little ones could not suck with their the camel-I have read that the Arabs get milk from it, and that they eat its flesh. M. In TARTARY, a country in Asia, the Tartars drink the milk of the mares. They eat horse-flesh too: M. No. The animals which have milk, are those which we call "Mam--you may see it in their butchers' mals." Some have only enough for their own young ones-but God has been good enough to make animals which have more than they want for themselves. W. And, so we have it. We get it from the cow-and in WALES some people get milk from the goat. shops. In a part of SOUTH AMERICA Now let us make up a lesson- (1.) Milk is a white, opaque, emollient, nutritious, wholesome, and natural M. But there are some countries where cows cannot live very well-liquid. such as LAPLAND AND NORWAYand the cold parts of North America. Do you think that God would let the people there be without milk? Ion. No, I know better than that; because I have read that He has made an animal fit to live in such countries. It is called the Rein Deer. It supplies milk to the Laplanders; and meat, and clothing. M. And, cows do not thrive very such as well in hot countries ARABIA and others. It is (2.) This liquid is found in a class of animals called MAMMALS. given to them to feed their young. (3.) Some animals have more than they want for themselves, and therefore they supply mankind. In ENGLAND it is procured from the Cow, and the Ass. In WALES from the GOAT. In LAPLAND and cold countries, from the REIN DEER. In ARABIA and hot countries, from the CAMEL. In SOUTH AMERICA, from the LLAMA; and in some countries, from L. And there, God has given them the SHEEP. WHEN all thy mercies, O my God, Transported with the view, I'm lost Through every period of my life ADDISON. THE CRUST OF THE EARTH. | physical geography. It tells us that LIME. Ion. You told us, papa, that we were to learn of another fluid, besides the fluid AIR and the fluid CALORIC. We cannot find out where it is. P. It is nearly everywhere. You would not find much of it in the coal-cellar, but there is plenty in the garden. There is plenty on this side of the street, but not so much on the shady side. W How does it feel, papa ? P. It never feels at all-it has not any life. W. No. I know the fluid does not feel; but, how do we feel it? P. It does not give us any particular feeling. We perceive it with our eyes, just as we perceive sound with W. Our ears. P. I think we may say that we perceive it a little. You know that when there is a very great sound, it is too much for your ears to perceive properly W. Yes. We say that it stuns us. P. And so when there is too much of this fluid for your eyes to perceive it properly, it gives you pain; and you shut your eyes and wink them, and put your hands before them. I once saw an owl which some boys had brought out from a dark corner of a castle. He tried to keep his eyes open, and look at the boys, but no! there was too much of this fluid. He shut them again, and "bobbed " his head up and down again in a curious manner. L. Yes, he was dazzled by the light. Light-that is the fluid you mean, papa. P. That is it. In learning about this earth of ours, you will find that THE LIGHT is almost as important a fluid as heat. God's holy Word begins with some i before the Great Creator divided the dry land from the water, and made the firmament, He said, "LET THERE BE LIGHT! and there was light." Ion. Ah! I think about that sometimes, papa. It must have been very difficult stuff to make-so thin. I wonder how God made so much at once. P. It may seem very curious to you. Ion. But nothing is difficult to GOD. W. Oh! I should like to have been in the world before it was made, when it was all dark and rumbling; that is, if I could have found a place to sit down upon. And how beautiful it would have been, to see the first bright stream of light come across the dark world! and, afterwards, to have seen the waters divide themselves from the land! that would have been the way to learn physical geography! P. Ah, Willie! you could not have been there. The air was not fit for man to breathe. God had not made the earth ready for him. L. But, papa, I cannot understand why you call the light fluid. I suppose it has not any particles. P. It is hardly right, Lucy, to say that it is a fluid, or that it has particles. It is often called "the motion of a fluid," for when the sun shines, we see the light moving up and down with wavy" motion, something like the waves of the sea. The fluid which moves we call "Ether." a L. I do not understand it very well, papa. P. No people understand it perfectly yet; neither can you. I only wish you, in beginning your physical geography, to know at first how you are to proceed. You will now have five great subjects-reveat them, Willie. W. The Earth, Water, Air, Caloric, and Light. Now please to let us know how Adolf began. P. Yes. But lime is not only found in earth and stones, but even in vegetables and animals. Ion. In animals, papa! Have I any lime in me ? P. Yes, Ion. In your bones, for instance--the greater part of them is lime. L. Just as a snail's-shell is lime: so is an oyster-shell, is it not? P. He began by saying, "I do not know where to begin." So, he sat down on the grass to think. "Perhaps," he thought to himself, "the most regular way will be to begin with the part of the earth nearest to me. As I live on the crust of the earth, I will first learn what this crust is made of; then I will work my way downwards, and see what there is below." So he pulled up some roots of the grass, and underneath he found that the earth was very chalky. Then he dug out a piece of chalk, and sat down to examine it. W. Oh, papa! we can do that our-ries, crabs, and lobsters, but in the selves-there is some chalk in your coverings of insects-in their horny tool-box. rings. P. Then you may go and fetch it; and we will see what we can learn from it by taking notice. W. Here it is. Before we begin, I should like to tell you something which you cannot discover by observing it. This chalk is almost entirely composed of a substance called LIME, with a little carbonic acid. L. What is carbonic acid, papa? P. I am afraid I have not time to tell you now. We must talk about the LIME. Lime is a very important substance. It is found all over the earth, and forms about half-a-quarter of its crust. You cannot find any part of the earth which is made entirely of Lime. It is never pure; that is, it is always mixed with something else—either with carbonic acid, or fluoric acid, or some other acid, which you do not yet understand. The different sorts of earth which are formed from it, are called calcareous earths, from a Latin word, calx, which means lime. Ion. And are the stones which are made from lime, called "calcareous stones ?" P. The oyster-shell is nearly all lime, except the sticky substance from the animal, which glues the particles together. Egg-shells tooDid you ever notice how white they are ? Nine parts out of ten are lime. There is lime, also, not only in the shells of mussels, cockles, cow W. Will you tell us some stones, papa, which have lime in them? P. Yes. The stones which are being used now for building the new church-they are called "Portlandstone." St. Paul's, and the Monument, and some of the bridges over the Thames are built with it. This stone is found in DORSETSHIRE. There is a very white "Lime-stone" found at BATH, and called "Bathstone." The paving-stones have lime in them. The door steps, too. There is a very hard white lime-stone forming part of this room. Look for it! L. Do you mean the marble of the mantelpiece, papa ? That is very white! P. Yes. That is a "lime-stone." And there is something else on the mantelpiece which is almost pure lime. It came from DERBYSHIRE. Ion. I think you mean the piece of spar, papa. The "fluoric spar," as you call it. P. Yes. It is called "fluor spar," because it consists of lime united with "fluoric acid." And there is something else on the mantelpiece | think we will stop now, and finish which is composed of lime. Ion. The alabaster ornament ? P. That is it. And there is something else. W. Oh! The image of Sir Walter Scott! It is made of plaster-ofParis, and that is exactly like lime. P. That is quite correct. Both the plaster-of-Paris and the alabaster are made of lime, and another acid called sulphuric acid. W. That makes three acids you have mentioned, papa-carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, and fluoric acid. What hard names! P. And there are general names for the substances formed with these acids. For instance Chalk, Marble, Portland Stone, Bath Stone, &c., which consist of lime united with carbonic acid, are called "CARBONATES" OF LIME. Alabaster, Plaster-of-Paris, &c., consisting of lime and sulphuric acid, are called "SULPHATES" OF LIME. And spar and other things made by the union of lime and fluoric ⚫ acid, are called "FLUATES" OF LIME. Ion. We shall have to learn those names, when we have written in the lesson,-they are so hard! P. Well. Try and remember them. It is a good thing to have hard names to remember sometimes, even if you do not know what they stand for. I our lesson on Lime next time. W. Papa, may we make up our physical geography lessons from the beginning? for I am getting into a confusion. Lucy has her pencil and paper ready. P. Then begin, Lucy. L. Lessons 1, 2, and 3. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. (1.) In learning physical geography, we shall have to notice, first, the solid parts of the world, or THE EARTH ; then the liquid substance, the WATER; then the different fluids, viz. :—THE AIR; CALORIC; and LIGHT. THE (2.) The solid CRUST OF EARTH is composed partly of a substance called LIME. (3.) This lime is never found pure, because it unites with (or has an affinity for) carbonic acid. (4.) Thus it is found in many dif ferent substances. It forms earths, which are called CALCAREOUS EARTHS. It forms part of the ANIMALS AND Vegetables. When it unites with carbonic acid, it forms CARBONATES OF LIME, such as Chalk, Marble, Portland-stone, fc. When it unites with sulphuric acid, it forms SULPHATES OF LIME, such as Plaster-of-Paris, Alabaster, &c. When it unites with fluoric acid, it forms FLUATES OF LIME, such as Fluor Spar, &c., &c. My father, my mother, I know I shall learn your commands to obey. Saxon monk, called ST. CUTHBERT, died and was buried there. His body THE TRAVELLER THROUGH ENGLAND.-NORTHUMBERLAND. Ion. Papa went away before break-was removed to many different places, fast this morning, and now he cannot give us our Drawing Lesson; what are we to do? L. Oh, he has given me another letter of Mr. Young's, so let us sit down together and read it: MY DEAR CHILDREN,— I awoke very late the next morning, and made haste across the stableyard to give Peg her feed of corn. "Good morning, landlord," I said at breakfast-time. "I want you, if you please, to tell me if you know any places in Northumberland which are worth seeing." แ Well, sir, I am going on business as far as Lindisfarne, or 'Holy Island,' as we call it; and I will show you some part myself. I will order the ostler to get your horse and mine ready at once." While he was gone, I looked at my map to observe Northumberland more closely; and, if you look at your map, you will see that this county has three corners, and is almost of the shape of a triangle. You may see, too, that it is the most northerly in England; and that it is bounded on the north by the RIVER TWEED; on the south by DURHAM ; on the east by the NORTH SEA; and on the west by CUMBERLAND AND SCOTLAND. The landlord was soon prepared; and after I had paid the bill, we started. When we had crossed the bridge on the Tweed, and had gone a little distance, he told me that a large piece of the country, near the sea, was not called Northumberland, but was a part of Durham. "You see, sir," he said, "we are now travelling in a southern direction. Here is the ocean on our left; and, in the distance before you, just a little way out at sea, is Holy Island. A great for fear of the Danes. You can now just see the ruin of the cathedral, which they built over the place where they buried him. Look at the perpendicular rock there, and see how strong the castle is. But only a few fishermen live in that island now." "How rocky all the coast is about here!" I said. "Yes, sir. And it is so along all the coast of the county, from the Tweed to the Tyne. It is a very dangerous coast, for there are rocks under the water, which cannot be seen; and the vessels sometimes strike against them and are wrecked. The ships, as they pass, keep far out at sea, so you will find that there are | no harbours' here." "But," I said, when we had passed Lindisfarne, "some of the rocks are higher than the water, and form little islands. What do you call that pretty group of islets? They seem to be nearly two miles away from us. Lend me your telescope Do any people live there ?" "Not many, sir. Only one of them is inhabited. They are called the FARNE ISLANDS. The largest of them has only just enough grass to feed a cow. But, still, they are inhabited. You should see the birds there. There are thousands of Eider ducks, cormorants, gulls, and other sea-fowl, which build their nests in the hollow places of the rocks. In one island, you can hardly put down your foot without treading on some nests or young birds. The nests of the Eider-duck are very valuable. They are built of grass, sea-weed, and moss; and, when the old birds want to make a soft lining for their young ones, they actually pluck out the |