stanzas, four of which may be given from a literal | is like nothing on this earth. It is the music of version of the original, by Mr. J. T. Naake, of the British Museum library, to whose courtesy the writer of this paper is indebted for a ready response to his queries. "God save the Czar! The glorious! Long life Send down every blessing! "The peaceful warriors, Lovers of truth, God save! Their virtuous lives, Devoted to heroic deeds, "Oh, Providence! Thy blessing Send down on us! Moderation in happiness, Grant on earth! "Be our Defender, Our faithful Companion, Lead us on! Oh, Thou the most glorious, Divine Life, Known to the heart, Shine to the heart!" The poem, quite of recent date, was composed by Vassili Andrejevich Zhukovsky, born in 1783, educated in the public school at Tula and in the university of Moscow, which he quitted in 1803, and where he afterwards held an appointment under the Government. He edited for a short time the "European Herald," translated "Don Quixote" into the Selavonic language, published an excellent collection of Russian poetry, in five volumes, and died in the year 1852. Zhukovsky's ode was set to music in 1833 by A. Th. Lvov, and became at once a national song. The air, a pleasing and striking one, was speedily heard in England, and continued for a time highly popular. But it was, of course, introduced with an arrangement to different words, when vocal performance was in view, "God the Omnipotent, King who ordaineth." The strains are the most effective as given by a Russian horn band with a full complement of performers. In that remarkable kind of music each performer sounds but one note, yet all successively fall in properly with such marvellous exactness as to convey the impression of there being only a single mighty instrument in play. Prince Potemkin, on one occasion, without revealing his purpose, took M. Baillot, an eminent French composer, into a long gallery of the Kremlin at Moscow, intentionally involved in darkness. Though nothing was to be seen, yet soon the tones of melody and harmony were heard. At the close of the performance, upon being asked what he thought of it, the foreigner replied, "All that I know is, that it another world; and I am utterly at a loss even to guess how it is produced." Lights having been brought, there appeared in the distance a large band of soldiers, each with a trumpet or horn, varying in length from a few inches to ten, fifteen, and even twenty feet, by which the magic minstrelsy had been made. We give the anthem as now commonly sung. Alto Sve lower. God save the noble Czar! Long may he live, in pow'r, in dd happi-ness, in peace, to reign! Dread of his enemies, Led Faith's sure defender, God save the Czar, God save the Czar! Our own National Anthem is of much older date than the preceding. Yet it does not go farther back than the year 1745, at least as a regular composition formally submitted to the public. It was then sung for the first time in the two leading metropolitan theatres, harmonised for Drury Lane by Dr. Arne, and for Covent Garden by Dr. Hawkins. Words and tune appeared in the "Gentleman's Magazine" for October in the year named. The following is an exact copy of the imprint. It will be perceived that the air has since been improved in melody, and is now usually given in a different key. "O Lord our God arise, Scatter his enemies, And make them fall; Frustrate their knavish tricks, "Thy choicest gifts in store Long may he reign; May he defend our laws, To say with heart and voice, poses, an improvement which was ultimately highly prized by the civilians. Hence the commemorative distich, which certainly savours more of Ireland than of Scotland:- "Had you seen these roads before they were made, You would lift up both hands and bless General Wade." Another stanza, intended to serve a temporary purpose, was composed on the occasion of George III being shot at by the maniae Hatfield, in Drury Lane Theatre, on the 15th of May, 1800: "From every latent foe, God save the King! Our father, prince, and friend! This was written by Sheridan while the performance The song was received with great delight by both the crowded audiences, not so much on the ground of its own merit, but as an expression of patriotism and loyalty peculiarly appropriate to the circumstances of the nation at the period. It was immediately re-echoed in the streets, and soon became an established favourite both in military circles and in festive gatherings of the people, as an act of homage to the sovereign, and a proper tribute of respect to We now come to consider the original authorship the constitution. Previously, for more than half a of the politico-religious hymn. This is one of the century, Purcell's duet and chorus, "To arms," and vexed questions of literature, as much so as that the air, "Britons strike home," by the same com- which the Letters of Junius involve, and will proposer, the words of both taken from Dryden's altera-bably never be thoroughly elucidated; but a few jottion of Bondica, were the national songs, always tings may be put down in relation to it. received with acclamations in times of war. Though still in use on such occasions, yet "God save the King" quickly gained the pre-eminence, and has retained it, being equally adapted for days of peace. At the period referred to, known for some time afterwards as "the Forty-five," the country was in a ferment from end to end, owing to the landing of the Pretender in Scotland, and the early success which attended the arms of his adherents. They had taken possession of Edinburgh, had defeated an English force at Preston Pans, and were on the advance southward, expecting to be joined by sympathisers in sufficient numbers to justify an attempt to snatch the crown from the House of Hanover and transfer it to the House of Stuart. England was astir with warlike preparations, and London with defensive meaThe regiments of trained bands were doing duty by turn day and night to keep the peace of the city, the gates of which were rigorously closed through the hours of darkness. Battalions of foot and squadrons of horse, with bombardiers, gunners, and trains of artillery, were moving northward in hot haste towards Yorkshire, the head-quarters of Marshal Wade. Hence the introduction of the song was pertinent, and the enthusiastic welcome it received natural. An additional stanza speedily appeared, alluding more directly to passing events: sures. "Lord, grant that Marshal Wade May he sedition hush, And like a torrent rush, God save the King!" This supplemental strain was soon set aside, but the name of the commander did not so speedily sink into oblivion. Upon the suppression of the rebellion, the soldiers stationed in the Highlands were employed under his direction to open more practicable routes through them for military pur According to a pretentious volume written by Mr. Clark, and published in the year 1822, entitled, "An Account of the National Anthem," it started into being in the reign of James I, when Dr. Bull produced the music. He was organist to the king, and certainly left behind him the notes in manuscript of a piece called "God save the King;" but this is known to have been a kind of voluntary for the organ, with twenty-six different basses, having no feature whatever in common with the anthem. Ben Jonson is supposed by Mr. Clark to have written in substance the words, and confessedly this is given simply as a likely guess. So much for the Bull and Ben Jonson theory. A claim for the unfortunate poet and musician, Henry Carey, who died by his own hand in 1743, with only a halfpenny in his pocket, was set up by his son, and pertinaciously maintained, with the view of obtaining a pension from the Government; but nothing could be alleged by way of proof beyond a loose report concerning one of Handel's assistants having stated that the father had brought him the words and music in order to have the bass improved. The elder Carey published a collection of his poems shortly before his death, but the loyal strain puts in no appearance among them. He produced some pleasant pieces, and may be noted as the inventor of the well-known phrase, Namby Pamby, which has stood its ground to the present day in the criticism of style and manners. It is quite certain that the original author of the melody was unknown when it was introduced to the theatres, while both the words and music of the song, subject to a few alterations, were generally regarded as having been for some time in existence. Dr. Arne, under whose auspices the piece appeared at Drury Lane, expressly stated, in reply to a challenge upon the point, that he had not the least knowledge, nor could he guess at all, who was either the author or the composer, but there was a received opinion that it was written and composed for the "To in a similar manner, and must almost of necessity do so when occasion for its vocal manifestation arises. Such forms of speech have been in use in relation to princes and potentates from time immemorial, and are on record with reference to those of the ancient oriental monarchies. In the days of Nebuchadnezzar, "Oh king, live for ever!" was the usual preface to an address. Hushai reiterated the formulary to Absalom, "God save the king, God save the king;" and upon Solomon being anointed to the succession by Zadok the priest and Abiathar the prophet, the trumpet sounded, "and all the people said, God save King Solomon! Catholic chapel of James 11, and as his religious | terms and sentiments, as loyalty has expressed itself faith was not that of the nation, there might be a political reason for the concealment of names in the case. Dr. Burney is also reported to have said that "the earliest copy of the words we are acquainted with begins, 'God save great James our King.' the same effect is the testimony of Benjamin Victor, made in a communication to Garrick, then at the outset of his dramatic career, written the same month in which the song appeared in print. "The stage," he remarks, "at both houses is the most pious, as well as the most loyal place in the three kingdoms. Twenty men appear at the end of every play; and one stepping forward before the rest, with uplifted hands and eyes, begins singing to an old anthem tune the following words: 'O Lord our God arise, Of George our King. God save the King!' Which are the very words and music of an old anthem that was sung at St. James's Chapel for King James the Second, when the Prince of Orange was landed, to deliver us from popery and slavery; which God Almighty, in his goodness, was pleased NOT to grant." Verses inscribed on drinking-glasses preserved by descendants of the Pretender's adherents in Scotland further certify to the Jacobite use of the strain : "God save the King, I pray, God save the King! "God bless the Prince of Wales, The correspondence is close between the first stanza of the English poem and a French versicle in use about the time when the relations between the Stuarts and the court of Versailles were the most intimate. With the following lines, sung to the music of Lulli, who died in the year 1687, the nuns of the convent of St. Cyr are said to have greeted the entrance of the king, Louis XIV, into the chapel : "Grand Dieu, sauvez le Roi ! Grand Dieu, vengez le Roi! Que toujours glorieux, Louis victorieux, Voye ses enemis, Toujours soumis ! Grand Dieu, sauvez le Roi! Grand Dieu, vengez le Roi! But no direct derivation of the English stanza from the French need be inferred from their resembling As a general conclusion, it seems warrantable to state that the National Anthem goes back as a composition to an age prior to that when it was first formally submitted to public notice; that it bore the name of a Stuart sovereign before that of the Hanoverian king; and was pressed into the service of the later dynasty for political purposes when the adherents of the older were on the point of invading England with a view to its re-establishment. Among the names conjecturally mentioned as composers of the music, Purcell's is the most likely, who was one of the organists of the royal chapel in the reign of James II, and at the same time organist of Westminster Abbey. The words are of home growth, but belong to different periods. They are derived from various sources, as songs prepared for coronation processions, royal progresses, and festive entertainments, while such sentences as "scatter our enemies," "confound their devices," with the prayer for "a long and happy reign over us," occur in the offices of the Anglican liturgy. Our old ballad poetry is rife with brief loyal outbursts, wholly unconnected with the subject of the strain, as if introduced from usage, answering no purpose but to eke out a rhyme or lengthen the song. A famous example from the Scottish border once figured ludicrously in nonconformist psalmody. It happened in the days of yore at Leicester, when the town had only one dissenting chapel, a Presbyterian place of worship called invariably the Great Meeting. Hymn-books, being then rare, were dispensed with. The usage was for written copies of the hymns required at each service to be placed in order on the clerk's desk, one above the other, for him to give out by two lines at a time. One memorable Sunday morning, some juvenile conspirators against his peace succeeded in placing an inscribed scroll of their own on the top of the orthodox documents. So the unsuspecting official, beginning his work as audibly as usual, announced the lines, "God prosper long our noble King, Our lives and safetyes all." Quickly the minister whispered, leaning over the "Stop! stop!" was now energetically exclaimed from the pulpit, "hand it to me; take the next," fully alive to the fact that some unlucky mischance had occurred, or mischievous wit must have been at work intentionally to confound his subordinate. THE MANDARIN'S DAUGHTER: A STORY OF THE CHINESE GREAT REBELLION, AND THE 'EVER-VICTORIOUS ARMY." VICTORIA HARBOUR, HONG KONG. CHAPTER III.—PERILS OF THE SEA-SHIPWRECKED MARINERS Now -PIRATES. OW that we had sailed into the North Pacific, the course of the Jupiter was changed to the westward, and she bowled along at nine knots per hour under the north-east trade winds, sighting every day or two some of the innumerable isles that form the groups of Polynesia and the Indian Archipelago. Ever varying in outline, they formed a continuous island panorama for days and weeks together. Sometimes they were low coral isles, fringed with dangerous reefs, whose palm-trees were invisible at a few miles' distance, and sometimes they were peaked, precipitous, rocky islets, towering above the sea for hundreds-even thousands of feet. It was an anxious time for the captain whilst sailing through these rocks, reefs, and shoals, subject to devious currents, and although he had full confidence in his crew, he was always on the look-out, and constantly studying his charts. Whenever he had a chance, he would take his ship outside the usual track, so as to avoid the intricate channels and to get plenty of sea room. One day, whilst looking through his telescope at a rocky island to windward of us, distant about five or six miles, he suddenly shouted out, "Back the mainyard! back the mainyard!" and told the steersman to put the helm hard aport. His orders were immediately obeyed, and the ship swung round to the wind with all her sails aback. The commotion caused by this brought all the passengers on deck, and the captain turned to me and said, "Just take a look through my glass at that island and tell me what you see." It seemed to be a barren, precipitous island, about five hundred feet high, cleft in two, with three needle-shaped pinnacles on its northern shore. On its southern half there was a deep cavern, with the surf breaking in white foam at its entrance. The northern half looked least desolate, and had something like vegetation on its flank, in the midst of which there appeared to be a solitary tree. There were no habitations to be seen, or signs of life, save the sea-birds which hovered about its perpendicular cliffs. "The only prominent object," I said, "is a palm-tree on the north part of the island." The captain took another look, "I take your palm-tree to be a signal of distress." "And so do I," said Petersen, the mate, "and that there are probably some shipwrecked people on the island." As this seemed probable, our skipper determined to beat up to the island, and, when we got as close to it as it was prudent to go, he despatched the mate, with two sailors and two of my sappers and myself, in the quarter-boat to land, and ordered us to make for the cleft in the centro of the rocks. When we got to shore, we found the island was of volcanic origin, with giant columns of basalt resembling those at Fingal's Cave; and as we passed the mouth of the cavern which had been seen so far away, we heard the surf breaking against its walls with the noise of thunder. Not a ledge could be seen upon which the least footing could be obtained, so we rowed under the lee to the gap between the two hills, and there, as the captain had conjectured, there was a small bit of pebbly beach, where we could haul up the boat. Leaving the two sailors in charge of the boat, the others dispersed themselves in the direction of the signal post, and reached it with less difficulty than was expected. It was quite evident that some shipwrecked people had erected it, for it was a ship's spar, with a sailor's blue woollen shirt fastened to the top; but although we shouted and fired pistols to attract attention, there was no response, and we were about to leave the island, when I accidentally discovered in a little thicket the skeletons of two human beings. I called my companions to the spot, and, after we had vainly endeavoured to make out who they were, and to find some record of their sad story, we dug a grave, covered them over with earth and stones, and then cut down the signal-post, lest it should attract some other ship out of its course. was impossible to tell to what country these unfortunate men had belonged. Not impossibly they had been part of the crew of a Manilla trader, for the shirt appeared be of Spanish manufacture. It and that they were arranging amongst themselves lest some might attack the ship, and rob them of their gold, and murder those who resisted-for these pirates are sanguinary, desperate men. Our captain also took measures for our safety, distributed arms, and had his four guns loaded with ball. He directed me to tell my men that we were in the vicinity of the Canton River estuary, which is frequented by the most bloodthirsty pirates on the coast, and that they were daring enough to attack ships as large as ours, and to rob and murder whenever they had the chance. "Therefore," said he, "get your arms and ammunition ready, and I shall leave the command of your men to you, and with my men will load and fire our four big guns should there be occasion." This was an unexpected change in the peaceful state of affairs which had hitherto prevailed throughout the voyage, and I could not help thinking of the anomalous condition of a people who receive their countrymen, returning from abroad, with fire and sword instead of with the open hand of welcome. I mustered my men, of course, and when they were put through their facings on the main-deck the Chinese could not contain their joy, and kept "chin! chinning!" the soldiers with the utmost hilarity, some of them saying, that "tief man no can catchee sip; spose he come, Inkilee solya (English soldier) man all same soot him dead!" Towards night the number of junks increased, and their lights sparkled in all directions over the waves. The Jupiter also had her lights hoisted, a white ore at the foretop and two in the mizen-chains. It was quite dark after sunset as the moon did not rise until late, and the lights of the fishing-boats gradually disappeared as they steered towards the shore. The mate was in the bows with his watch, keeping a sharp look-out lost the ship might run down some of the junks. Suddenly he called out, Bear away! a large junk on the lee bow without lights!" His order was obeyed, and the captain came on deck with his night-glass. "That is a suspicious-looking craft," he said to me; "have your men ready, and see that my hands reeve out the guns." Then he took up his speaking-trumpet, and called to the junk people in Canton jargon, "No can do! Spose you come, my ship sink you!" No land was now sighted until we saw the most northern of the Philippine Islands, a long chain which stretches between Luzon and Formosa, the two greatest islands in these parts. There are several passages between them. We ran through the Balintang Passage, which has a channel eighteen miles wide, and passed fairly, into the dreaded China" Sea one evening, just as the last rays of the setting sun were gilding the mountain tops. We landsmen now began to calculate at what hour we should get to shore, but the captain shook his head and told us that the worst part of the way had yet to come; in saying which he proved indeed to be right, for on the following day we encountered and had to beat up against the south-west monsoon, and three days afterwards were surprised by a furious typhoon, which threw the vessel almost upon her beam ends, and washed away boats and everything that was loose or movable. We got safely through this peril, however, and after a short period of calm, a favourable breeze sprang up once more, and the ship resumed her course for Hong Kong under a cloud of canvas. Again the decks were crowded by our Chinese passengers, on the look-out to catch the first glimpse of their native land, and of the boats of their countrymen, which we call junks. The first we saw were fishing-boats, and, though far out of sight of land, appeared to be frail structures, with their bamboo masts and spars dipping into the trough of the sea as if they would go down. Women and children were on board, some of them attending to the nets, and appeared quite unconcerned as we passed. Many were sighted during the day, and some larger ones, which I took to be trading junks, but when these appeared the Chinese became anxious and even excited. Fan A-wye told me they were afraid that some of these were pirate junks, No answer was given, but the junk bore up to windward, and fired a shotted gun across our bows, carrying away the martingale. The light from the gun revealed the formidable appearance of the craft, which could not have been less than two hundred tons, with probably twenty nine-pounder guns on board, and a hundred men. The villains set up an unearthly yell, which at once showed their intention of boarding the ship. Not a moment was lost in returning fire with our two windward guns, and both hit the junk on the deck amidship, where most of the pirates stood, and no doubt did great execution. They replied with eight or nine shots, but they were all too low to do much harm to the Jupiter, and she stood so high out of the water that the pirates could not tell how many people were on board. 66 "Let her come nearer," I shouted to the captain, so as to come within rifle range, and run out all your guns to windward." This was done, and I got my twenty men close under the bulwarks ready to fire a volley. Down dropped the pirate, thinking he was sure to take a ship with only two guns. A number of jingals, or fire-lock pieces, were discharged from her, but |