The nose has been still more freely handled by artists than by scribblers. There is an old etching, known as the Nose Etching, the work of some very clever Flemish engraver, the subject of which is a domestic group of some seven or eight figures-the father working at his carpenter's bench, the mother busy preparing the mid-day meal, and the younger members of the family all industriously employed. In all the figures the nose exceeds in size, or nearly so, the rest of the head, yet so admirable is the conception, there is not one plain, much less one forbidding face among them; even the babe in arms has the pure, innocent, infantine expression, and the general effect of the whole is in a high degree pleasing. Very different from this are the absurd exaggerations and distortions indulged in by the caricaturists of a few generations back, but which have happily now gone well-nigh out of vogue. There is a limit beyond which coarse exaggerations of feature, and of the nose especially, cannot be carried without degradation to the artist. Gillray seems to have struck the boundary exactly, and never overstepped it without doing violence to his instincts. Leech, who was a sort of refined Gillray, and a great deal more, was too thorough an artist to aim at effect by absurdly exaggerating a single feature, in which particular he resembled the greatest of all English delineators of character, Hogarth. Hogarth, who seems to have done everything thoroughly and according to system, in a treatise on the Art of Caricature appended to his "Analysis of Beauty," gives a list of the several kinds of noses, which he recommends the would-be caricaturist to get off by heart as boys at school do the several declensions and conjugations in learning grammar. "Noses," he says,

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the centre of the eyes. This divergence from regularity, in some instances extremely slight, but discoverable in nearly all faces, has been sought to be accounted for in various ways-by careless nursing, by sleeping during infancy too much on one side, or by the pressure of the maternal bosom, etc., etc.-but no satisfactory cause for it has yet been broached. It is attended, however, with one good result-it gives variety and character to the face, and renders it far more expressive of emotion than it otherwise would be. Of all the dull faces in the world, those most perfectly regular in feature are the dullest.

In the shaving days of our youth the barber was the only individual who was privileged to take society by the nose, and he did it with a graceful and urbane flourish of the sinistral digits peculiar to himself. In those days also it was thought that a man's nose was at least a settled thing, whatever other matters, public or private, were liable to disturbance. But we have altered all that. There is now a new science of Noseology springing up. Han's nose is not a settled thing. If you, my friend, do not like the nose you wear and have worn so long, there is a machine advertised, by wearing which occasionally you can remodel your nose to any pattern that may suit your fancy; and having gone to bed with a doleful snub, may rise some morning with the aquiline arch of great Cæsar himself. What audacity of genius and invention!

JOHN KEAST LORD.

T with much emotion that my eye fell upon

beak; 4, bulbous, or bottled; 5, straight, or Grecian; 6, turned-up, or snub; and 7, 8, mixed, or broken." And he gives their several outlines, thus:

هاهاهاها ما ساها دما

It is plain that Hogarth's list forms but a very imperfect catalogue of noses, looking at the infinite variety of them one meets with in a day's walk. It would be difficult, however, to draw a single additional specimen that could be called typical, the mass of noses being of a mixed kind, and made up, so to speak, of parts, in greater or less proportion, of the types which Hogarth has given. It is somewhat remarkable that the rarest of all noses is not the graceful, handsome, or well-developed feature so perfect on the artist's canvas, but the nose, of whatever kind it may be, which is exactly central in the face, where, one would say, nature intended it should be. Examine closely a hundred heads, and you shall not, perhaps, find three in which the bridge of the nose descends perpendicularly, as it should do, from a right line drawn exactly through

and high-class naturalist, in the November number of the "Leisure Hour." Mr. Frank Buckland's sparkling and hearty sketch of his life and character is not overdrawn, I have reason to affirm from what I knew and heard of Mr. Lord when myself out in British Columbia in 1858. He was naturalist to the British half of the Boundary Commission. In those early days we all of us lived a genuine Robinson Crusoe life, and such men as Lord, who, from large experience knew how to "rough it" smoothly, and extract pleasure and profit from drawbacks and dangers, were ever prized, and obeyed with alacrity and an affection sui generis, and unknown to those who "sit at home at ease."

My first introduction to Mr. Lord was in 1858, about the close of the year, as well as I can remember. It was just after my arrival at Vancouver Island, and whilst the guest of another of our great and modest scientific men, Captain George Richards, R.N., then at the head of the Hydrographic Survey out there, now Admiral Richards, the Hydrographer at the Admiralty. Captain Richards took me over from Thetis Cottage, on the shores of Esquimalt Harbour, to the temporary encampment of the Royal Engineers and Sappers who were about to proceed to mark out the boundary between British and United States territory, the ill-starred treaty that bred the San Juan difficulty, which, I fear, only slumbers even now.

They were all in the highest possible spirits, with Lord the soul of the party; full of the strange enterprise which had fallen to their lot, and displaying the apparatus, scientific instruments,

The cutting of the boundary was effected thus. The British and American Governments had agreed that the dividing line between the possessions of the two countries should be the 49th parallel of latitude from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Each Government sent out a detachment of scientific men from their army to find out the 49th parallel, and then permanently made the line a fixed frontier. The expedition was called the Boundary Commission.

The officers by astronomical observations agreed upon the line, and then the sappers cut it. Now none who have not been in primæval forests can form any idea of the toil and peril of living always and working in them. All forests in merry old England are but woods and copses compared with the solemn realities of the colossal American provinces under timber, bearding mountain ranges, covering mighty plains, and holding the whole country in the silent but absolute power of one vast army of monsters, to root up each of which costs the poor colonist many a dollar, many a tear, and not a little sweat of the brow. Well, from ocean to range had this forest army to be attacked, and a lane cut about forty yards wide, all along the 49th parallel, making, when completed, a great "gangway" from Rocky Mountain to Pacific Ocean. As the forest would soon replace the sturdy, obstinate warrior pines cut down by the sappers, some permanent memorial had to be used to keep the boundary marked for future generations. Iron posts were sunk in the centre of the great road-clearing to effect this end; upon each, in the casting, is embossed in large letters, "BOUNDARY TREATY. 1844." On the one side of the 49th parallel is our British Columbia, and upon the other the American Washington Territory.

Whilst they were thus busy preparing the new land for civilisation, my duty in the church militant was as a pioneer to be preparing it for evangelisation. As pioneer my first work lay very near theirs: at Fort Langley, between twenty and thirty miles, as the crow flies, from the 49th parallel, I built the very first church and parsonage in that great colony of British Columbia, as large as France and part of Spain, and the colony which, by forming the complement of the Grand Canadian Confederation ("The Dominion") upon the Pacific seaboard, gives the whole inter-oceanic range of British North America to Great Britain, for commerce, colonisation, and strategic purposes. This first church was built in 1859. Soon after the devoted and able Bishop Hills came out with a large and symmetrical church organisation; and in no colony has the English Church obtained a more complete, early, and honourable footing than in British Columbia.

To illustrate the perils of the Boundary Commission enterprise, I will close this little sketch, suggested by seeing good Mr. Lord's portrait, by narrating a sad episode which occurred whilst they were (so far as they could be) under my supervision at Fort Langley, and before they penetrated into the lonely wilds, far from even the Indian's home. As may be imagined, life in the midst of a great forest, in a climate where gales are of continual occurrence, is one long peril to life and limb; every minute the crash is heard, far or near, of some forest monster; often enough close to the huts of the party-sometimes upon them, when asleep at

sapper was crushed to death by the fall of a pine. His dying wish was to receive Christian burial at my hands. His comrades resolved to attempt the fulfilment of his sacred wish. Although the measured distance might be only twenty-four miles, yet the carrying a burden through the forest was such an undertaking as none would attempt save from love, duty, or necessity. At last, late on one Sunday afternoon, the little party made its appearance, under Lieutenant Darrah, R.E., who, I believe, has since gone to join his comrade in arms. After the service in a small wooden mission chapel which I had erected up there on the sandspit, we went to the little cemetery belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, and just outside the fort. After the graveside service I delivered an address to the people-storekeepers, Indians, Chinese, gold-miners, Hudson Bay Company's employés, but especially to the soldiers, who evidenced their deep grief in losing a comrade whom they loved much. They seemed to feel the address; and no marvel, for what comes from the heart finds its way to the heart. And after ministering to a "mixed multitude," composed of waifs and strays from every nation under the sun, it touched me to the quick, and brought dear old England home to me, to have a party of honest, intelligent, simple-minded Englishmen, full of respect and open to conviction, to whom to minister so many thousand miles away from all that was dearest upon earth.

Such is the outline of associations awakened by seeing your portrait of John Keast Lord, then naturalist to the Boundary Commission, part of which was represented on that Sabbath afternoon at a soldier's grave in a strange land. Beverley.

W. B. CRICKMER.

UNATTACHED STUDENTS AT CAMBRIDGE. THE attention of the readers of the "Leisure Hour" has been already called to the fact that there has been established for some time, at the University of Oxford, a scheme by which persons may become members of that University without entering at any one of the colleges or halls. It is not generally known that in the year 1869 a similar plan was formed at the sister University. We therefore think it may be of use to point out the salient features of this plan, and also to indicate the advantages which Cambridge offers to the diligent and resolute student.

For full explanation of this system, we cannot do better than quote the document which provides "Information relating to Non-Collegiate Students in the University of Cambridge'

"Students are admitted members of the University without being members of any college or hostel. Such students keep terms by residing in Cambridge with their parents, or in lodgings duly licensed, and are entitled to be matriculated, examined, and admitted to degrees in the same manner and with the same status and privileges as students who are members of colleges. They are under the jurisdiction of the vice-chancellor and proctors, and are required to pay due obedience to all academical regulations.

Each applicant for admission must produce a

said, nineteen slaves with him. Two of these he gave to his sister. One of these slaves wished to be baptized for years, and was refused permission by his mistress, because, she said, 'it was possible they might require to sell him.' The great obstacle to the suppression of the traffic is the absence of any public opinion condemning the purchase and possession of slaves. I have heard a respectable Coptic merchant inveigh bitterly against the tyranny of the English Government interfering with the trade of honest people in this matter."" Clandestinely, it is carried on to a large extent, and is stimulated by the difficulty in obtaining domestic servants which is observed in Egypt, as in England. One informant, whose figures Sir Bartle quotes with hesitation, said that 10,000 slaves were annually imported into Egypt. The regions which Egypt could influence are the seat of a far vaster trade. These countries, between the Red and Arabian Seas on the east and the Atlantic to the west are roughly estimated to contain 80,000,000 negroes, and the annual drain consequent on slavery is estimated at 1,000,000. -Sir Bartle Frere's Report.

LIQUORICE.-The cultivation of the liquorice plant in this country is confined to the neighbourhood of Pontefract. The plant resembles a bunch of young ash saplings, growing in twigs of four or five from each root to about two feet in height. The roots are about two or three feet deep, requiring very deep soil for full growth. At first it is set in a deep trench, and afterwards earthed up like celery. Cabbages are generally grown in the furrows, which come to perfection some weeks earlier than those on the open market gardens, from the shelter of the ridges.

SAND-BLAST FOR CUTTING AND ENGRAVING.-To cut a face or level surface on a rough stone, the sand-jet is made to cut a groove about one inch deep along the whole length of the stone, the overhanging edge is then broken off with the hammer, and the jet is advanced an inch and a new groove is cut, and its overhanging edge is broken off, and so on. To cut a deep channel, as in quarrying, two jets are used, making parallel grooves about three inches apart, leaving between them a narrow fin or tongue of stone, which is broken off by a tool, and the jets are advanced and new grooves cut. Sand driven by an air-blast of the pressure of four inches of water, will completely grind or depolish the surface of glass in ten seconds. If the glass is covered by a stencil of paper or lace, or by a design drawn in any tough elastic substance, such as half dried oil, paint, or gum, a picture will be engraved on the surface. Photographic copies in bi-chromated gelatin, from delicate line engravings, have been thus faithfully reproduced on glass. In photographic pictures in gelatin, taken from nature, the lights and shadows produce films of gelatin of different degrees of thickness. A carefully regulated sand-blast will act upon the glass beneath these films more or less powerfully in proportion to the thickness of the films, and the half tones or gradations of light and shade are thus produced on the glass. If the sandblast is applied to a cake of resin on which a picture has been produced by photography in gelatin, or drawn by hand in oil or gum, the bare parts of the surface may be cut away to any desired depth. The lines left in relief will be well supported, their base being broader than their top, and there being no under cutting, as is apt to occur in etching on metal with acid. An electrotype from this matrix can be printed from in an ordinary press. The sand-blast has been applied to cutting ornaments in wood, cleaning metals from sand, scale, etc., cleaning the fronts of buildings, graining or frosting metals, cutting and dressing mill-stones, and a variety of other purposes. MEAT PRICES.-The high price of meat is partly accounted for by the following statement as to the mode of supply for London. We are told that at all times of the year the supply is limited; it is never excessive. There are too many useless and unnecessary persons obtaining livelihoods between the producer and the consumer. An animal fattened in Norfolk frequently passes through three or four markets and sales before it gets to the cattle market in London, and there is often sold twice or thrice, then slaughtered and sent to the meat market in Smithfield, where the carcass is sold and resold by the jobbers, and at last finds its way into the shops of the retail butchers; half a dozen profits, where, in the true interest of the consumer, three or four of them could and should be dispensed with. The salesmen compete most keenly in obtaining the best price they can in the interest of their consigner, and, of course, he who is enabled to return the best price has the largest quantities of meat for sale. This is done by various processes. The first necessity is capital; large credits are given. Frequently money is found for persons in the country to purchase the meat and animals and send them to London. It is commonly

understood in the markets that the retail men who can pay ready money for their articles can purchase 1d. or 1d. in the stone of 81b. cheaper than those who take credit. Where one pays cash, five are credit purchasers. This does not arise because the butcher has not a fair amount of capital to carry on his business, but because in some districts the retail tradesmen take all ready money, while in others hardly any person pays his tradesmen oftener than once a month, and in some instances the butcher would lose his customer if he asked for money more frequently than once a year. The first thing necessary to bring about a more healthy state of things is that the public should pay cash on delivery for their food: less capital would be required to carry on the trade, and a more direct control over housekeeping expenses would arise, a matter very necessary in these days of high prices. The butcher then would be enabled to pay cash.

THE LANDSEER FAMILY.-Sir Edwin's father was an artist, an engraver, and art-critic. One of his brothers, Mr. Charles Landseer, is a member, and was formerly Keeper of the Royal Academy; another brother, Mr. Thomas Landseer, Associate Engraver of the Academy, is known in the world of art literature by his "Life and Letters of William Bewick," published in 1867. Their sister, Miss E. Landseer, also exhibited for many years, both at the Royal Academy and the British Institution, as did another relative, Henry Landseer. Mr. Stephens, in his book on the "Early Work of Sir E. Landseer," records "that at the British Institution Exhibitions of 1821, 1822, and 1823, Miss Landseer, Mr. E. Landseer, and Mr. H. Landseer appear together in the catalogue." On the same authority we learn that Landseer's early drawings and etchings at South Kensington "were for the most part presented to the nation with the Sheepshanks gift of pictures and drawings, though some came with the Vernon gift, and many were undoubtedly in the possession of Mr. Vernon before they passed into the hands of Mr. Sheepshanks." It is interesting also to know that the drawings and sketches at South Kensington are specimens picked out by Sir Edwin's father from a much larger number, testifying with affectionate pride, most pardonable in a parent, and that there are extant notes in that father's handwriting that some of these drawings were made when his son was only five years old.

CROWDING TO ROME. The daughter of an old Earl of Devonshire, having embraced the Romish faith, was asked by Archbishop Laud her reason for changing her religion. "It is chiefly," she replied, "because I hate to travel in a crowd." The meaning of these words being demanded, she gave the following explanation: "I perceive that your grace and many others are making haste to Rome, and therefore to prevent my being jostled I have gone before you."

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.-It is important to observe that accidents are mainly due to a steady repetition of the same causes. There is no reason to expect that any amount of remonstrance with the companies will have the slightest effect in inducing them to take more care of travellers. They have apparently settled down to the fatalistic conviction that railways are possible only on condition that so many lives shall be sacrificed every year, as they used to be to the dragons of old, and that the public must make up its mind to accept this condition. There is only one way of touching the companies, and that must be left to the juries who will have to deal with the claims for damages. Costly and troublesome suits have to be undertaken in order to recover compensation. The railway companies are armed with all sorts of summary penalties against passengers, and it is only fair that passengers should have similar facilities for prosecuting their claims against the companies. There is no other method of checking the criminal recklessness and perversity of railway managers. In a less patient and orderly society, one or two of them would, perhaps, be lynched.Saturday Review.

IRISH NATIONAL SCHOOLS.-At this moment the general body of British taxpayers are lavishing immense sums annually in maintaining and spreading, not only the Roman Catholic doctrines of a former age, but also the new tests of orthodoxy, and the new objects of Divine worship lately invented by our ingenious neighbours across the British Channel. Shocking as the pretended revelations of Mary Alacoque must be to all simple Christians, the whole British people are now instilling them into the minds of the rising Irish generation by means of State-paid schools abandoned to the absolute control of the priesthood, and we are now told in a way not to be mistaken, by archbishops and bishops, that unless we do this, and more also, we may expect to find Ireland a difficulty, if not a foe, in any question of national safety or honour.-Times.