in it, because it cannot impart to it 2120 of heat, but brine will; because it can impart more than 212° of heat, before it is itself converted into steam. W. These questions are very hard questions, papa, and I do not understand all the answers yet. P. I did not suppose that you would. I would advise you to take these questions, and read them over very frequently. Learn the answers by heart. Shall I tell you how to do it? Take the book down in the kitchen, sit by the side of the kettle, and prove every answer, whether it is correct or not. Now, as we have a few minutes more, I will amuse you. This is our recapitulation week. So we will talk a little about the old lessons. To-day, I will describe some of the objects to you; and then, you may see if you can tell me their names. OBJECT LESSON. THE TABLE-CLOTH-BREAD-BUTTER-SUGAR-MILK—EGGSALTCOCOA-WATER. Now, listen and tell me which of the above objects I am thinking about. I am thinking of an object which is liquid, fluid, penetrating, solvent. W. That is WATER, papa. P. You should not be in such a hurry to speak, Willie-wait until my description is finished. Now I must begin it again. This object is liquid, fluid, penetrating, solvent, white, opaque, natural, and nutri tious. L. There, Willie!-it is not water-it is MILK. P. That is right. Now, I'll think of another. It is white, opaque, thin. W. That is milk, again! P. Do, Willie, keep your tongue in order. Boys should always be slow to speak, as well as men. Again-it is white-opaque-thin and fibrous! Ion. Then you are thinking of THE TABLE-CLOTH. P. Right. Now again; there is a substance which is opaque, natural, granulous, brown, and sweet. L. That is SUGAR. P. Now think of some substances which are alike, and arrange them into classes. Write down the names of six granulous substances? Tell me twelve nutritious substances? Twelve opaque substances? Ten substances which are liquid and nutritious? Twelve animal substances fit for food? Twelve vegetable substances used as food? Two mineral substances used with our food? Six adhesive substances? Six sticky substances which are not adhesive? Ten brittle substances? Six stimulating substances? Something which is refreshing, but not stimulating? THE TRAVELLER THROUGH ENGLAND. WESTMORELAND. MY DEAR CHILDREN, I am very sorry to tell you that Peg slipped in coming along one of the country roads yesterday, and hurt her ankle, and that I have myself, for the last two days, been suffering from an attack of rheumatism-Ah! you don't know what rheumatism is! I am still in Kendal, and therefore can only send you the notes on the county of Westmoreland, which I forgot in my last letter. I think I told you that the other evening, I met a gentleman at the inn, who had been to Appleby. He told me that APPLEBY is situated on the river Eden, that it was once a very large town, but now is not so important as Kendal. It has suffered in the same way as Carlisle, for, in the wars with the Scots, it was burned twice, and has never since recovered. There is nothing remarkable in the town except the square castle, situated on the high ground near the banks of the Eden. I did not hear of anything else concerning this county-except that in some parts very good slate is found-such as we use for the roofs of houses, and for writing upon. WESTMORELAND. (Shape)-The county of Westmoreland is nearly of the shape of a vine leaf. (Boundaries)-It is bounded on the north by Cumberland; on the east by Yorkshire; on the south and west by Lancashire. (Soil)-The soil of this county is not very fertile, but on the western side contains very large moors, inhabited by geese and grouse. Good slate is found here. beautiful lakes. The principal are The county is chiefly noted for its ULLSWATER, about 9 miles longand WINDERMERE, the largest in England, nearly 15 miles long. They are both surrounded by enchanting scenery. The latter one contains fifteen small islands; and near Ullswater is a village called Pooley, where some remarkable echoes may be heard amongst the rocks. (Surface)-Many of the old mansions and farm-houses in this county are built of stone, and are surrounded by court-yards, with heavy stone walls. These were built in the times of the "Border war," to protect the cattle and sheep from the mosstroopers. (Rivers) The principal rivers are the EDEN, on which Appleby is situated, and the KEN, on which is Kendal. (Capital and Towns)-The capiI therefore looked at the map tal is APPLEBY, an inconsiderable town with a large square castle. for the shape of Westmoreland, KENDAL is a more important town, and its boundaries; and then made and has a good trade in woollen my notes in the order which your cloths, baizes, druggets, and stockings. papa wished-writing about the (Name) Westmoreland is supshape the boundaries-the soil-posed to have been so called, from the surface-the rivers-the capital the moors situated on the western side. and towns-and the name, according to your own plan-so I hope dear children that you will be pleased with them. I perceive by your papa's letter, that this is your week for recapi 1. I know a mountain, where black eagles once built their nests. What is its name, and in which county is it? 2. But which is the highest mountain in England? 3. And which is the largest lake in England? 4. Where is the principal black lead mine? 5. I'm trying to remember a town. It has a fine bridge, a cathedral, and a castle where an unfortunate queen once lived. There are walls round this town which caused it to be besieged twice during the civil war. It is on the river Eden. What is its name? 6. I'm thinking of another town. Peg seemed to know it when we reached it. Like Carlisle, it has a fine bridge, a castle and fort, and is surrounded by walls. So, also, on account of its walls, it has been besieged several times-once by KING EDWARD THE FIRST. Even more salmon is sold here, than at Carlisle. Its principal trade is in pickled salmon. It is an independent town. What is its name, and on what river is it? 7. Tell me a town noted for coals? 8. Another town? 9. Another? 11. Why has one of them the word "mouth" at the end of its name? 12. Did you ever hear of any other English towns with the word mouth in their names? 13. Tell me of a capital which is an inconsiderable town? 14. If you were to walk from Berwick to Newcastle-what remarkable places would you see on your road? 15. You have heard of seven castles-tell me their names? 16. Tell me the names of four islands belonging to these counties? 17. How many islands have I spoken of altogether?* * The Author would anxiously press upon parents the importance of inducing the children to exercise their minds and memories with such a series of questions. They should be continually trained, not only in collecting, arranging, and storing,-but in recollecting ideas. The registering of old facts is not so pleasant to children, as the reaching forward to new ones. They like "to hear the news"-but if the discipline of mind gained by the less pleasant process be lost sight of, it is a great pity. Offer the children any inducement to repeat or write out the answers. 10. On what river are these The best inducement is-the advantage three towns? they will bring to themselves. of sight. P. If you pay attention, I will soon make you understand why that is so. Do you remember that you imagined a straight line drawn from Ion's eye at the point of station to the point of sight. L. Yes; and we said it would make a right angle with the horizontal line. P. And so, also, the sides of the two boxes are at right angles with the horizontal line. I think you can understand that; I will say it again. Just as the line drawn from the point of station to the point of sight, is at right W. I will say it once more. The line from the point of station to the point of sight, and the lines of the sides of the boxes, are in a parallel direction. P. And now you have the reaof sight, instead of a vanishing son why they incline to the point point. All lines in a picture which line from the point of station to are parallel with the imaginary the point of sight, must incline to the point of sight. Here you have the position of line in the first drawing. the square and of the imaginary angles with the horizontal line-Why do both sides of the square so, also, are the horizontal lines of the side of the box. You incline to vanishing points? Ion. I can tell at once, papa It is because they are not parallel | spective, we must make an imagiwith the imaginary line. P. You may now make the rule respecting the point of sight. We will repeat it together. The part of the horizontal line which is exactly opposite to the point of station, is called THE nary line between these two points then, all horizontal lines which may be parallel with that line, must incline to the point of sight. Suppose that I make you another drawing; and, instead of placing both boxes parallel to the imaginary line, I will alter the When drawing a figure in per-position of one; so POINT OF SIGHT. What do you say of the position of the right-hand box? Ion. That it is not in a direction parallel with the imaginary line. W. So, the lines of the sides will not incline to the point of sight, but you will have to make a vanishing point for them. P. That is correct; here is the drawing, with the position of the square altered L. Yes. You have made two vanishing points, papa. Can you make more than two vanishing points in a picture? P. Yes; in some large pictures there may be twenty--because, when you draw an object in perspective, in twenty different positions-each position, unless it is parallel with the imaginary line, will require a new vanishing point. Lesson 8. THE POINT OF STATION, and THE POINT OF SIGHT. 1. The point at which we stand to look at any object, is called the POINT OF STATION. 2 The point on the horizontai line which is opposite to the point of station, is called THE POINT OF SIGHT. 3. When drawing an object in perspective, we must make an imaginary line between these two points, then all the horizontal lines in the object which are in a direction parallel to that line, must incline to the point of sight. 4. When the lines of an object in perspective are not parallel to this imaginary line, they must incline to a vanishing point. |