against the article. Consequently, a large number of prisoners got into a great deal of trouble and a large number of the deaths were directly or indirectly responsible or occurred, rather, because of the difficulties starting over these articles (H., pp. 1831–1832).

"STUDYING" ON A BLOCK OF ICE

Chairman JENNER. What would happen to a man if he did not cooperate, follow the line of the China Review?

Major SHADISH. Anything which the Chinese would consider appropriate. It would begin with standing a man at attention on a block of ice for a large period of time, in which a number of men froze their feet or it would end up with a man being thrown in a hole in the ground with little or no food and no method of sanitation, not permitted out of the hole. And he would eventually contract double pneumonia in the cold moss and would die. It would vary from one end of the scale to the other (H., p. 1832).

PLENTY OF CHINA REVIEWS-NO MEDICINE

Mr. CARPENTER. Tell us something about the transportation of the propaganda into the camps. Did they come in large quantities?

Major SHADISH. They certainly did. One thing which we felt very strongly about was the way they came. We were situated on the Yalu River and there was a small harbor at the town of Pyoktong. Into this harbor would come these large barges and they would be loaded every time. A portion of their load would be propaganda material, including this China Monthly Review. They would bring in tons of this stuff at a time, and yet when we would ask them for more medication or one little bottle of sulfa which would cure a lot of men, we were told they had no means of transportation to bring this. But they always had the means of transportation to bring in this propaganda material. That was from the beginning.

Chairman JENNER. What was your situation in regard to medication for the American prisoners?

Major SHADISH. Medication was not the main problem. We did not have any medications but we felt, we physicians felt that the main problem was food. If we could have sufficient food, we would not have needed those medications. Consequently, because we did not have food-we were on a starvation diet for at least the first 6 or 8 months, although, from thereon, the diet improved. It was never adequate. Because of this, men were malnourished and were suffering from disease and had no resistance to any infection. When they did get an infection, it was a matter of a few days before they died. Not having any medications made it all the worse.

Chairman JENNER. Did the Chinese have medication?

Major SHADISH. Yes; they did. The Chinese during these early months had no physicians and asked me to treat their men. As a physician, I said I would. They had their own stock of supplies and they had all of the antibiotics and the necessary medications there to treat their men and more.

Chairman JENNER. How about surgical instruments? What did you have for the American prisoners in the way of surgical instruments? Major SHADISH. We had no surgical instruments at first. Eventually we got an old scalpel and 1 or 2 hemostats. We made some scalpels and made a stethoscope.

Chairman JENNER. Prior to that time did the Chinese doctors perform surgery on some of the American prisoners? (H., pp. 1832-1833.)

A CAMERA FOR A DYING MAN

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir. There was one case where a Korean physician came to our camp in about mid-January 1951, about 2 months after we were captured, a month and a half. He claimed to be a surgeon with 5 years' training. He said he would like to see any surgical cases we had. We had a large number of them. He picked four of these men to do surgery on. One of these men had a gangrenous thumb from a shrapnel wound and his thumb had to come off. This surgeon, as he called himself, took him to a room.

I asked to be allowed to go along. The man was given no anesthetic, although there was morphine available to them. This surgery was done in a very shocking manrer to a surgeon. It was what we would call hacking. He took the man's thumb off. The man had a terrific amount of pain. We pleaded with him to

give him something afterward. They dressed his hand, took him outside of a room, set him on a chair.

There was a Chinese there with a Leica camera. He set the man down. The Korean then went in and put on a gown and mask and came out with a syringe and needle, a syringe which I had hoped was something for the man's pain. He stood beside this man, a Negro soldier. There is a picture of this in one of the Communist publications showing this physician standing by this Negro man with the syringe up against his arm ready to give him an injection with printing underneath saying something to the effect that here is a corps aid man treating an American prisoner.

The picture was taken. The man was shoved off the chair, not given a shot, and told to go down to his room.

Chairman JENNER. What happened to the man?

Major SHADISH. He died within 3 weeks from infection to that hand.

Chairman JENNER. You have seen that picture reproduced in the propaganda showing where they are giving aid to the American prisoners?

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir. I recognize the man.

Chairman JENNER. Do you recall what publication you saw that picture reproduced in?

Major SHADISH. It is a publication called POW's Calling, made up entirely of statements and experiences and a number of these petitions that were signed, supposedly voluntarily, by the prisoners (H. pp. 1833-1834).

MONICA FELTON, CHINA REVIEW "REPORTER"

Mr. CARPENTER. I have here a document captioned "An Interview With Monica Felton-Stop the War." Monica Felton was a British representative of the Women's International Democracy Federation and the group which investigated conditions in North Korea in 1951. Did you have any occasion to see Monica Felton while you were in a prisoner-of-war camp?

Major SHADISH. No, sir. I never saw Monica Felton.

Mr. CARPENTER. Did you read this document in the China Monthly Review of January 1953?

Major SHADISH. Yes, I read the document.

Mr. CARPENTER. Mrs. Felton describes the housing of the POW's: "They sleep on mats on the floor with blankets and hard pillows. I think they keep warm in the winter because the homes have central heating. The winters are extremely cold but the men have quilted clothing."

Is that an accurate description?

Major SHADISH. No, it was not an accurate description. She thought wrong. The houses in Korea, as you know, have the under-the-floor heating. The only difficulty was that in all of our homes the heating system was broken down, not repaired. We did not have the wood anyhow to build a fire, so it did not do us much good. The first winter was the hardest winter, in that we lost almost all of our men that died. We had no clothing, blankets, bedding issued to us that winter. We had nothing issued until the spring thaw, that following spring, 1951, at which time we no longer needed them.

Mr. CARPENTER. In the issue of the China

Chairman JENNER. Did you have something further to add?

Major SHADISH. No, sir.

Mr. CARPENTER. In the issue of the China Monthly Review of May 1951, there are four photographs of American POW's carrying overcoats, blankets, and towels. A quote from Clevenger says, "When Mom sees this, she need not worry about us in the cold." Are these truly representative of conditions in the POW's camps?

Major SHADISH. They are not. They certainly are true photographs but the methods used to obtain these photographs are not proper.

The pictures over here, we remember seeing those things and we were a little upset about it. You see a man holding a large hunk of meat in his hand with a smile on his face. If you have gone 6 months without seeing meat and someone hands you a large piece of meat and says, "This is going to be for you," I think every man would smile.

The thing they do not tell under that caption is, this was the first meat this man had in about 6 months, or maybe 4 months if he was lucky. The second thing is that that piece of meat would be 1 month's ration for approximately 500 men. That is a little bit when you look at it that way.

Mr. CARPENTER. Going back, Major, I have just now received a copy of American POW's Calling From Korea, and I have here a picture captioned "A Chinese Medical Orderly Dressing a Prisoner's Wounds." I will ask you

if this is the picture you have just testified about in relation to medical treatment.

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir. This is the picture that I was talking about.

Mr. CARPENTER. That is the same picture?

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir.

Mr. CARPENTER. You saw this picture taken?

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir. I was there when the picture was taken.

Mr. CARPENTER. This is captioned "American POW's Appeal to the United Nations" (H., pp. 1834-1836).

PREPARING THE "STUDENTS"

Mr. CARPENTER. Major Shadish, can you tell how they prepared a prisoner of war to accept the indoctrination you are speaking about here?

Major SHADISH. Yes. The methods used appeared to be the same as that used anywhere by the Communists. The prisoner was first intentionally deprived of the necessary food, clothing, and shelter to sustain life at a healthy level. He was taken physically to a level which was bordering upon death, and there were a number of deaths. There was no idea in the prisoner's mind where he was standing. He was just a little bit away. Then the indoctrination teams and material would be brought into the camp. The men would be told that if they accepted indoctrination and did not resist that they were going to give a feast for us. The feast was rice, rice we had not seen up until then.

Chairman JENNER. What were you fed?

Major SHADISH. Cracked corn or whole corn or millet is about all we saw. It was painfully made clear to the prisoner that if he did not cooperate he would not only revert back to his old status but most probably below that. A prisoner after a while got to know if he were ill for any reason and could not eat his food for about 3 days, he would die. That was so. He had no reserve whatsoever, and I have seen a large number of men who through illness or some other cause would go off their food and they would die. This was made clear to the prisoners. As long as the prisoners cooperated without resisting too strongly, the food would stay at a level where all the men or practically all the men could live. As soon as resistance came up, conditions became worse (H., pp. 1836-1837).

LETTERS HOME

Mr. CARPENTER. Major Shadish, will you describe fully from your own personal knowledge and experience the treatment of POW's in regard to letters to their loved ones?

Major SHADISH. Yes, sir. There was a concentrated effort by the Communists to procure letters from the prisoners with political content. At the very first it was impossible to get a letter out of camp without political content. I remember an individual by the name of Shapiro who is a Caucasian. He posed as a correspondent from the London Daily Worker, came into Death Valley in January 1951 with the Chinese. He was armed. He had a camera. He was well fed. He supposedly came in to cover the situation, and all he did the entire time he was there was promote a petition and the signing of a petition and to promote the project of getting letters out, of political content.

At this time I have a letter which he sent out-I do not have it but it is printed in the Communist publications in which the quote from me is in a letter to my wife: "Please use your influence to see that the war in Korea is settled peacefully and that all foreign troops are removed from Korea."

The story behind that is, first of all, I was seriously ill at the time. I was told by the other physicians in camp I was not going to live. I wanted to write a letter home, and Shapiro came around and said that we all could write a letter home. He gave us paper, and we wrote. The letter was brought back to me by the Chinese and they said there was nothing in the letter for peace. They said there was no use for that letter to go home. I couldn't get it home.

So another letter was brought up by Shapiro showing a form of how it should be written with all types of anti-American slogans in it. We all discussed this among ourselves and with the senior officers, and we decided we would all pick this one same phrase and include it in our letters. I chose to write home because I felt this was my last opportunity to talk to my wife. I wrote a long letter in which I told my wife how I felt about her and the children. The only

part which appeared in the publication was the portion which they thought they could use. My wife never received that letter (H., p. 1837).

POW "PEACE CONFERENCE"

Mr. CARPENTER. In the China Monthly Review Mrs. Felton has stated that POW's got together and decided they wanted a peace organization and they asked permission of the Korean Government to get together with other POW camps on this subject: "They held general peace meetings with all camps participating, and they are now issuing a peace magazine. I talked with six American POW's and many British prisoners who were active in the peace movement. They felt the majority of prisoners supported their views."

Is this an accurate statement of the facts?

Major SHADISH. That is not. The Peace Committee, as I remember it, was formed somewhat like this: The Chinese came up to our compound and told us there was going to be a Peace Committee. And you would have members on this Peace Committee. They suggested we elect members. We refused to elect members, so they appointed members to the Peace Committee.

Eventually what happened to this Peace Committee, I do not know, but I know the members of the officers' compound refused to participate and participation was by appointment and was forced. I do not know of any case where prisoners went up to the Chinese and asked permission to form a Peace Committee. That is beyond my scope, and I know a lot of prisoners who were over there.

Mr. CARPENTER. What means were used to get these signatures? Major SHADISH. Various and sundry means; about the same type that were used to get attendance at the classes of indoctrination, all types of threats and carrying out of threats if the man persisted in not signing these things. I remember one group of men, one room of them that were presented with a petition to sign and refused. They were told if they did not sign this petition, all of their food rations would be cut out from that day on. And they were very sincere about it. So these men signed the petition. It was that type of thing.

Mr. CARPENTER. Do you remember the occasion when the POW's were asked to send a New Year's greeting to Communist General Chu Teh in 1952?

Major SHADISH. That is right. At the officers' camp we were given printed cards that we could send home for New Year's. Most of us altered the cards. They all had "Peace" on them. Of course, we felt very bitterly at that time about the way the Communists felt about peace. We felt they were using it for propaganda only. We altered the cards as much as possible to eliminate any use of propaganda and thereby would sign them and send them home. I altered mine. Mine didn't get home because it was altered, I suppose.

They came to us and told us they wanted us to sign a New Year's greeting to Chu Teh. We did not particularly want to give any New Year's greeting to Chu Teh and wish him good luck. We wished him just the opposite. They insisted. Eventually we talked them out of it. I know some of our senior officers shortly thereafter were taken over to the headquarters of the Chinese on a charge of attempting to form a group of men who would oppose indoctrination. One of the charges put out against them was they instigated against this good-will message and sabotaged the peace and good-will message to Chu Teh. They were punished by long terms of solitary imprisonment (H., p. 1838).

BOMBINGS AND "GERM WARFARE"

Mr. CARPENTER. In the China Monthly Review, Mrs. Felton says: "The POW camps were bombed by the American planes in spite of the fact that their locations were clearly marked by agreement between both sides."

Do you have any information on the bombing of prisoner-of-war camps? Major SHADISH. Yes. These were a sore spot with us. I know that some of these articles came out, I am certain, in July of 1952, or earlier. Our prison camps were not marked until approximately September or later in 1952. All of these articles told how our camps were so well marked and yet our own planes were bombing our men, and this was all a lie. We did not have our camps marked. We asked a large number of times to let us mark our camps, or to

10 Vice President of the Red Chinese Government.

mark them in some manner and were told that if our camps were marked it would just allow our planes to come over and bomb them. They would know where they were. But they were not marked at the time a number of these articles were published.

Mr. CARPENTER. In the China Monthly Review, Mrs. Felton charges the United States with conducting germ warfare. Are you familiar with the charge of germ warfare?

Major SHADISH. I am familiar with the charge of it, and my impressions of the situation of course are limited because of my position at that time. But it was interesting in that we were given the opportunity to see the proof of germ warfare in-I cannot state the exact time. I think the spring of 1953 or the fall of 1952 a large building was erected near the officers' company in camp 2, seemingly for the sole purpose of setting up this exhibit which consisted of about 1 or 2 large photographs.

These were placed in the room in a number of rows so parties could walk up and down these rows and view all the exhibits. All the prisoners were marched through here, and all the Chinese and Koreans were marched through here. Under these pictures were English and oriental inscriptions describing the subject. These were supposed to be pictures of proof which-well, one was the International Democratic Lawyers Guild and the other was a group of scientists and physicians who were supposed to have said that this was definite proof. We saw them and we considered it a ludicrous thing to have a picture of a dead rat lying in the snow. This was supposed to be proof this rat was dropped in Korea laden with germs.

Another picture, a casing of a shell. This is supposed to be proof germ bombs were dropped. I daresay we could do the same thing out here on the Capitol steps and have proof in the other direction. We felt there was no basis to it.

Senator JOHNSTON. Major, I believe that was in the China Monthly Review, too; was it not?

Major SHADISH. There were pictures of that in the China Monthly Review (H., p. 1840).

THANKSGIVING IN CAMP

Mr. CARPENTER. In the issue of January 1952 of the China Monthly Review, pages 70 and 72, it describes Thanksgiving in a POW camp. Do you have any recollection about that?

Major SHADISH. That was 19

Mr. CARPENTER. 1952.

Major SHADISH. What month?

Mr. CARPENTER. January.

Major SHADISH. That was describing, I imagine, the Thanksgiving of 1951. This was at the time the negotiations were beginning to look fairly good. We were told by the Chinese things were going well and we may be home within several months. This time they brought a large amount of food, of meats, bread. candies, cigarettes, some saki-all kinds of things. They gave us a Thanksgiving party. It was fabulous to us at that time because we had not seen anything like it. Being back here at home it was not so hot. But the interesting thing about all that is this was a onetime affair. It happened on two Christmases and a Thanksgiving. It was interesting after this happened, the negotiations deteriorated. That is about January of 1952. It appeared to us after this, as after all the other ones, our rations for the next 3 months were cut into deeply to help pay for this feast which we had which was so widely publicized (H., p. 1840-1841).

THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER

Mr. CARPENTER. Major Shadish, in the issue of July 1952 of the China Monthly Review, it argues against the rights of Korean and Chinese war prisoners to voluntary repatriation. In this connection, pages 24 and 25 cite article 118 of the Geneva Conference as follows: "Prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities." It quotes article 7, "that prisoners under no circumstances shall renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured by them by the present convention." Do you have any personal knowledge of how the Chinese Communists exploited the provisions of the Geneva Convention?

Major SHADISH. Yes. It appeared to us they were using the Geneva Convention any time they were attempting to press a point. However, in our camp