Nuclear Winter and Its Implications: Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session, October 2 and 3, 1985U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956 - 209 pagini |
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analyses areas arsenals assessment atmosphere atmospheric circulation attack baseline biological consequences Carl Sagan Chairman GOLDWATER cities climatic catastrophe climatic effects committee CONGRESS THE LIBRARY consequences of nuclear crops damage deterrence detonations doses ecological ecosystems effects of nuclear ENUWAR environmental especially estimates factor fallout fires GILLESPIE GOURE growing season Harwell impact important initial injected issue large-scale nuclear levels LIBRARY OF CONGRESS long-term major nuclear megatons military million missiles models mutual assured destruction National Northern Hemisphere nuclear exchange nuclear explosions nuclear war nuclear weapons nuclear winter effects nuclear winter hypothesis ozone percent PERLE policy implications possible potential predict production radiation radioactive reduce response result Sagan scenarios scientific Senator COHEN Senator LEVIN Senator NUNN significant Sloss smoke and dust smoke particles soot Soviet scientists Soviet Union square kilometers strategic defense Strategic Defense Initiative stratosphere targets temperature tion troposphere TTAPS study uncertainties United vulnerable warheads yield
Pasaje populare
Pagina 154 - The fact that no limits exist to the destructiveness of this weapon makes its very existence and the knowledge of its construction a danger to humanity as a whole. It is necessarily an evil thing considered in any light.
Pagina 81 - We are even now looking forward to a period of transition to a more stable world, with greatly reduced levels of nuclear arms and an enhanced ability to deter war based upon an increasing contribution of non-nuclear defenses against offensive nuclear arms.
Pagina 75 - Accordingly, available knowledge about prehistoric volcanic and impact events provides neither support nor refutation of the committee's conclusions. 9. All calculations of the atmospheric effects of a major nuclear war require quantitative assumptions about uncertain physical parameters. In many areas, wide ranges of values are scientifically credible, and the overall results depend materially on the values chosen. Some of these uncertainties may be reduced by further empirical or theoretical research,...
Pagina 77 - We agree that considerable additional research needs to be done to understand better the effects of nuclear war on the atmosphere, and we support the IRP as a means of advancing that objective. However, we do not expect that reliable results will be rapidly forthcoming. As a consequence, we are faced with a high degree of uncertainty, which will persist for some time. Finally, in view of the present and prospective uncertainties in these climatic predictions, we do not believe that it is possible...
Pagina 78 - Soviet threats we must be able to put at risk those types of Soviet targets — including hardened ones such as military command bunkers and facilities, missile silos, nuclear weapons and other storage, and the rest — which the Soviet leaders have given every indication by their actions they value most, and which constitute their tools of control and power.
Pagina 154 - SAGAN is the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He...
Pagina 158 - While it is often stated that cities are not targeted "per se," many of the above targets are very near or colocated with cities, especially in Europe. In addition, there is an industrial targeting category ("countervalue attack"). Modern nuclear doctrines require that "war-supporting" facilities be attacked. Many of these facilities are necessarily industrial in nature and engage a work force of considerable size. They are almost always situated near major transportation centers, so that raw materials...
Pagina 154 - Subscriptions HARRY C. MCPHERSON, JR. WILLIAM M. ROTH FRITZ STERN A Carl Sagan NUCLEAR WAR AND CLIMATIC CATASTROPHE: SOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS It is not even impossible to imagine that the effects of an atomic war fought with greatly perfected weapons and pushed by the utmost determination will endanger the survival of man.
Pagina 154 - Sagan is David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He has played a leading role in the Mariner, Viking and Voyager expeditions to the planets, for which he has received the NASA medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement and (twice) for Distinguished Public Service. Study of the Martian atmosphere led to the research by Dr. Sagan and his colleagues described here. He has served as Chairman of the Division...
Pagina 49 - Agricultural Effects by Mark A. Harwell and Thomas C. Hutchinson The potential consequences to the global environment of a nuclear war have been the focus of several studies in the four decades since the first detonations of nuclear weapons in Japan. During this time, the potential consequences that would ensue from a modern nuclear war have increased dramatically, and the combination of much larger yields and much greater numbers of nuclear warheads could now result in a large-scale nuclear war...