scientific controversy to which this subject has given rise Dr. Tyndall has maintained his original theory, and by some it is accepted as the true theory of glacier motion.

A series of observations on the Mer de Glace was made in 1857, and in visits to the Alps in the two following years the glacier investigations were continued, the result of which was the volume on the "Glaciers of the Alps," published in 1860. The appearance of this volume of mingled adventure and science, and of a second volume two years later, entitled, "Heat as a Mode of Motion," marks a new phase in the direction of Dr. Tyndall's aims. Hitherto, apart from the duties of his professorship, he had restricted himself to original investigations and to communications to scientific societies and publications. In these, and kindred volumes afterwards published, he addressed the general public, and sought, as he expresses it, "to develop and deepen sympathy between science and the world outside of science." In other words, he sought to educate and inform the popular mind in some of those great physical truths which research has surely established. The brilliant success of his lectures on both sides of the Atlantic is well known. This office of popular teacher which Dr. Tyndall has assumed, and for which he is rarely qualified, has not, however, in any great degree interrupted those original inquiries which he has told us are the main object of his life. A series of researches on Radiant Heat in its relations to matter were commenced by Dr. Tyndall in the Royal Institution in 1859, and continued to employ his energies for several years. Five distinct memoirs on this subject were up to 1864 communicated to the Royal Society. In that year the Romford Medal was awarded to Dr. Tyndall on account of these investigations. A recent paper communicated by Dr. Tyndall to the Royal Society on this same subject is entitled, "On the Action of the Rays of High Refrangibility upon Gaseous Matter." His labours in this department, unlike those of preceding inquirers, were not directed to the nature of radiant heat itself; but rather made radiant heat the means to an endthat end being the interpretation and exposition of the molecular condition of matter. "Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat" is the title of the recently-published volume of his collected papers on this recondite subject. We cannot here give our readers any idea of the value and originality of these contributions to this obscure and difficult branch of science. The fame of Dr. Tyndall will in future in no slight degree rest upon them.

The two main lines of original research to which Dr. Tyndall has given most time, are those we have just indicated, viz., first, Diamagnetism and Magne-Crystallic action; and secondly, the Molecular Condition of Matter as Exposed by Radiant Heat. But as no part of nature is isolated from another, fresh ques

tions arise as investigation proceeds. The question of the origin of Slaty Cleavage, for example, lay right in the path of the experimentalist on Magne-Crystallistic forces. In 1835 Professor Sedgwick had said, "Crystalline forces have rearranged whole mountain masses, producing a beautiful Crystalline Cleavage, passing alike through all the strata." A similaropinion was also expressed by Sir John Herschel, writing from the Cape in 1836. We may thus trace to his. researches on crystals the origin of Dr. Tyndall's interest in Slaty Cleavage. The results of his inquiries. were detailed in the lecture at the Royal Institution in 1856, already referred to. We have also seen how from this subject there branched out the inquiry into the motion and structure of glaciers, based on laborious observations among the Alps.

So again in his second main line of inquiry, when examining the action of heat of high refrangibility on the molecular condition of matter, the presence of floating matter in the air so interrupted his processes as very specially to arrest Dr. Tyndall's attention. The steps necessary to the removal of this floating matter led to an independent research, the results of which were first laid before the public in the celebrated lecture on "Dust and Disease," delivered at the Royal Institution in January, 1870. This interesting inquiry, which touches, on the one hand, on so practical a subject as the preservation of human life, and, on the other, on so recondite a question as spontaneous generation, thus widens out into new regions of thought and labour. The great value of cotton wool as a means of preventing infection, and the invention of the smoke respirator, so useful to firemen, are practical benefits for which the world is indebted to Dr. Tyndall.

ture on

To the proceedings of the British Association Dr. Tyndall has been a steady contributor. Some of his highest efforts have been made in connection with its meetings. His address "On the Scientific Use of the Imagination" was delivered to the meeting at Liverpool in 1870; and at Dundee in 1867 his lec"Matter and Force" was addressed to working men. As a lecturer he excels. The simplicity with which he invests his subject, the interest he excites, and the clearness and graphic force of his language, give him a direct hold of the attention and sympathy of very varied audiences. It has been his fortune at the Royal Institution to address "the aristocracy of rank," and at the Royal School of Mines "the aristocracy of labour," and in each case with singular success and effect. In 1855 he was appointed Examiner in Science under the Council for Military Education, and continued to act for many years in that capacity.

The prolific pen of Dr. Tyndall has supplied a number of papers on different subjects to the pages of our popular periodicals; and in addition to the volumes he has published, already named, we may here mention his "Fragments of Science," his "Lectures on Sound," and "The Forms of Water in Clouds and River, Ice and Glaciers."

Much as we admire Dr. Tyndall's ability as a writer, and the fulness of his information on matters of science, we cannot close this paper without taking strong exception to the tendency of his teaching on matters outside his special province of physical science. He commits the evident error of referring the laws of mind to those which regulate matter, as if the latter alone embraced all science. When Halley the astronomer once made some sceptical remark to

Sir Isaac Newton, the great philosopher, in the true spirit of inductive science, advised him to keep to subjects with which he was conversant, and not meddle with things which he had not studied, or of

which he had not experience.

In that delightful book, "The Life and Letters of Principal J. D. Forbes," there is a passage bearing on one point of controversy. In a letter of date 20th July, 1862, at p. 415, the learned Principal is speaking of two works of the Rev. Mr. Jerram which he had been perusing, and he thus remarks on one:-"In the Thoughts on Miracles,' p. 21, I find a very striking analogical argument, from human interference with the ordinary course of the laws of nature, to the impossibility at least of disproving Divine interference in ordinary providence. I was the more struck with this because there is a chapter of 'Reflections' most inappropriately thrown into Dr. Tyndall's book, called Mountaineering in 1861,' on the folly of prayers for fine weather, etc., which, even from a purely scientific point of view, seems to me far from convincing, and which, if carried out, would suspend prayer in almost every human contingency, such as the extreme illness of a child or a parent, when mercifully the heart overrules the judgment of the head, and, as Mr. Jerram justly says, the common voice of mankind protests against the logic of the metaphysicians."

We have only to add that the degree of LL.D. of Cambridge was bestowed on Professor Tyndall in 1855, and the like degree of Edinburgh in 1866, when Mr. Carlyle was installed Lord Rector of the University. Besides these and other honours conferred upon him in this country, he has received honorary membership from many foreign scientific societies.

Sonnets of the Sacred Hear.

BY THE REV. S. J. STONE, M.A.

THIRTEENTH SUNDAY AFTER TRINITY. "A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho."St. Luke x. 30.

FROM Life's great City and his Father's Face,
Where Love and Glory crown the Sacred Hill,
By dim descending paths of specious ill,

He sped-from Truth, and Innocence, and Grace-
Sped downward ever toward th' "Accursed Place,"
Till, sore beset upon the Evil Way,
Martyr of sin, in seeming death he lay.

So fared, in sin and woe, our fallen race." *
What hope? what help? Not Moses could restore,
Nor Aaron save; they passed; but One came by
Who nursed his grievous wounds all tenderly
With sweetest balm, and all his burden bore:
And to His Church did, ere His parting, say,
"Be this thy trust until Mine Advent Day."

the commentaries, whether of the Fathers or of the Reformers. The

*This deeper application of the Parable is one common to most of Home of Peace: the way down to Jericho, the accursed city (Joshua traveller personifies Human Nature in Adam: Jerusalem is the City and

vi. 26), is the facilis descensus of sin: the robbers represent him who was a robber and murderer from the beginning (St. John viii. 44): the

Priest and Levite personify the Sacrifices and the Law, unable in them

selves to heal (Gal. lii. 2, and Heb. ix. 9): the good Samaritan is the Saviour, the Wine representing the Blood of His Passion, and the Oil the Unction of His Spirit, and the Inn figuring the Church to which the

care of the flock of God is committed until the Chief Shepherd shall uppear (Acts xx, 28, and 1 St. Peter v. 2, 4).

WH

HADDON HALL.

HOEVER shall feel inclined to pay a visit to Haddon Hall will meet with no difficulty beyond the ordinary difficulties of the traveller. From the railway station at Rowsley, which is but some twenty minutes' run from Matlock Bath, the distance is a little less than two miles along a route traversing one of the most pleasant parts of the country; while, if the walk is deemed too long, a conveyance is easily obtained on the spot. Pursuing the road from Rowsley to Bakewell, we turn to the right at about a mile and a half from the Peacock Inn, and crossing some meadows and a bridge that spans the Wye, are in front of the old baronial mansion. Seen from the turnpike-road the old edifice, with its time-worn walls and lofty towers more than half hidden in foliage, wears a venerable and rather warlike appearance. This impression is strengthened on a nearer approach, as the outbuildings are of a like antiquated character with the main structure, and there is no discordant intrusion of anything merely modern to disturb it. The manor of Haddon was granted by William the Conqueror to his son William Peverel; the next possessors, according to the Domesday survey, were the Avenels, from whom it passed by marriage to the Vernons. The last Vernon was Sir George, the lord it is said of thirty manors, whose profuse hospitality and princely expenditure procured for him the title of "King of the Peak." On his death in 1565, his estates were shared between his two daughters. Haddon became the property of Dorothy, wife of Sir John Manners, second son of the Earl of Rutland. Their grandson became Duke of Rutland, and Haddon has ever since formed a portion of the Rutland property, though for more than a century and a half Haddon Hall has been deserted by the family, and is gradually taking on the form and character of a ruin.

On passing through the portal at the north-west angle of the Hall, and entering the roughly-paved quadrangle, we are met by a lass who acts as a guide, and who in the first instance conducts us to an apartment known at present as the chaplain's room, though why it received that designation it would be hard to guess. Here are exhibited some relics of the time of Cromwell, such as a pair of huge jack-boots, a leathern doublet worn beneath the armour, a couple of mouldy holsters, an old matchlock, some prodigious pewter platters, etc.; together with a relic still older, to wit, the oaken cradle in which the first Duke of Rutland was rocked. From the chaplain's room we are led to the chapel, a really curious and interesting building erected in the beginning of the fifteenth century, and forming, with the hall, the most ancient part of the existing edifice. The style of the chapel is a mixture of the Norman and Gothic; in the nave are long oaken benches for the use, it is inferred, of the retainers and domestics, and against the side walls of the chancel are two roomy high-backed pews for the accommodation of the family. A flight of steps hardly a foot wide at the rear of the pews leads up, the guide tells us, to the confessional, but as for the purpose of confessing their sins, we imagine people did not exalt themselves to the general view this to be a mistake, and that the steps, leading as they do to a small music gallery, were for the convenience of the choir. The painted windows of the chapel were despoiled by thieves many years ago, but they still contain some remains of their old

coloured glass, and one of them bears an inscription calling on all who read it to pray for the souls of Richard Vernon and his wife, by whom it was erected in the year 1427. The woodwork is plainly of a much more modern date, and part of it bears traces of gilding. The ceiling, of open panelling, has the date of 1624, at which date it is probable the last repairs were effected. The stone font is evidently an antiquity, and from its size seems to point to the fact that in the days when it was set up it must have been the custom to dip and not to sprinkle the baptized infant.

witnesses of many a wild carouse; while another singular relic attached to the wainscot tells of one trait of the hospitality of an olden time which has happily been long obsolete. This is a kind of handcuff in which any offender against convivial usages might have his wrist locked fast as in a pillory: if, for instance, a guest refused to empty his flagon or beaker, his hand was thus locked up far above his head, and the unquaffed liquor was poured down the sleeve of his doublet. Shorn of its furniture and ancient adornings, the old hall wears a sombre and somewhat melancholy aspect, and it is difficult to

Leaving the chapel, and crossing the court-yard, we are led to the Great Hall, erected at the commencement of the fifteenth century, probably by Sir Richard Vernon. This is an imposing room, though of no extraordinary dimensions, and it is further interesting from the fact that it is the identical hall described by Sir Walter Scott in "Peveril of the Peak," and is the scene of several of the events therein related. The roof is open panelling; the walls are sufficiently lofty, and round two sides runs a gallery of carved oak. Over the entrance lobby is a mimic gallery, also decorated with carvings, and at the opposite end is the raised floor or dais on which still stands the ponderous oak table at which sat the lord of the mansion and his chief guests ranged in the order of their rank-those of higher quality above the salt (which occupied the centre of the table), and those of lower degree below the salt. The capacious fireplace still retains the curious old andirons, the

revive in imagination the varied meetings, convivial and social, domestic or justicial, of which for successive centuries it was the scene.

Passing from the Great Hall, we come to the dining-room, which is of later date, and was constructed when it had become the custom of the lord of the house to dine in private, save on special occasions. It was erected about 1545, and though not by any means large, was at one time a splendid room. The ceiling is in compartments, which still show traces of gilding and colour. The walls are faced with panelled oak; a fanciful carved cornice is carried round the room, and the fireplace is profusely carved; here, as in other apartments, the boar's head, the crest of the Vernons, and the peacock, that of the Mannerses, constantly recurring. Among the carved figures are the heads of Henry VII and his Queen, and above the fireplace is a panel on which are carved the royal arms, with the motto,