I couldna be but kind to her-I could never be hard "Well, mem, the mother listened very civilly to all that I had to say, and said she would mention it to the gudeman, and that they would take the thing into consideration. She said besides-and I took it as a kind of encouragement-that Susy had often been a great thought to John and her. They never expected her to marry; and as they were both getting up in years, they couldna be long spared to make a home for her; and they feared she mightna be kindly treated after they were gone, for Mary would likely marry, and her man might object to have a sister-in-law in his house, or there might be no room for her there. She advised me to think well about it myself; and said if after that I continued in the same mind, and John was agreeable, she could easily get Susy to understand the matter, for she was very quick at the uptake, and would otten laugh at her sister when her lad dropped in at night. She kens weel eneugh what he comes for,' says the old wife, with a wink to me. There's only one thing about it that troubles me, mem," added Tam, "and it's that that I would like to get the minister's opinion on before the matter goes further; you see it only came into my head last Hight, or I would have been here earlier. Do you think, mem," suddenly breaking the even thread of his story, and sinking his voice into a perturbed whisper, "do you think now that she's a haythen?" "A heathen, Tam?" "Ay, mem, a haythen. Now I could never marry a haythen." living as he had been doing. If Tam himself was indifferent to the talk such a marriage was sure to create, no other need be troubled about it. And as my mother weighed the whole matter in her mind, it was wonderful-viewing the marriage, of course, from Tam's standpoint, and taking his habits into consideration-how her objections began to melt away. She would not have recommended it; but it was better for Tam than to continue as he was, she thought. She was much amused at his description of the way in which he set himself to study the girl's character, especially the propriety of her behaviour in church. But it was all in keeping with the perfect simplicity and yet practical sagacity of his character. Of course, these thoughts passed through my mother's mind more rapidly than I can write them. "What do you mean exactly by a heathen, Tam?" she asked. "Do you think, mem, that she kens that there's a God, and that there's another world beyond this?" said Tam, very gravely. Here was Tam's difficulty, and one that my mother felt she could not easily answer. She was thoughtful for some minutes, and then rising, she said, "Wait here till I return, Tam; Matthew will keep you company. I will speak to Mr. Morrison about it, and I have no doubt he will make it plain to you.' She was absent nearly half an hour, and when she returned my father accompanied her. He had a slight smile on his face, but he had a high opinion of Tam's worth, and he spoke kindly and encouragingly to him. Tam, however, was much confused at sight of the minister. "Well, Thomas," said my father, "Mrs. Morrison has told me all about this marriage. I do not think your difficulty-your only one in the matter, I understand-need trouble you seriously." "Do you really think so, sir?" said Tam, looking greatly relieved. "The young woman cannot properly be called a heathen," continued my father, "for a heathen, according to the Scriptural definition of the name, is not an individual who merely does not know God, but is one who worships false deities. I need only remind one who knows his Bible so well as you do of the heathen nations whom the Lord cast out before the children of Israel. Each of these nations had its own peculiar idols, you remember; and they that were left of them were the means of tempting the Israelites to fall into similar idolatry, which ended in their being cast out of the good land the Lord had given them. Now this poor deaf and dumb girl has had some of the human gates of knowledge shut to her through no fault of her own. She is not My mother was extremely perplexed. Tam's a greater sinner than we because she suffers this whole communication had been so strange and unex-deprivation; and we must be careful in judging such pected-ending, too, with this startling questionthat she did not know how to answer him. As she afterwards acknowledged, she could not but feel, as he proceeded from one particular to another, that there was a certain fitness in the proposed marriage. The family were evidently highly respectable; and the woman, from her activity, cleanliness, and orderly habits, would, no doubt, make Tam's house a very different place from what it had ever been. And if he was quite resolved to marry no other woman for fear of getting a "flyter" on his hands-why, then, it was better for him to marry this deaf and dumb girl, who could not offend in that way, than go on a case and limiting the Lord. He can communicate with the soul in a way which we cannot comprehend. From the reverence of her behaviour at family worship and in church she has evidently some ideavery vague and indistinct it may be-of an unseen and yet present Being. And my opinion is that if you are determined on this marriage, Thomas-this religious difficulty being removed, and the girl found to comprehend the nature of the marriage vowyour friends have nothing to do but to express their best wishes for your comfort and happiness in it." I think I was as pleased to hear my father's decision as Tam himself. The latter could not readily find words to express his feelings, and my father, to relieve him, shook hands and left the room. "I'm sure, mem,' ," said Tam, when again alone with us, "I scarcely ken what to say about your and the minister's kindness. To think of him coming so freely to speak to me on such a subject! But you see, mem, it was a case of conscience, that's it. Well, what a thing learning is!" stooping down his great length to pick up his bonnet, for Tam, out of respect to his minister, had stood during the interview with him; "I had always a great regard for learning all my days, and I'll have more regard for it now than ever. The Egyptians worshipped calves, that did they, poor benighted creatures! Just think of anybody in their senses worshipping a four-legged beast like our old tup! And the very Israelites themselves learnt bad ways from the folk about them, as the minister minded me, till they went so far as to burn their own bairns in the fire to their idols. And me to compare poor Susy to the likes of them! Hoot, mem! I'm just downright ashamed of myself, and that's the plain truth." THE SUPPRESSION OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN ROME. WHEN BY MRS. HOWITT. II. HEN the delegates arrived at the Collegio Romano they found the Jesuits busily removing their furniture and other valuables. Here, at that time, there were sixty-nine inmates, now nine only remain; the bulk of them have gone abroad, though a considerable number have for the present removed themselves no farther off than Castel Gandolfo, about twenty miles from Rome, where Prince Torlonia, the Roman banker, has placed a large villa at their disposal, whence they may continue their communications with the Vatican and carry on their intrigues. This prince has always been a close friend of the Jesuits. Before the general of the order, Beckx, left to retire to his native Belgium, to a castle given for his use near Louvain, there was a general reception given at the Gésu, and thither flocked their great friends, all clothed in mourning, to bid them adieu. Amongst these were the Prince Torlonia, and the Marquises Cavaletti and De Wetten. Wherever Father Beckx and his Jesuits retire to, they will be sure to be incessantly engaged in schemes for maintaining and extending the most extreme papalism. It is supposed that the location chosen by Beckx in Belgium is convenient for aiding in the legitimist schemes in France. The religious orders, and especially the Jesuits, are rich, and have now pensions of 500 liri for monks, and 300 for laical brethren (about £20 and £15 sterling each), with corresponding rates to inferiors. Nuns receive 600 liri, and lay sisters 300 also. They manage to buy up all convents in one part of Italy or another, and congregating there can live on as usual. In all parts of the country you find them thus settled. Of course they occupy much less space than before, and will in time die out, no fresh addition to their numbers being allowed. Everywhere you see their old monasteries occupied as barracks, a change which is no improvement. It has only been the removing of one species of celibates for another, and perhaps even a worse-for militarism is the vice of this age, as monkery was of the middle ages, this poor and struggling Italy having to maintain above its half million of soldiers. The Jesuits, however, manage to make fresh additions to their order. If they cannot make them in Italy they make them elsewhere. In 1872 the order numbered 8,962; and in the following year 9,102, so that in twelve months it had increased 140. Whilst in Italy, too, nuns are not allowed to increase, no such prohibition exists in England, and we see the judges confirming the gifts and bequests of nuns to nunneries. The Pope, addressing on the 1st of last November some of the religious orders who went to take their leave of him before quitting Rome, candidly confessed that the suppression of their orders was a chastisement of Providence on them for their relaxation of discipline, and for the corruption of manners which had crept in amongst them, adding that if in happier times they should be allowed to return, it could only be under a system of rigorous reform. This, in fact, was a justification of the Italian Government. But such a time is not likely to come; it has passed away in the march of progress. It would extend this article to an undue length to note the suppression of all the numerous convents in Rome; suffice it to say that the work has been donewith the utmost order and quietness. It will be interesting, however, to notice a few of these suppressed houses to which has been attached some old legendary usage or historic event which renders it especially worthy of attention. This we will reserve for another article, closing the present with a few historical data regarding the Jesuits and their great monastery, the Gésu. The expulsion of this formidable order seems to have given most hearty satisfaction to the thinking of all classes in Rome, and it is generally acknowledged that Jesuitism has been, especially of late years, the evil genius of Italy. It is remarkable how this body, universally feared and detested, hasbeen expelled above thirty times from different countries, yet has still risen from all its defeats, and made itself entire master of the popedom and the submissive world. These expulsions were briefly as follows. Founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola, and approved by the papal bull of Paul II, in 1540, yet only two years afterwards their banishments began. Thus In 1542 sixteen Jesuits arrived at Paris, but being soon found to be disturbers of the peace, they were banished by the parliament of Paris in 1554, and driven from the city. In 1570 they were banished from all her States by Queen Elizabeth, and in 1578 were expelled from Antwerp and the kingdom of Portugal. In 1594 they were again in Paris, and the administrators of the hospitals there united, and demanded their expulsion. This request was sent to the parliament in these few pithy words: "Let this sect be utterly exterminated!" and on the 24th of December of the same year a decree of the parliament ordered them to quit the city as corruptors of youth and enemies of the king and country. Four years afterwards they were expelled from Holland, being convicted of having caused the assassination of Prince Maurice of Nassau, and disturbed the public peace. In 1604 Cardinal Borromeo caused the College of Breda to be taken from them, and Paul v wrote an accusation against the order. In 1606 Father Garnett and his colleagues were hanged in London as authors of the celebrated Gunpowder Plot. The same year the senate of Venice banished the Jesuits from their territories for having openly violated the laws. In 1611, on the 22nd of September, the advocate-general, Serverin, in his accusation against the Jesuits, charged them with insinuating themselves into families to influence good people and become possessed of their secrets; of intruding themselves into the affairs of others for their own ends; and all this under the pretence of directing consciences to the greater glory of God. In 1618 they were expelled both from Bohemia and Moravia as disturbers of the peace, and three years later from Poland, where they had excited civil war. In 1631, having attempted to revolutionise Japan, they were thence suddenly expelled; and from Malta in 1643. A formal order of Peter the Great banished them from every part of the Russian empire in 1723. In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV issued a bull prohibiting the Jesuits from reducing the natives of Paraguay to slavery, forbidding their buying and selling of them, their separating husbands and wives, and children from their parents; spoiling them of their goods, taking away their clothes, leaving them actually naked, and selling them for the benefit of the Company of Jesus. In 1757 they were expelled from this unhappy country, where they had monopolised all the wealth and reduced thousands of families to misery and ruin. In 1752 the Council of Bologna drove out the Jesuits, their expulsion having been demanded by the various bodies of the arts and trades of the town. In 1759 they were again expelled from Portugal, where even the bishops and archbishops launched against them the severest censures; and again, in 1762, they were unanimously expelled from France, the parliament of Paris declaring the Order of Jesus inadmissible in any civil State, and contrary to all natural right, the decree containing the following passage: "The moral code of the Jesuits is destructive of all honesty, pernicious to civil society, dangerous to the personal security of the citizens and to the person of the king; of a nature to excite the most violent agitations in a State, and to produce the profoundest corruptions in the hearts of men." Two years afterwards, as if this expulsion had not sufficed for the purpose, an edict was issued in the king's name, dated December 1st, ordering the perpetual and irrevocable banishment of the Society of Jesus from the whole kingdom. On the 2nd of April, 1769, Charles III of Spain caused the Jesuits to be arrested on the plea of their having made themselves masters of immense riches, and of having provoked civil war. They were therefore expelled the kingdom and their goods confiscated. At his instance, also, and in the same year, the States of Naples and Parma expelled them and confiscated their property. In 1773 Pope Clement XIV abolished the order of Jesuits in all the earth, declaring it impossible that the church could enjoy any solid and durable peace so long as this society existed. In 1816 an edict of the Emperor Alexander 1 of Russia drove the Jesuits once more out of his territory, saying thus:-"The Jesuits have sown discord and animosity in families; have separated brother from brother, the son from his parents, and have created divisions between children of the same family;" adding, "What State can suffer in its bosom these perverse elements, which disseminate everywhere hatred and discord?" In 1848 King Charles Albert chased them from Piedmont. Finally, in 1868, passing over other expulsions, a decree of the Minister of Justice in Spain suppressed the "Company of Jesus in the Peninsula and in the Colonies," ordering within three days the closing of all their colleges and institutions, and confiscating their goods for the benefit of the State. After all these expulsions, after all these denunciations of them as the enemies of kingdoms, of churches, and of mankind, the most extraordinary fact of their history is, that they have continually flowed like secret water-streams to the places whence they have been so often expelled by powerful monarchs with curses spiritual and temporal, and that the present age beholds them in greater power and prosperity than ever. Of all their expulsions the most complete and crushing was that of Pope Clement XIV. His bull in 1773 abolished the order for ever on the face of the earth, and stated that he suppressed them in the certain knowledge and in the plenitude of apostolic power. Two popes before him had condemned them, but Clement XIV deprived them of all their offices, ministries, administrations, houses, schools, colleges, hospitals, gymnasia, etc., in whatsoever cities, provinces, kingdoms, or empires they might exist, or by whatever powers or statutes they had been established there. He declared them extinguished for ever, under whatever authority they might be existing; whether as generals, provincials, visitors, or inferiors of any kind, extinguished in both spirituals and temporals. He strictly forbade them to be received into any other order or society, under any colour or pretence whatever, and he declared every person who should have the presumption to oppose the carrying out of this perpetual decree to be excommunicated. This was the decree of an Infallible Pope, declared to be so by the dogma of Infallibility of 1870, a Pope as infallible as Pius IX himself, and issued in the certain knowledge and plenitude of apostolic power; and under this, therefore, Pius VII was excommunicated, who reinstated the Jesuits in 1814, and Pius IX is by it as truly and fully excommunicated as Victor Emmanuel or any of those upon whom, in his turn, he has laid the papal ban. This is a clear and practical elucidation of Papal Infallibility, and the Jesuits who obtained the passing of this very dogma exhibit in their own existence its folly and emptiness. Clement XIV infallibly extinguished them in 1773; Pius VII resuscitated them in 1814; and Pius IX became their abject, facile tool, proclaiming in 1854 the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, and in 1870 evoking the Ecumenical Council to establish that of the Papal Infallibility. This last, like a crowning measure, has verified the declaration of Clement XIV, that the Church could enjoy no solid or durable peace so long as the Jesuits existed, for this last dogma, of which they are the authors, has, by its audacious assumption, alienated all Catholic monarchs, even the most bigoted. It has overthrown the temporal power of the Pope, and has split the Church into two great factions, especially in Germany and Switzerland. In Rome, the language which, until their expulsion, they put into the mouth of the Pope and of their own preachers, breathed unhesitatingly the murder of the king, and the overthrow of the government and the unity of the nation. poverty, yet they immediately purchased for Father Beckx, the general of the order, the large villa called Bellavista, near Borgo a Borgiano, where it is supposed he will establish himself with a knot of the most astute of the order. A powerful college is already established at Brixen, in the Tyrol, and another at Nice, whence they can keep up their sur Nothing, certainly, can account for the inextin-veillance over Rome. guishable life of this formidable body, under all the efforts of kings and governments, and even of popes themselves, to destroy it, except the power of Satan waging through them a deadly warfare against the eternal gospel of God. Even now, driven as they are from the seat of the papacy, they live in the confident hope of returning within a few years-returning ambitious and triumphant as ever; just as the papal party believes that after fifty expulsions of the popes, the temporal power will be again restored. Disraeli, in Coningsby," says the first Jesuits were Jews;" and truly the Jesuits exhibit in their nature the inextinguishable doggedness of the Hebrew combined with the faculty of rule and organisation of the ancient Roman. 66 The Jesuits, in leaving Rome this spring, pleaded There is every reason to believe that immense riches, in articles of value, precious works of art, books and manuscripts, have been carried off by the Jesuits from their various libraries and houses since the Italians had possession of Rome; for although there have been royal inspectors and custodians for upwards of a century to guard these treasures, these officers of late having been Signori Norducci and Ignatius Ciampi, still it has not been difficult for the designing Jesuit to keep up the appearance of the number of books and manuscripts after abstracting those of greatest value. Nor has it, indeed, been without a very natural suspicion that no less than twelve thousand heavy packages have been known to leave the Roman railway station, unquestioned and unexamined, because they had upon them tho papal seal and the sacred keys. SOME REMINISCENCES OF THE ROAD. WHILE reclining at ease the other day in a first class express, which travelled a hundred and twenty miles in just two hours and twenty-five minutes, we were carried back in thought to the days, not so very long ago, when the iron road had scarcely been thought of. Pondering over those old times, and our earliest recollections of travelling, some of the characteristic scenes and accompaniments of locomotion in our young days began to present themselves. As they are now for the most part forgotten pictures, and as they may assist in illustrating some of the customs of a generation which is fast disappearing, we shall occupy a spare hour or two in jotting down a few of them for the benefit of the reader. The coaches which now run from London through the most picturesque districts, with aristocratic teams and drivers, are but a holiday feature of the summer season, and have but few of the associations and none of the discomforts of the old time. Our first idea of travellers and travelling-and it was far from being a very clear idea-was derived groaned between teen horses, a number of them jingling little bells at | to be abolished. In one sense the one-horse cart every movement of their heads. As for passengers, is the most restricted mode of conveyance, and in there seemed to be no end of them, and we can well another it is the most independent: it is restricted, remember gazing with wonder at the long stream of because it is forbidden by law to travel faster than men, women, and children that used to trickle crab- four miles an hour, under a severe penalty; it is fashion down the ladder as the townspeople looked independent, because the country carrier can start on on; nay, we can recall some startling speculations his journey at any hour he likes, and if he does not which the sight suggested to our infant mind-as to choose he need not start at all, even although he has life in the waggon, for instance, and possible death advertised his intention to go at a definite time. He in the waggon, and the hopelessness of getting buried is very much a despot in his way; he is often known in a decent way, with nobody but Ben the waggoner to refuse a fare whose looks do not please him, and to see about it. he will take any number of passengers at other times, quite irrespective of the accommodation he has for them. How they bestow themselves is a secondary consideration-a box, a barrel, the edge of a fender, the convexity of an iron pipe, anything will do for a seat, he thinks; and if you are of a different opinion, you are welcome to the enjoyment of your opinion. As a general rule he is not talkative, but prefers to leave the talking to his passengers. Also, as a general rule, he is drowsy, and you might fancy, from the way he nods over the reins and flicks in a convulsive manner with his whip, that he systematically got through the business of sleeping while on the road; but you would be mistaken, for every now and then he wakes up, and pulls up, and delivers some small packet or envelope, drawn from his cavernous coat-pocket, to somebody who stands waiting for it at cottage-door or villa garden-gate. Take note of these small deliveries, and you will get a notion of the social value of the country carrier as a medium of communication. We once counted forty of these pocketed parcels in a run of eighteen miles. As for his general load or freight, who shall worthily describe it? He refuses nothing, but carries anything or everything-fruit, vegetables, dairy produce, iron bars for the blacksmith, logs of timber for the carpenter, young trees and shrubs for the gardener, household furniture of all descriptions; nor does he refuse live stock, as we can testify from experience, having ourselves once travelled in company with a couple of demonstrative young porkers. The carrier's horse is as decided a character as himself. Dobbin knows all about the Act of Parliament which limits his pace to four miles an hour, and has taken an oath never to transgress the law, except for his own private ends. When he does break from his leisurely amble into a trot, you may be sure that the customary halting-place is not far off, and that he has nosed the fragrance of the feed that there awaits him. For a like reason he always wakes up at the end of his journey, and puts in a frisky appearance before the carrier's wife and children, who are sure to be on the watch for his return. We have an idea that the country carrier, even now, is a tolerably well-to-do subject; his expenses are small, he picks up in petty sums more loose cash than is generally placed to his account, and he knows how to take care of it. We usually find him the proprietor or leaseholder of some small domain which, with the help of his family, he can cultivate to advantage, while he has the means of carrying his produce to a good market, and can count among his customers almost the entire population lying along the line of his route. Long may it be before the expanding railway system which swallows up every competitor shall have swallowed him. When afterwards, as a boy, we had made Ben's acquaintance, we picked up more accurate notions, and got some little experience of waggon travelling. We shall be pretty near the mark if we state that the waggon in those days was very much what the third-class and parliamentary trains are to the humbler classes now. Time then was of far less value than it is with us, and poor people bound from Devonshire to London thought nothing of being a week or more on the road, and they were satisfied if the huge machine did not get into a slough and stick fast, as it sometimes did. The fare demanded by the owner was a penny a mile-families counting three as two-and the pace was never more than two miles an hour. This snail's pace, so far from being an aggravation, was a real advantage to passengers, because it enabled even the weakest and youngest to vary the monotony of their journey by alighting and walking on, which they sometimes did for miles, waiting when weary at some roadside inn until the waggon overtook them. The booked fares were the property of the owners, but the "pick-ups, or chance fares, were the perquisites of the waggoner. Thrifty fellows, pedlars, and migrating artisans, used to take advantage of this by starting a day after the waggon at a smart walk, and overtaking it on the road, as they could easily do without fatigue, and then making their own bargains. Most of the waggons travelled only by day, halting by night at appointed stations. The accommodation provided for them was not of the most refined description; generally, the waggon passengers' dormitory was a single large room or loft, with half-a-dozen beds in it, where the occupants were left to make what arrangements they could. If other rooms were wanted they must be paid for, or clean straw in the straw-loft might be had when the common room was overcrowded. The charge for supper-boiled beef and vegetables-was uniformly sixpence, not, of course, including any other beverage than water. Those who travelled by the day-and-night waggons were thought to run no small risk, as at that time the highwaymen were yet on the road. In fact, however, these gentry rarely plundered the waggon of anything more valuable than a feed for their horses, though they were often known to compel information from the driver or his passengers. On the whole, waggon travelling was a weary, dislocating business, so far as we recollect it: the jolting when the vast machine would pitch into a rut was something tremendous, while the creaking of the cargo, and the grinding of the wheels as they crushed the stones to powder, kept up a discordant sound which effectually banished sleep. A far more pleasant conveyance was the country or carrier's cart, which, notwithstanding all the modern innovations both on road and rail, yet maintains its ground, and we trust is not destined speedily It was in the year 1811, just as the pleasing novelty of jacket and trousers was fading out, that we made our first journey in the first stage coach of |