and I think it is a gracious accommodation to them to let them make their statements and presentations at this time.

Next, Mr. Chairman, I should like to express my personal pleasure at the fact that Chairman Magnuson of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce assigned this bill to this particular subcommittee. You come from a State which certainly has its own problems of marginal rainfall. I know of your interest in the subject.

Senator Blakley comes from Texas, where they have had outstanding problems of water shortage the past few years. Senator Schoeppel comes from Kansas, where although they may be having a little moisture now in the form of snow they have been experiencing some very severe problems which not only have affected agriculture, but also the communities of Kansas. I am pleased that Senator Carlson is here from Kansas to make a statement on the bill this morning.

With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I should like, first, to suggest 2 or 3 relatively minor amendments in the bill, and make a very brief statement, and then permit Senator Carlson and Congressman Baring to make their statements. I know they have other commitments during the forenoon, and I can complete mine later.

For the record, though, since you have introduced the bill into the record, I would suggest on page 1, line 10, the word "either" should be stricken, primarily for clarity, I think.

Then I should like to suggest a new section, following section 2, which would read as follows:

For the purposes of experimental program herein authorized, the Advisory Committee on Weather Control is authorized to accept contributions of materials or cash from States, associations, or persons desiring to make such contributions without reimbursement.

That obviously is merely to give them authority to accept contributions.

A somewhat similar proposal is in S. 84, but since S. 84 is limited to the Defense Department I thought it would be desirable to have this added here.

Then the succeeding sections 3 and 4 should be renumbered and possibly the commttee may want to extend the life of the Advisory Commttee in this bill.

As you have noted, the life of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control was extended by an act in 1956, but not as long as it would need to be in operation in order to carry on this 5-year program. Having mentioned that, and I think that suggests the amendments that I have in mind, the purpose of this bill, Mr. Chairman, is to take the next step in research in cloud modification. The Advisory Committee was given the responsibility of evaluating the experiments that have been carried no, or projects that have been carried on, either by private or public agencies, but the committee was not authorized to engage in field experiments. They have been concerned with assembling results of activities that have been noted by others, that led them to say in their report, which they submitted to Congress last year the interim report that certain results had been noted on the Pacific slope of the western mountains, but, whether or not those results could be applied, or those techniques could be applied, to the Great Plains region where we have the greater problem, perhaps, of water shortage, they were not in a position to say.

Growing out of that, I felt that we should have an experimental research program, a field experimental program, and this bill proposes methods of accomplishing that.

Now, then, if I may pause at this point, I should like to permit the Chair, if agreeable, to recognize the other Members of Congress.

Senator BIBLE. I am certainly happy to accommodate both Senator Carlson and Congressman Baring. I know each of you have other pressing engagements. If it is agreeable with you, I will recognize Senator Carlson.

STATEMENT OF HON. FRANK CARLSON, A SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF KANSAS

Senator CARLSON. I appreciate your courtesy in permitting me to be heard out of turn this morning.

I appear here this morning in regard to S. 86, the bill introduced by Senator Case on cloud modification. You can well understand that we in Kansas, as has been mentioned by Senator Case, not only Kansas, but several States in the Midwest, have suffered seriously from drought during the past few years, and when that situation prevails the citizens become desperate, they do not hesitate to spend money, they organize communities, they raise sums of money, and they have made every effort they could to try to secure some aid on relief through this type of program, and I think it is important that we try to get all the information we can on it for the future.

At the present I think it is generally agreed that there is much that we need to learn about this particular type of program. As has been mentioned, we have had some very fine moisture during the last 48 to 72 hours, and it is moisture that has fallen in areas where they have had practically no moisture for 4 to 5 years, which is really a very critical condition.

I say there is interest in it in Kansas. The Kansas Legislature is in session, and I have here before me house bill No. 39, which states:

An act relating to weather control and the artificial modification thereof; prescribing certain powers and duties to the State board of agriculture; creating a weather control commission and prescribing its powers and duties; providing for the licensing and registration of operators and for the collection and disposition of fees, and prescribing penalties for violation of the act.

This is a bill that has 12 separate paragraphs, 12 sections, which passed the House of Representatives on March 19 and is now in the Federal-State affairs committee of the Senate. I don't know what the final action will be, or when it will be, but it does in my opinion express interest in this type of program, and if there is no objection, Mr. Chairman, it might be of interest and might be of value to the hearing, and to the record that is being made, to have a copy of this bill made a part of the record.

Senator BIBLE. Without objection, that will be the order. (House bill No. 39 is as follows:)

HOUSE BILL No. 39

BY MR. BAUMAN

AN ACT Relating to weather control and the artificial modification thereof; prescribing certain powers and duties of the State board of agriculture: creating a weather control commission and prescribing its powers and duties; providing for the licensing and registration of operators and for the collection and disposition of fees, and prescribing penalties for violation of the Act

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Kansas:

SECTION 1. For the purpose of determining the ultimate extent to which weather modification may be utilized in this State, and to assure proper safeguards, accurate information and data, the State board of agriculture and the State weather control commission are hereby vested with the powers and duties hereinafter set forth.

SEC. 2. As used in this act: (1) The word "board" means the State board of agriculture.

(2) The word "commission" means the weather-control commission.

(3) The word "person" means any individual, firm, association, partnership, organization, corporation, or municipality.

(4) The term "weather modification" means initiating, changing, or controlling the course or effects of the forces, measures and other factors constituting weather phenomenon including temperature, wind direction and velocity, and the inducing, increasing, decreasing, and preventing by artificial methods of precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet, mist, or fog.

(5) The terms "experimentation" and "research and development" mean theoretical exploration and experimentation and the extension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature in the practical application for experimental and demonstrative purposes, including the experimental producing and testing of model devices, equipment, materials and processes.

SEC. 3. The State board of agriculture shall administer and enforce the provisions of this act. The said board may, under rules adopted, delegate any of the powers and duties imposed upon it by this act to the secretary of said board and his assistants or subordinates and may authorize the said secretary or his assistants to perform any of the duties and exercise any of the powers, authority and jurisdiction conferred upon the said board by this act.

SEC. 5. There is hereby established a weather control commission which shall be composed of the secretary of the State board of agriculture, the chief engineer of the division of water resources of the State board of agriculture, and the dean of agriculture of the State college of agriculture and applied science, and two members to be appointed by the Governor. Said commission shall be an auxiliary of the State board of agriculture and shall be subject to the supervision of the said board. The commission shall meet quarterly on dates to be designated by the commission and upon the call of the Secretary of the State board of agriculture. The members of the commission appointed by the Governor shall receive ten dollars ($10) for each day or part thereof spent in the performance of their duties and shall receive actual traveling and necessary expenses incurred while attending the meetings. The secretary of the board shall give advance notice to the members of all meetings. Members of the commission appointed by the Governor shall hold office for term of one year, except that appointments to fill vacancies shall be made by the Governor for the unexpired terms. The commission shall annually elect a chairman and vice chairman from its membership and the secretary of the State board of agriculture shall act as secretary to the commission.

SEC. 5. The commission shall: (1) Determine the procedures, requirements, conditions, and professional standards under which licenses to conduct operations hereunder may be issued; (2) investigate and make recommendations to the board as to applicants who shall be issued licenses under this act; and (3) approve areas in which each operator is to work.

SEC. 6. The commission is further authorized and empowered: (1) To promulgate such rules and regulations as may be deemed proper and necessary to perform the duties imposed by this act, subject to the approval of the board; (2) to appoint qualified individuals or organizations to evaluate and publish the effects of all operations conducted within the State and to employ necessary clerical help, subject to approval by the board; (3) to recommend, after investigation, the revocation of licenses after proper notice and hearing; and (4) to enter into contracts or agreements as are necessary and as approved by the board.

SEC. 7. It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in activities for artificial weather modification except under and in accordance with a license issued by the board. Said board shall issue the license only upon the recommendation of the commission. Each license shall expire on December 31 of each year and shall be revocable prior to such date by the board upon recommendation of the commission in accordance with established procedures.

SEC. 8. Any person desiring to cause, or attempting to cause, condensation or precipitation of rain, snow, moisture, or water in any form contained in the

atmosphere, or shall prevent or attempt to prevent by artificial means the natural condensation or precipitation of rain, snow, moisture, or water in any form contained in the atmosphere, shall make application to the board in writing, on forms supplied by the board. Each application shall be accompanied by a registration fee of twenty-five dollars ($25). The license fee for each calendar year or fraction thereof shall be one hundred dollars ($100). Every licensee shall pay an additional annual fee of ten dollars ($10) for each generator installed and operated. The initial generator fee shall be paid within seven (7) days after such generator has been installed and placed in operation and thereafter no fees shall be refunded. Applications for renewal shall be made before March 1 of any year. Failure to pay any such fees shall be grounds for revocation of the license of the operator. No fee shall be charged for experimental or research work.

SEC. 9. All moneys collected under the provision of this act shall be deposited in the State treasury at least monthly and the State treasurer shall credit twenty percent (20 %) thereof to the general fund of the State and the remaining eighty percent (80%) shall be paid into a weather modification fund, which fund is hereby created and shall be used by the board for the administration of this act. The disbursements from this fund shall be made by warrants drawn on the State treasurer by the State controller upon vouchers approved by the secretary of the State board of agriculture.

SEC. 10. The board and the commission shall cooperate with the Federal Government and all agencies thereof and with the State agencies and with agencies of other States in conducting artificial weather modification operations.

SEC. 11. Any person who shall engage in any type of artificial weather modification without a license or who shall otherwise violate any of the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by law.

SEC. 12. This Act shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the statute book.

Senator CARLSON. I might state again I think this is a problem that merits every consideration of this committee and the Congress, and I am indebted to the chairman and the members for giving me this time and giving me an opportunity to appear.

Senator BIBLE. Has there to your knowledge been any prior legislation passed in the State of Kansas in the cloud modification or cloudseeding program?

Senator CARLSON. As far as I know, this is the first bill that has passed. We have had legislation introduced of various types. This is the first time that a bill of that coverage, with as complete coverage of all phases of it, has been introduced, in my opinion.

Senator BIBLE. Thank you, Senator Carlson. I know that you have many other commitments. We are pleased to have your statement. Congressman Baring.

Senator CASE. If Senator Carlson is about to leave, Mr. Chairman, I wonder if I might exhibit to him and to you pictures of considerable interest.

This first picture taken last July in South Dakota shows the cloud formation at 12,000 feet. You will see it is a smooth undercast of clouds from the point at which this was taken, 12,000 feet.

The next picture shows two puffs appearing there; this is 20 minutes after dry ice was dropped into the clouds. After this 20 minutes you will note the two puffs of clouds have risen 800 feet.

At this picture, after 30 minutes, the two seeded clouds had formed large cells, and at 50 minutes the first cloud is now up to 18,000 feet. The C-47 they used couldn't climb fast enough to keep on top of it. There was rain that followed this seeding that averaged 3 inches down in the area of Sioux City, Iowa. Those pictures I think are of interest.

Senator BIBLE. They are, and the pictures will be kept for the information of the committee. I doubt if they can be conveniently made a part of the reporter's transcript, but they will be kept for our information.

Senator CASE. Here is another series of pictures which shows the use of different seeding techniques. This is status cloud clearing of an airfield at Presque Isle, Maine. The sequence of three pictures shows a fog cloud over the airfield, a strip through which the pattern of seeding was carried on, and then the hole in the fog cloud which cleared a path on the runway. This was taken in February of 1953. Senator CARLSON. I think that is very interesting.

Senator BIBLE. We appreciate having these pictures for the record. Thank you very much, Senator Carlson, for the courtesy of being with us.

Congressman Baring.

Mr. BARING. I, too, want to thank the committee for being given this opportunity to come before you. I do not come as a trained specialist on this, but I do have a short prepared statement as it affects our State, which I would like to read into the record at this time.

Senator BIBLE. You may do so.

STATEMENT OF WALTER S. BARING, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF NEVADA

Mr. BARING. Mr. Chairman, on March 21, I addressed a letter to you on the subject of cloud seeding and weather modification activities conducted in northern Nevada, during the years 1951 through 1956 without Federal assistance. In that letter I pointed out a need for a scientifically designed and organized program of seeding over a long enough period of time so that the resulting data could be properly evaluated in the interests of both the local participants and the general public. I should like at this time to read my letter, to this committee, and to make it a permanent part of the record of these hearings:

Last month I received a letter from George B. Moseley, secretary-manager, Pershing County Water Conservation District of Nevada, directing my attention to the efforts of Mr. Edmund Muth, assistant State engineer, and chairman of the Nevada State Cloud Seeding Committee, toward the development of a cloud seeding and weather modification program in northern Nevada.

Upon receipt of this letter, I immediately established contact with Jack C. Oppenheimer, executive secretary, Advisory Committee on Weather Control. Through him, I have learned that tests were made in Nevada, under the direction of the Nevada State Cloud Seeding Committee, by the Water Resources Development Corp., and by the North American Weather Consultants, as follows:

May 1 through July, of 1951, in Elko County;

September 1951 to March 1952, in Elko County;

December 1, 1954, to June 1, 1955, in White Pine, Lincoln, and Nye Counties; November 1, 1955, to May 30, 1956, in drainage area above Owyhee Dam and in the following counties: Humboldt, Pershing, Elko, Lander, and Eureka. In addition, Joan Drackert, formerly manager of Pyramid Lake Guest Ranch, Sutcliffe, Nev., performed several tests.

These sporadic cloud seeding operations indicate a need for a scientifically designed and organized program of seeding over a long enough period of time so that the resulting data can be properly evaluated in the interests of both the local participants and the general public.