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tions were ever transmitted to the Board. Shortly thereafter, the Board was abolished.

8. This policy of protecting American Communists, which was established as a matter of wartime expediency by the President and the Secretary of the Navy, weakened the security program in the United States Navy.

9. This policy had grave effects in other areas. Substantially, it notified the U. S. S. R. and the Communist Party, United States of America, that American Communists operating in our midst constituted a specially favored category of citizens not subject to legal restrictions and penalties of other American citizens, but to be dealt with strictly in accord with the current relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.

10. Communist files were destroyed or immobilized in the First and Third Naval Districts. Anti-Communist units in these districts were abolished.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. All agencies of Government should avoid the appearance or actuality of granting preferment to any group of citizens because of their connections with any foreign state. All citizens have equal obligations under the law and should be treated accordingly.

2. It is recommended that the executive branch of the Government adopt procedures which will guarantee the retention of all files containing information concerning subversive activity in such form as to make these files reasonably available in current situations.

3. Communists, or those subject to Communist discipline should be barred at all times from all sensitive posts in the armed services and from plants or installations serving the Armed Forces.

SECTION VII

THE NET OVER THE MIND

"IF YOU LEARNED THE WRONG THINGS-"

"In 1952, when the Subcommittee on Internal Security conducted an investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), we took testimony of great significance from Igor Bogolepov, a refugee from Red tyranny, who had been attached to the Soviet Foreign Office during the 1930's.

"If you learned the wrong things about the Soviet Union," he said, "your thoughts are also wrong."

The subcommittee commented on this statement as follows:

* with these words, Mr. Bogolepov may have put his finger on the spinal nerve of recent world history. If it is true that the Western World learned the wrong things about the Soviet Union, then it is certainly true that its thoughts were also wrong. If its thoughts were wrong, the actions it took in dealing with the Soviet Union, the agreements it signed, the compromises it agreed to, the concessions it allowed, were wrong too (IPR, R., p. 31).

It is no longer debatable that at Cairo, Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam, and elsewhere the Western World took the wrong actions in its wartime and postwar dealings with the U. S. S. R. The Red lava flow

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released by those actions has since engulfed the 700 million inhabitants of Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, mainland China, North Korea, and part of Indochina.

It is no longer debatable that these wrong actions gained wide acceptability, if not approval by a controlling percentage of policymakers, scholars, writers, and other molders of policy and opinion, because they had the "wrong thoughts" about the Soviet Union.5

It is no longer debatable that the people of the United States— at least had the wrong thoughts about the Soviet Union because they learned the wrong things about it.

So this question inevitably arises:

How did so many Americans learn so many wrong things about the Soviet Union that they approved so many wrong actions which erupted in such volcanic disaster? This question has lain at the base of our activities throughout the subcommittee's entire existence. What has the Kremlin done, what is it doing now to throw its "Net" over the Western mind?

"IT WAS A VERY BIG BUSINESS OF OURS"

Mr. Bogolepov offered one of many explanations to be found in our record. "In the Foreign Office," he said, "we have had a special, I think you call it joint committee, where representatives of different branches of the administration were present ***. This important body was responsible directly to the political commission of the Politburo for carrying out the infiltration of ideas and men through the Iron Curtain to the Western countries ** It was a very big business of ours ***" (IPR, R., p. 1).

Mr. Bogolepov described this "very big business" in detail. It involved, he said, "the creation of fellow travelers, inducing the Western intelligentsia to write books and articles which were favorable to the Soviet Union" (IPR, pp. 4496 ff.).

A large part of the subcommittee's investigation of IPR was an examination of this "very big business," as far as Soviet and American Far Eastern policy was concerned. We found overwhelming proof that Communists and pro-Communists had seized control of the Institute which was set up to conduct scholarly research-and transformed it into a Soviet propaganda apparatus.

The subcommittee learned that the members of IPR's inner

For example, it now seems incredible that any literate American could either propagate or accept the idea that the Soviet Union was one of the "democratic powers," which had joined with us to establish the principles of the Atlantic Charter "everywhere in the world." Yet, literate Americans who made policy during World War II did propagate this lunatic fantasy, and literate Americans who were the major force in public opinion did accept it. It seems equally incredible that literate Americans could either propagate or accept the idea that Prosecutor Vishinsky, who had been the hammer of Stalin in the blood-soaked Moscow purge trials, would cooperate in creating the brave new world envisioned by the United Nations Charter. Yet, literate Americans propagated and literate Americans accepted this fantasy too.

circle established a direct connection with the Communist International in Moscow as long ago as 1934. They went to the Comintern's Far Eastern chief himself for instructions on "editing the vocabulary in left and Soviet articles." They wrote books, articles and pamphlets, not only for the IPR itself, but also for an interlocking group of other organizations.

It was chiefly because of them that America learned "the wrong things about the Soviet Union" in the Far East. It was chiefly because of them that America's thoughts about the Far East were "also wrong." It was chiefly because of them that the actions America took in dealing with the Far East were wrong too.

As a consequence, there was set in motion a chain reaction of disaster, which has not yet run its course.

THE HELPING HAND OF NKVD

During his testimony on IPR, Mr. Bogolepov was asked by Senator Ferguson: "How do you get people to write books without paying them subsidies, and so forth?"

This question provoked a most extraordinary response.

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. Why do we have to pay for books? There are American publishers to publish the books and pay for them. Why do we spend our own money? (IPR, pp. 4496-4497).

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. You certainly remember the British labor leaders, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, very reasonable people. They visited the Soviet Union in about 1935 or 1936, and the result of their visit was a two-volume work, Soviet Communism and New Civilization. * * *

The materials for this book actually were given by the Soviet Foreign Office. ✶✶ ✶

The chapter concerning the very humanitarian way of Soviet detention camps and jails was written by the Soviet secret police itself.

Mr. MORRIS. You know that?

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. I received it from the chief of one of the divisions of the NKVD, the Soviet secret police *** (IPR, pp. 4509-4510).

Another book that got the same sort of treatment, according to this former Soviet official, was the Great Conspiracy Against the Soviet Union, which was published in the United States as the alleged work of two American authors, Michael Sayers and Albert Kahn.

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. The largest part of this book which is known to me was written by a certain Veinberg, who was a vice chief of the southwestern division of the Foreign Office in Moscow. * * * I saw myself the Russian manuscript before it was sent to New York.

Senator FERGUSON. * * * Have you read the book now?

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. I looked through it.

Senator FERGUSON. Was it the same as the manuscript?

Mr. BOGOLEPOV. Yes; it was. They rearranged it, perhaps, but the facts and the ideas are the same (IPR, p. 4514).

The subcommittee had good reason to remember the Bogolepov testimony regarding this book, in later inquiries.

THE NEW YORK TEACHERS UNION

In 1953, in our investigation of "Subversive Influence in the Educational Process", we paid particular attention to the New York Teachers Union. The evidence amply demonstrates that this union was an extremely significant weapon in the Kremlin's campaign to teach the Western World "the wrong things about the Soviet Union." At the height of its power, the union had a membership of 10,000 to 11,000 teachers in the New York school system (Educ., pp. 104-111). The president of the union from 1935 to 1945 was Charles J. Hendley. At the time he appeared before us (September 1952), he was secretary and treasurer of the corporation which publishes the Daily Worker, official newspaper of the Communist Party, United States of America. Hendley himself told the subcommittee that he joined the corporation for the "express purpose" of seeing to it "that the Daily Worker should carry out the party line." In 1952, he was still an active member of the union's educational policy committee.

Dr. Bella Dodd gave the subcommittee a very revealing picture of how the teachers' union operated to teach "the wrong things about the Soviet Union" not only to American schoolchildren, but also to the American public generally. Dr. Dodd was New York State legislative representative of the union from about 1936 to 1944. She was also New York State legislative representative of the Communist Party, and a member of the party's national committee.

Dr. DODD. The teachers' unions were used a great deal to formulate public opinion in America. The teachers were active in the parents' organizations; they were active with the students; they were active in their own professional cultural organizations, and in the American Federation of Teachers we had our conventions.

So that anything the Communist Party wanted to be popularized they would see to it that it had a copy of a resolution, which you then modified to meet your own individual needs (Educ., p. 16).

Whether it was collective security, whether it was prowar, whether it was against war, whether it was against the Dies committee, whether it was against some congressional legislation their resolutions would be introduced, and simultaneously you would have a large number of resolutions popularized in the newspapers, delegations going to the various men in public office, telephones, telegrams (ibid).

THE TEACHER NEWS

Like IPR, the teachers union operated within a constellation of Communist fronts and Communist propaganda agencies. The gravitational force in this constellation was chiefly supplied by the union publication, Teacher News.

Here, union members themselves were instructed in the Communist line, introduced to the publications of other front organizations, and taught how to bring the line into the classroom. Every opportunity was taken to drape the wolf's policies of the U. S. S. R. in the sheep's clothing of "peace" and "democracy."

One Teacher News column was of considerable significance in view of the Bogolepov testimony.

[From New York Teacher News, June 22, 1946]

THE GREAT CONSPIRACY

Since 1917, worldwide reaction has labored to bring about the overthrow of the Soviet Government through the fomenting of war from without and conspiracy from within. Sayer and Kahn's The Great Conspiracy, appearing shortly in a $1 edition, gives a detailed documented history of these maneuvers and intrigues. The book clarifies some of the principal causes of World War II, for the great conspiracy had a great deal to do with making the war inevitable. A reading of the book also helps one understand the present drive to end Allied Big Three unity, to isolate the U. S. S. R., and to prepare favorable political and military conditions for an anti-Soviet antidemocratic war.

Senator Pepper," who considers this book high-priority reading in the battle to win the peace, supplies an introduction to the new edition. The TU win-thepeace committee will engage in a summer campaign to sell the book to teachers in towns and at resorts. Every TU member is urged to purchase a copy and to persuade friends to do likewise.

The Great Conspiracy, to which union members were urged to devote an entire summer campaign, was the book Mr. Bogolepov described as having been secretly written in the Soviet Foreign Office. Underground Communists in America's tax-supported school systems were thus clearly carrying out the Soviet Foreign Office line to the end that not only American schoolchildren, but the American people as a whole were taught "the wrong things" about the Soviet Union.

THE COMMUNIST TEACHER GOES TO WAR

Dr. Dodd was asked what assignments Communist schoolteachers sought during World War II in the armed services of the United States. Here is her reply:

Dr. DODD. Many of our teachers did seek to go into the educational division of the Army, the indoctrination course.

Mr. MORRIS.' How do you know that, Dr. Dodd?

Dr. DODD. From time to time the members would come back and we would discuss the question of what their work was, and they would discuss particularly the indoctrination courses where they were very eager to make the turn for the American soldier in a pro-Soviet fashion. Many of our soldiers were anti-Soviet, despite the fact that the Soviet Union was in the war with us. It was the question of making the turn and establishing the idea that the Soviet Union was a democracy and was, as a matter of fact, the most perfect democracy in the world.

The purpose of the indoctrination courses was to get as much of that in as possible. Of course, in some places they got a lot in; in some places they had to take little. They were very anxious to get it in.

Mr. MORRIS. You know this, Dr. Dodd, because of the fact that you knew these particular Communist teachers who did come back and as a matter of fact reported to you at Communist Party headquarters how they were carrying on their own indictrination courses in their service?

Dr. DODD. As a matter of fact, no Communist went to the Armed Forces or came out of the Armed Forces without reporting to the party his experience, his work. No man came in on leave without reporting to the party and finding out just what the pitch was.

Mr. MORRIS. In the postwar period, in the immediate postwar period, Dr. Dodd, did these Communist teachers participate in any other work? Do you recall the "bring the boys back home" movement?

Former United States Senator Claude E. Pepper, of Florida.

Robert Morris, former chief counsel to the subcommittee, now a judge of the MunicIpal Court for the Ninth District, City of New York.

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