ancient name even now on "When I had found out this, I took my note-book from my pocket, and wrote down these notes: "ENGLAND. "1st. England is the Southern part of a large Island. It is separated from Scotland by the River Tweed. pieces of money); Scotland was called CALEDONIA; Ireland, HIBERNIA; and Wales, CAMBRIA. I found, too, that after the time of the Romans, Britannia was seized by some people from Germany, called SAXONS, and ANGLES. The Angles called Britannia Angleland, and we now call it ENG-BRITANNIA, by the Romans, but its name was changed to ANGLELAND, by the Angles-a tribe of Germans. LAND. "2nd. It was formerly called "3rd. England is bounded on the North by Scotland, on the South by the English Channel, on the East by the North Sea, and on the West by the Irish Sea. "4th. It is divided into 40 counties. These divisions were made by a Saxon King, called ALFRED THE GREAT. "When I had made these notes, I mounted my horse again. She had been cropping the grass all this time,-not troubling her head in the least about Scotland, or England either. So I said to her, Well, my good friend, while I have been work. ing, you have been eating "I looked once more at my map, and saw that England is bounded on the North by Scotland; on the South, by the English Channel; on the East, by the North Sea, and on the West, by the Irish Sea. The map also had many different divisions marked on it. There were 40 divisions in England, and 12 in Wales, making 52 altogether. In my History book, I learned that these divisions were marked out, nearly a thousand years ago, by a good Saxon King, called ALFRED THE GREAT. He appointed governors to these divisions, who were called Aldermen,' or 'Counts,'-so, their divisions were called 'Counties.' I found, also, a Saxon word-please, now, to carry me to a 'Sciran,' which means 'to divide,' and from this word sciran, the people called the Counties shires,' which means 'divisions.' I saw on the map, some counties called shires;-such as YorkBhire'-Derby-shire,' and others. You will now easily remember that these different parts are sometimes called 'Counties,' because they were governed by Counts, and sometimes Shires, because they were Divisions. place where I can find some. thing to eat. I want my din. ner!' In my next letter, I will tell you where he carried me to. Good bye! Dear children, "Your faithful friend, "HENRY YOUNG. W. Papa, those "notes" of his are just as good as lessons. So, we will learn them, and we will call them "Notes on English Geography," or, "The Traveller's notes," or, some new name. No. 2. LINES. (Continued.) P. Do you remember the last Drawing lesson ? Ion. I do, papa. "Whenever we make a line, we are to see if it is correct in length, breadth, shade, direction, and position." P. Why are we to make our lines of the right length? L. Because, if you do not, the thing you draw will have the wrong shape. Ion. And you may spoil the shape of a thing by putting the lines in a wrong position. Suppose you were drawing a house; -you might put the lines of the bedroom, parlour-window, and door, close together. L. Then, they would certainly be in the wrong position. Ion. And yet, you know, each line might be right in its direction and length. But, you may spoil a drawing only by putting the lines a little in the wrong position. L. The house in the drawing No. 5 was spoiled by the lines being in the wrong direction. They were "slanting," instead of straight. P. Now, tell me how many points must you attend to, so that the object you draw may be of the right shape? Ion. Three points. I can make a rule about it. "When we draw an object, its shape will depend on the length, direction, and position of the lines. L. I wonder why we must attend to the other two pointsthe shade of lines, and their thickness. W. The shade and thickness of lines do not alter the shape of a thing; because an object will keep the same shape when you are drawing it, no matter how thick the lines are. Ion. I know why we must attend to the shade of lines. See, here is a curious picture which I drew last night, with lines of the wrong thickness. W. Yes, the lines of the sun are too dark and thick. I. Why should they not be dark? W. Because, nearly always, things that are far off are not seen so clearly as things that are near, and should be drawn with lighter lines. I will tell you how the picture looks. It seems as if the man who drew it was close to the sun; and the post and things that would be near to us, were a long way off from him-in the distance. Ion. Then, near objects should be drawn with dark lines, and distant objects with light lines. This is the rule I have made about it-"The distance or nearness of an object we may draw depends on the shade and thickness of the lines. L. You might have made the rule shorter. Ion. Instead of saying, “the distance or nearness" of an object, you might have said, "the position;" because you meant distant position and near position. I will now say the two rules in a shorter way:- - When drawing an object, its SHAPE room which must be drawn with lines in these three directions. from tal. Ion. This envelope-box. The side lines are perpendicular-the lid is oblique -and the lines at the bot the box, are horizon will depend on the length, direc-tom of the box, and the bottom tion, and position of the lines; of the lid, where it separates and its POSITION will depend on the thickness and shade of the line. P. That is better, Lucy. We will now proceed with the next lesson on straight lines. Let us talk, to-day, about their direction. What do you say of the direction of this line?— W. It is upright. P. Here is a better word for you. Instead of saying "upright," Say perpendicular." What do you say of this one?W. I say it is lying down-it is flat-straight-level. P. Ah, you say too much at a time. Ion. I say it is a flat line. I mean by that, it has the same direction as ground that is quite level, when water will not flow on it in one direction more than another. P. A flat line would be a very good name for it--but the proper name is "horizontal.” Now make a line in another direction. L. Here is oneslanting line. -/It It is a Ion. Yes, but that is a girl's name for it. Let us have its "grown-up" name, please. P. Then call it "oblique." W. So lines have three directions the PERPENDICULAR, HORIZONTAL, AND OBLIQUE. P. Find me something in this W. You said just now, Ion, that the lid was oblique. Ion. But I meant only the top of the lid. L. My copy-book has all three lines. The lines we write in are horizontal; the writing is oblique; and the sides of the book are perpendicular. W. The letter A has oblique lines, and horizontal. P. Find out all the letters in the alphabet which you can make with oblique and horizontal lines. W. Here they are, papa. There are only the first and the last, A and Z. P. Now find out all you can make with oblique and perpendicular lines. L. Ihave found them, KM NY. P. Now show me all that are made with horizontal and perpendicular lines. W. Here are five, EFH LT and here are some all oblique lines, V W and X. Ion. And here is one all in a perpendicular state,-I. Ž. The others belong to a different company. They have curved lines in them. See!-B C D G JO P Q R S U. P. We will now talk about TWO STRAIGHT LINES. Tell me what you observe in the direction of these lines W. They have exactly the same direction. P. That is right; and if I wanted to make them meet each other, I should draw them out to a great length. L. Then you would not do it, papa. If you were to keep on making them longer for an hour, and to draw them out at both ends, they would not meet. Ion. But if you altered the direction of one of them only a very little, they would meet. L. Oh, but they must be exactly in the same direction, and be straight from beginning to end. W. Then they have no chance of meeting at all! For, of course, if they keep in the same direction, they must always keep at the same distance from each other, like the rails on a railroad. What are we to say of the lines, papa, when they are placed so? P. You are to say that they are parallel. W. I will make the rule about them-Two straight lines running in exactly the same direction can never meet, and are called PARALLEL LINES. Ion. That will not do. I do not believe in that. Willie says that lines which have exactly the same direction cannot meet, and must be parallel. Now, look at these two lines They have exactly the same direction. W. Yes. Ion. Yet, if you make them a little longer, they will soon meet. So, they are not parallel. P. Willie was very near the truth. But we will leave off now. Suppose that you all try and find out before next Saturday, how to tell me exactly what is meant by parallel lines. Goodbye!-here is the omnibus waiting. My Home, my own dear home, Where smiles of love are brightening How gladsomely they sound! And kind" good nights," at evening, Like curtains, close us round. The bird seeks not to wander The dearest and the best. With shade and sunlight, shed. O may I bring no shadow Of sorrow or of care, J. E. L TRUTH.-THE ERRAND-BOY. Conductor.-CITY! BANK! H. Mamma! what does the man on that step say that to me for? My name is not City-bank-it is HENRY! M. It is to ask us if we will go in his omnibus. I will stop him, and we will go in. H. Mamma! why did the man say "Hold hard!" when we went in? Let me kneel up on the cushion, then I will hold hard to the window and look out. Oh! the houses all seem moving! There is a red cart with gold letters. Is that the Lord Mayor's? M. No, it is a baker's cart. H. Mamma! here is a boy on the pavement shaking his hand to the conductor. Conductor. HOLD HARD! H. There, mamma, he is saying it again! Must all people hold hard when they want to ride in an omnibus? M No; the man does not say "hold hard" to the people, but to the driver. He wants him to pull the reins very hard, and stop his horses. Boy. How much to the Bank? H. The boy has gone back to the linendraper's for a box. Is that coming in here? M. No; they will put that on the roof; what a long time they are getting it up, it must be very heavy. H. Here we go again! I can see the horses' backs out of this little window. Here is a long road! It is "up-bill." Moral Lesson. Boy. I asked you how much, and you said 6d. Conductor. But you didn't say that you had a box; you ought to have told me. Boy. And you didn't say, when you saw the box, that I must pay any more. You ought to have told me. Conductor. Well, you can't have your box without paying 3d. The rule is, "Fare 6d. without luggage." So the box was put on the roof again, and the omnibus went on. The boy ran by the side of the wheels, until he found a policeman. Then I saw them standing on the |