Islands, but they do not do it. They go to the Aleutian Islands and when they get far enough west they steer southwest again, a southerly course, to catch Japan.

The CHAIRMAN. What has that, may I ask, to do with this deportation bill?

Mr. FURUSETH. Nothing, except this, if you please, Mr. Chairman: These other men have come here and given this committee certain information, alleging that they must have these Asiatic nationals because a white man can not do the work. The telegram from the Pacific-American Steamship Association that went into the record yesterday specifically alleged that the steamers trading out of the Pacific coast go through the Tropics, where it is impracticable for white men to give efficient service. It was claimed that such had been demonstrated by years of experience in the trade on the Pacific. They put the heat question up as fundamental, and I want the opportunity to refute or rebut it.

Mr. RAKER. Why do they want the Chinese and other orientals for crews? For what purpose do they use them?

Mr. FURUSETH. They can not smuggle in Chinese, etc., unless they have them. There is not a vessel that comes to Puget Sound or San Francisco that does not bring narcotics. If they did not carry a Chinese crew, any part of a Chinese crew, they could not have the Chinese on board illegally. When they have a Chinese crew these men are carried as stowaways. When the vessel is at sea one Chinaman looks like any other Chinaman to an officer of the ship, if he don't want the Chinaman to look otherwise. The result is that they could not continue the smuggling of Chinese if they were not permitted to carry Chinese crews.

Mr. RAKER. Have you any information to the effect that the Chinese pay to get the jobs on board the vessels?

Mr. FURUSETH. In November, last year, a vessel went around the world from San Francisco and the son of the mayor of San Francisco went with it as a cadet. They took on some 80 Chinese in China to be delivered in the United States. When the vessel arrived at Marseille, France, for some reason or other, most probably because this young man was aboard and they thought he could not be trusted, they left them there. The Chinese were put ashore under some arrangement.

Mr. VAILE. How do you know they picked up these Chinese to land them in the United States?

Mr. FURUSETH. This young man told the story to his father. Mr. VAILE. Did the young man see the Chinese placed aboard the vessel ?

Mr. FURUSETH. Yes, sir; in China. He was aboard as a cadet. Mr. RAKER. You have shown me a letter in regard to some Chinaman paying to get a job and arrangements being made so that he could handle Chinamen on the vessel.

Mr. FURUSETH. Here [indicating] is a clipping from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer of February 22, 1923. I ask that this may be inserted in the record at his point.

The CHAIRMAN. In the absence of objection, the clipping, but not the illustration, will go into the record. (The article reads as follows:)

Mr. FURUSETH. I should say I ought to deal with the particular questions here in half an hour.

The CHAIRMAN. Please proceed, and we will try not to interrupt you for a while.

STATEMENT OF MR. ANDREW FURUSETH, PRESIDENT INTERNATIONAL SEAMEN'S UNION OF AMERICA-Continued

Mr. FURUSETH. I shall try, Mr. Chairman, to deal as succinctly as possible with the business at hand. One of the great objections brought out here, in that telegram from the Pacific-American Steamship Association, is that the white man is unfit to sail on the vessels that go through and to very warm climates. It is claimed that the white man is not suitable or adapted to that work. I will say that the Oceanic Steamship Co., which goes from San Francisco through the tropics, to Australia, carries white men in all of its departments and has no difficulty in operating.

The CHAIRMAN. If I may interrupt you, Mr. Furuseth, it is not within the province of this committee to determine whether the white man is fit or unfit for that service. That subject has nothing to do with the subject of deportations, which is the subject before us now. Mr. FURUSETH. But that matter was brought to the attention of the committee only yesterday.

Mr. RAKER. Witnesses have brought up that matter in committee and I suggest that we allow Mr. Furuseth to proceed along that line. The CHAIRMAN. All right; let the gentleman proceed, but he should not take too much time on that particular subject.

Mr. FURUSETH. I want to put in here this statement, that the British ship owners made the same claim and cited it as a reason for carrying certain nationals-lascars-on their vessels. The British Board of Trade caused an investigation to be made and it was found that the white man can stand the heat of the Tropics better than can the Negro, Japanese, the Malays, or the lascars. The report of the Board of Trade is in the Congressional Library in the foreign document room.

Mr. VAILE. It depends somewhat upon what he is doing?

Mr. FURUSETH. Yes; but in the fireroom it is the hottest, of course, and there are more men dying of heart stroke and heat stroke among the colored men going to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean than among the whites.

Mr. VAILE. Perhaps that is why a colored man is a useless worker in smelters and steel mills with hot metals. It takes the northern white man for that work.

Mr. RAKER. Is that a fact?

Mr. VAILE. Yes.

Mr. FURUSETH. It is claimed that vessels going to Asia from the Pacific coast must have Chinese and Filipinos because of the heat. That is silly beyond description, because those vessels do not go farther south than Honolulu, and their usual run is the great circle which touches the Aleutian Islands.

Mr. RAKER. The vessels go from San Francisco and Seattle and then swing northwest?

Mr. FURUSETH. Their usual run is the great circle which touches the Aleutian Islands. They should really go north of the Aleutian

Islands, but they do not do it. They go to the Aleutian Islands and when they get far enough west they steer southwest again, a southerly course, to catch Japan.

The CHAIRMAN. What has that, may I ask, to do with this deportation bill?

Mr. FURUSETH. Nothing, except this, if you please, Mr. Chairman: These other men have come here and given this committee certain information, alleging that they must have these Asiatic nationals because a white man can not do the work. The telegram from the Pacific-American Steamship Association that went into the record yesterday specifically alleged that the steamers trading out of the Pacific coast go through the Tropics, where it is impracticable for white men to give efficient service. It was claimed that such had been demonstrated by years of experience in the trade on the Pacific. They put the heat question up as fundamental, and I want the opportunity to refute or rebut it.

Mr. RAKER. Why do they want the Chinese and other orientals for crews? For what purpose do they use them?

Mr. FURUSETH. They can not smuggle in Chinese, etc., unless they have them. There is not a vessel that comes to Puget Sound or San Francisco that does not bring narcotics. If they did not carry a Chinese crew, any part of a Chinese crew, they could not have the Chinese on board illegally. When they have a Chinese crew these men are carried as stowaways. When the vessel is at sea one Chinaman looks like any other Chinaman to an officer of the ship, if he don't want the Chinaman to look otherwise. The result is that they could not continue the smuggling of Chinese if they were not permitted to carry Chinese crews.

Mr. RAKER. Have you any information to the effect that the Chinese pay to get the jobs on board the vessels?

Mr. FURUSETH. In November, last year, a vessel went around the world from San Francisco and the son of the mayor of San Francisco went with it as a cadet. They took on some 80 Chinese in China to be delivered in the United States. When the vessel arrived at Marseille, France, for some reason or other, most probably because this young man was aboard and they thought he could not be trusted, they left them there. The Chinese were put ashore under some arrangement.

Mr. VAILE. How do you know they picked up these Chinese to land them in the United States?

Mr. FURUSETH. This young man told the story to his father. Mr. VAILE. Did the young man see the Chinese placed aboard the vessel?

Mr. FURUSETH. Yes, sir; in China. He was aboard as a cadet. Mr. RAKER. You have shown me a letter in regard to some Chinaman paying to get a job and arrangements being made so that he could handle Chinamen on the vessel.

Mr. FURUSETH. Here [indicating] is a clipping from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer of February 22, 1923. I ask that this may be inserted in the record at his point.

The CHAIRMAN. In the absence of objection, the clipping, but not the illustration, will go into the record. (The article reads as follows:)

CHINESE BID HIGH STAKES FOR SHIP JOBS-MONEY OFFERED FOR POSITIONS ON ORIENT-SEATTLE VESSELS REVEALED IN FIGHT AGAINST DOPE

High stakes offered for minor positions on American steamships plying between the Orient and Seattle are revealed in correspondence between Chinese and ships' officers disclosed yesterday by investigators uncovering the dope traffic here.

A letter to the purser of one trans-Pacific liner, believed to have been written at Hongkong and dated November 9, 1922, reads:

"I went up your office this afternoon for applying the job of interpreter. "I beg to say that I will hand over of $1,000 for the job if you can fix up for me.

"I will come to see you immediately when your ship return from Manila and I hope you will combine with the chief steward, and also I will do him good when the job succeeds.

66 Yours truly,

LETTER AT MANILA

"LO WING PO."

Another letter, written to the master of one of the big passenger liners, was received by him at Manila and was written on stationery of his ship. It bears the signature of H. Hong, and reads:

66

Hope that you are open to any proposition within reason and not entailing too much risk that will benefit you financially, I take the liberty of advancing my business aspirations.

Representing the largest Chinese business club of Hongkong, I would bid for the position of No. 1 man in the stewards' department. The sum to be paid you on our arrival in Hongkong in case you accept this bid will be $500 gold. "An arrangement will be made with the chief steward separately.

"In case you care to entertain this proposition an answer as to whatever agreement you could arrive at would be very much appreciated not later than Sunday afternoon.

"We wish to know in order to have the money ready in case you desire. "Besides the initial payment there will be more money at the other end of the voyage.

"Perhaps this may not be feasible to make a change this trip, and I hope you will consider this enough to keep me in mind for the next trip as No. 1 man. "These trips can be very profitable to you if you are farsighted."

Reports in the possession of Federal investigators show that the smuggling of opium, morphine, and cocaine is not confined exclusively to, the Admiral Line steamers. To the contrary, it is generally admitted that narcotic drugs, in varying quantities, reach Seattle and other Puget Sound ports on practically all vessels which load cargoes in the Orient.

GOOD PAY FOR CHINESE

That these ship jobs were lucrative to Chinamen who condescended to engage in the dope trade is made clear in the confession of David J. Taylor, held on narcotic charges here. The Chinaman known as No. 1 boy, according to Taylor, usually was trusted and paid by the dope ring to secrete the narcotics aboard ship at Hongkong and guard the stuff safely until it reached the dock here.

Customs agents have been informed in writing by narcotics agents that there are 147 tins of smoking opium that were thrown off a ship last December, according to Taylor's confession, still in the bay at Smith Cove.

It has been reported several days ago that some one was dragging for this opium, and narcotics agents supposed the searchers to be customs men. Check of Federal offices yesterday, however, disclosed that no agents of the Government were engaged in the work, and the conclusion was reached that highjackers must be attempting to salvage the stuff.

Mr. RAKER. What is being done and what has been done at San Francisco and other western ports in regard to Chinese youths coming into the country as seamen and old Chinese taking their places going back on the vessels?

Mr. FURUSETH. Yes; that has been going on for years. I have personally sent members of our union on board the vessels as quartermasters.

The CHAIRMAN. How long ago was that?

Mr. FURUSETH. There are some men there now, but the information that I got is several years old now, five or six years old. The same practice is being kept up. When those vessels employed in the Chinese service leave China they are manned by young Chinese, but when they leave San Francisco returning to China they are manned by old Chinese. The young men stay in this

country.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you think a provision requiring the vessels to take out the same number they brought in would relieve that situation?

Mr. FURUSETH. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. How would it do so?

Mr. FURUSETH. We have had an absolute Chinese exclusion act since 1891-33 years. There are very few Chinese women in the United States; yet nothwithstanding that, we have more Chinese than we had then and they are younger. What is the explanation? The explanation is that the Tongs who deal with this question arrange for the young fellows to come here as sailors and for the old fellows to go back in their places. That is known to practically everybody. It is a notorious fact. Therefore the ship is used to violate the exclusion law, and the immigration law also.

If this provision requiring the vessels to take out as many as they bring in is enacted into law, the vessels will not leave as they do now, leaving 12 or 15 Chinese behind legally because they leave the vessels.

Under the next proposal no vessel coming to the United States I will have Chinamen aboard the crew.

Mr. RAKER. That is, American vessels will not have Chinese aboard?

Mr. FURUSETH. Under the proposed measure the Japanese may come on Japanese ships, but they may not come on other ships. The Japanese vessel may come in with a Japanese crew but not with a crew of Koreans or Chinamen. That would reduce the coming of Chinese to nothing, because China has no merchant marine. Again, shipowners are not likely to put their vessels under the Chinese flag. These American vessels who are now compelled to compete with Dutch vessels_carrying Chinese, English vessels carrying Chinese and Hindus, Japanese vessels carrying Koreans and Chinese-they are compelled to compete with them now. There would be no such

competition if that section is enacted into law.

Mr. RAKER. One gentleman stated here yesterday that they could not get Americans to do the work of these other nationals on the Pacific coast. How about that?

Mr. FURUSETH. That is an absolute mistake. When we had a larger merchant marine white men went into and served in it.

The shipowners of America would be highly benefited by this proposal. I mean the merchant marine part of it. But that is not the question we are dealing with. We are dealing with a question of shutting up the holes through which the immigration law is violated and getting rid of those who are now here illegally.