Dr. DODD. Yes. I guess all of us remember the tremendous agitation to bring the boys back home from the Pacific and from Europe. The American mothers wanted their boys home, the boys wanted to come home. We are a nonmilitaristic people. The campaign, however, achieved organized proportions. Those of you who remember reading the papers will remember the almost sitdown strikes there were in the Philippines, in Austria, and Italy; and I at the time, reading the newspapers, remembered the names of some of the leaders and among them were not only some of the trade-union leaders whom I knew as Communists, but also some of the teachers whom I knew as Communists. There is no doubt that we brought the boys home, 14 million men were disbanded, and our Armed Forces were disbanded; and that was the time when Russia marched into Eastern Europe and made her advances in China (Educ., H., pp. 522, 523).

Gen. Mark Clark, who was the American commander and United States High Commissioner in Austria after the German surrender, gave the subcommittee the picture of what happened in Austria.

Mr. CARPENTER. Did you have any demobilization demonstrations in your command at the end of the war?

General CLARK. My command at the end of the war moved into Austria. When the demonstrations began, my headquarters was located in Vienna. There had been some demonstrations prior to that time in Germany, I recall, and I was very much disturbed that some of my soldiers might march on my headquarters demanding they be returned home. I knew that would give great comfort to the Soviet troops who were right there with us, and it would be a devastating blow to the morale of the Austrians who looked to us as their liberator.

So we did everything we could to forestall, to tell our men why we were not able to send them all home and demobilize them. Actually, there was no march on my headquarters. The group sent a telegram back to the President of the United States, and to Members of Congress. I think they included Drew Pearson and some other commentators in their distribution list protesting about being kept in Austria and alleging many of the men had no real jobs and the generals were keeping them because they wanted more to command. That was the effect of the telegram.

Mr. CARPENTER. Were those demonstrations fomented by Communist acts[ General CLARK. My belief was that there was at least one Communist organizer who fomented this particular demonstration. Our intelligence agencies were activated and had been active. The result of their investigation led me to believe that at least one man was the Communist organizer who had been a member of the Communist Party, had been with my Fifth Army during the war, behaving and waiting for the opportunity to do the most damage and cause me the most embarrassment (H. 1657).

History again becomes ruinously entangled in the net which the Kremlin threw over the western mind. As already pointed out, because we learned the wrong things about the Soviet Union, we had the wrong thoughts about it. Because our thoughts were wrong, our actions were wrong. And because our actions were wrong, 700 million people in 2 continents suffer the agonies of Red tyranny today.

SECTION VIII

WHAT IS I. AND E.?

On September 5, 1944, the War Department issued a circular on Orientation, Information, Education, which described the functions, powers, and purposes of the Information and Education Division.

It is obvious by the terms of this circular that the Information and Education Division had unlimited access to the minds of 8 million American soldiers during World War II. The I. and E. program was comprehensive. It was continuous. And it was compulsory. (H., p. 1508 ff.)

Much of this program, of course, was harmless. Some was useful, perhaps even beneficial. But at the focal points, at the points where it touched the subject of the Communist world conspiracy, the "education" program of the United States Army taught this captive audience of 8 million young Americans "the wrong things about the Soviet Union." It taught them the wrong things about Communist China, too.

The basic document in the entire program was a Guide to the Use of Information Materials. This pamphlet, according to its own foreword, was "an outline of principles to govern the use of ideas so that they may become more effective weapons in the war." It was a book of instructions for those who administered the program, both at home and in every foreign theater. Here are some passages from the Guide, under the heading "Our Allies, the U. S. S. R.”

Whether their present government is the kind of political system that is most satisfactory to the Russian people has been sufficiently answered by a war in which the political faith of the people as well as of the armed forces has stood the trial by fire.

The Russians are under attack; they are fighting to maintain their right to determine how they shall be governed. ***

*

Speak of the Red army and the Red navy, not the Russian Army (H. 1523).

The Moscow Pact, one of the strongest Allied acts of the war, recognizes as a first condition of peace the protracted cooperation of all the Allies. In view of this agreement anything written or said that tends to alienate the U. S. S. R. from the United States may be counted as a self-inflicted wound (H., p. 1523).

ARMY TALKS

The subcommittee found ample documentation to show that the "principles" stated here were scrupulously obeyed in "the stuff they gave the troops." The major instrument for the indoctrination of 8 million young Americans was a weekly publication known as Army Talks. Army Talk 53, published on January 6, 1945, was entitled "Checking the Score on Our Soviet Ally." Here is a passage that appeared there:

They [the Communists] early believed that a dictatorship "of the Proletariat" was necessary in order to destroy capitalism and set up socialism; that then the dictatorship should gradually evolve into a democracy, as now provided in their constitution. Thus, although they now have a secret police and a Governmentcontrolled press, their ultimate political ideals are directly opposite to the stated ideals of Fascist dictatorship, and their hope is to drop the appurtenances of dictatorship in the process of democratic evolution.

Red: This was the color of the Russian Revolution's flag, and thus has become identified with the whole nation in the way that "Stars and Stripes" has become a national phrase for us. In the period right after World War I, it was used to contrast the revolutionists with the "white" forces, the Czarist group which fought against the Reds. In some cases, too, the word that means "red" in Russian has the further meaning of "beautiful."

Army Talk 64 was on fascism. Here is part of what appeared in that document:

It is accurate to call a member of a Communist Party a Communist. For short, he is often called a Red. Indiscriminate pinning of the label Red on people and proposals which one opposes is a common political device. It is a favorite trick of native as well as foreign Fascists.* * *

Learning to identify native Fascists and to detect their techniques is not easy. They plan it that way. But it is vitally important to learn to spot them,

even though they adopt names and slogans with popular appeal, drape themselves with the American flag, and attempt to carry out their program in the name of the democracy they are trying to destroy. ***

What is the difference between communism and fascism? Aren't they essentially the same?

In any discussions on fascism there will be some who will argue that there are strong similarities between fascism and communism. Under both systems, there is neither freedom of speech nor of press as we know it. Both forms of government permit only one political party. Both have a secret police. But beyond this, there are important and fundamental differences in philosophy, aims, purposes, and methods. * * *

While the early leaders of communism in the Soviet Union advocated world revolution, Stalin modified that policy in 1927. * * * Through pledges at the conferences at Moscow, Teheran, and Yalta, and through daily repetitions to its people, the Soviet has reaffirmed its aim as lasting peace through international cooperation. ***

*** The Russians have great confidence in the future improvement of their lot, although the average Russian is poor in comparison to American standards. Russians are now confident that their upward march will be rapidly resumed with the end of the war, the resumption of production for civilian use, and the expansion of their great resources.

Army Talk 66 discussed Our Ally China. Here is part of what was said:

*** When we speak of the Chinese Communists, we should remember that many competent observers say that they stand for something very different from what we ordinarily intend when we use the word "Communist." In the first place, unlike Communists of the orthodox type, they believe in the rights of private property and private enterprise. Their chief interest at present is to improve the economic position of China's farmers, many of whom own but little land themselves, and rent their land in part or in whole from wealthy landlords.

THE I. AND E. MESSAGE

What has been quoted here are mere fragments of the whole message with which I. and E. indoctrinated 8 million American soldiers. The text of these Army Talks (originally published as Army Fact Sheets) clearly indicates that those in charge of their preparation

wanted 8 million American soldiers to believe that

1. Communism is "most satisfactory" to the Russian people. 2. Communism differs fundamentally from fascism.

3. It was communism-not their native land-that the Russian people defended when they rose against the Nazi invader.

4. When the war is over they will return to communism's "upward march."

5. The Communist "overrunning of the Baltic provinces" was justifiable.

6. To write or say anything critical of communism "may be counted as a self-inflicted wound."

7. The Communist dictatorship is a transitory phenomenon, which ultimately will be laid aside by the dictator himself in favor of democracy.

8. The Red flag of the Communist revolution is not a fearful bloody thing-it is beautiful.

9. Americans who fight communism are probably false patriots and "native Fascists."

10. Stalin abandoned the original Communist program of world

revolution in 1927.

11. Communism's whole international aim is "lasting peace through international cooperation."

12. China's Communists are not really Communists at all. They are merely agarian reformers and their aims are "quite in accord with what we think of as liberal democracy" while their opponents, the Nationalists, are reactionary and fascist.

13. America is a land in which prejudice is widespread, but there is no such prejudice in the Soviet Union.

14. The entry of Communists into the Government of China was desirable.

This is a compendium of certain major falsehoods which the Kremlin itself sought to instill in the American mind during the war years. As Mr. Bogolepov said, in speaking of the Soviet Foreign Office:

Why do we have to pay for books? There are American publishers to publish the books and pay for them. Why do we spend our own money?

The American publisher, in this instance, was the United States. Army.

THE I. AND E. PERSONNEL

The subcommittee's study of material already cited made it clear that I. and E. gave aid and comfort to the cause of world communism through the methods it developed for wartime indoctrination of American troops. As a result it became necessary to call witnesses in order to determine

1. Who was responsible for the preparation and dissemination of this outright pro-Communist propaganda?

2. Was it done innocently, under the stress of a wartime alliance?

3. Or was it done deliberately by underground Communists, who gained control of the I. and E. apparatus for the specific purpose of teaching "the wrong things about the Soviet Union"?" The methods by which Communists burrowed into the United States Government were fully familiar to us. In our first report on Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, the subcommittee described these methods as follows:

Almost all of the persons exposed by the evidence had some connection which could be documented with at least one-and generally several other exposed persons. They used each other's names for reference on applications for Federal employment. They hired each other. They promoted each other. They raised each other's salaries. They transferred each other from bureau to bureau, from department to department, from congressional committee to congessional committee. They assigned each other to international missions. They vouched for each other's loyalty and protected each other when exposure threatened (R., p. 21).

The testimony of only half a dozen witnesses was needed to show that most of these methods were used by Communists and pro-Communists who seized key positions in the Information and Education branch of the United States Army during World War II.

JULIUS SCHREIBER

The most important of these was Dr. Julius Schreiber. Dr. Schreiber is presently a psychiatrist in Washington, D. C., and chairman of the Washington Mental Health Association. He is a former Reserve officer of the Army, who served in the Civilian Conservation Corps

from 1933 to 1936. From October 25, 1943, until July 4, 1945, he was in I. and E. as chief of the Programs Section in its Orientation Branch. He came into I. and E. as a captain and retired as a lieutenant colonel. The mission of this Branch was described in a document found in Dr. Schreiber's service file, which was turned over to the subcommittee by the Department of the Army.

Mission of Army Orientation Branch: The mission of the Army Orientation Branch as stated in Circular 360 WD 1944, is "To formulate policies, plan and supervise procedures for orientation of military personnel in the background, causes, and current phase of the war and current events relating thereto, and for eventual return to civilian life; to prepare and select War Department materials for these purposes, including motion-picture film, recordings, pamphlets, fact sheets, books, maps, and other visual aids, and weekly reports of military and world events; and when practical to provide such other materials as may be requested for the special morale purposes or programs of the Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Army Services Forces."

The orientation program is compulsory throughout the Army, both in the United States and in all oversea theaters. Not less than 1 undivided hour per week of normal training time is devoted to Army orientation (H., pp. 1530–1531). Schreiber's own duties were as follows:

Job description: The officer has the following duties and responsibilities: As Chief of the Program Section, Major Schreiber plans orientation programs for such important specialized needs as those of recovered prisoners of war, AGF and ASF redistribution stations, staging areas and ports of embarkation, transports going overseas and returning, rehabilitation centers, replacement training centers, and overseas replacement depots. This involves close coordination with high-ranking officers of the WGDS, AAF, AGF and ASF. This officer has demonstrated ability of an unusual order in establishing and maintaining sound policies of orientation in these specialized and difficult fields. After planning the contents of these special programs, this officer directs the actual production of required materials, by a staff including 6 officers, 8 enlisted men, and 4 civilians. He has demonstrated judgment of a high order in his control and coordination of a vast amount of such production.

As liaison officer for the Information and Education Division with the Office of the Surgeon General, this officer is charged with a special set of extremely important and responsible duties in connection with the educational reconditioning and reorientation of sick and wounded personnel. This involves overall direction of a training program to instruct hospital personnel in conducting orientation for patients, directing the preparation of approximately 60 hours of material especially designed to meet hospital requirements, and the continuing coordination through service commands of the application of these programs. As supervisor for the assignment and conduct of orientation pilot teams, this officer has the responsibility for maintaining close contact with the I. and E. directors of AAF, AGF, and ASF, and filling the needs of various units and posts by sending out orientation instruction teams to conduct schools as required. Included in the personnel of these teams are 4 officers and 8 enlisted men.

During the frequent absence of the Chief of the Orientation Branch, this officer acts as Chief, attends conferences, and handles the large number of official visitors to the Branch, handling a large variety of complex problems.

Among this officer's special duties is that of conducting 2 hours each week of orientation discussions for the 93 officers of the I. and E. Division. He also represents the I. and E. Division on a number of required speeches before large public bodies, especially those concerned with medical and psychiatric problems. In all his varied responsibilities and duties this officer makes an especially valuable contribution to the I. and E. Division by drawing upon his experience in civilian life as a professional psychiatrist (H., p. 1531).

When Dr. Schreiber appeared before the subcommittee, this colloquy occurred:

Mr. CARPENTER. Doctor, are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?

Dr. SCHREIBER. I am not now a member of the Communist Party, and I have not been a member of the Communist Party since January 1, 1941. However, for the period prior to that date, I must respectfully decline, on the advice of counsel,