specified in section 310 of this title; and any such court may, in the event of neglect or refusal to respond to a subpena issued by any such employee so designated or refusal to testify before such employee so designated issue an order requiring such person to appear before such employee so designated, produce relevant books, papers, and documents if demanded, and testify; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by the court as a contempt thereof. The record of the preliminary examination authorized by this subsection shall be admissible as evidence in any final hearing conducted by a naturalization court designated in section 310 of this title.

[(f) As to each period and place of residence in the State in which the petitioner resides at the time of filing the petition, during the entire period of at least six months immediately preceding the date of filing the petition, there shall be included in the petition for naturalization the affidavits of at least two credible witnesses, citizens of the United States, stating that each personally known the petitioner to have been a resident at such place for such period, and that the petitioner is and during all such periods has been a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States.

[g) At the hearing on the petition, residence in the State in which the petitioner resides at the time of filing the petition, for at least six months immediately preceding the date of filing the petition, and the other qualifications required by subsection (a) of section 316 during such residence shall be proved by the oral testimony of at least two credible witnesses, citizens of the United States, in addition to the affidavits required by subsection (f) of this section to be included in the petition. At the hearing, residence and physical presence within the United States during the five-year period required by section 316(a), but outside the State, or within the State but prior to the six months immediately preceding the date of filing the petition, and the other qualifications required by subsection (a) of section 316 during such period at such places, shall be proved either by depositions taken in accordance with subsection (d) of section 332, or oral testimony, of at least two such witnesses for each place of residence.

[(h) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (f) and (g) of this section, the requirements of subsection (a) of section 316 as to the petitioner's residence, good moral character, attachment to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and disposition toward the good order and happiness of the United States may be established by any evidence satisfactory to the naturalization court in those cases under subsection (b) of section 316 in which the alien has been absent from the United States because of his employment by or contract with the Government of the United States or an American institution of research, recognized as such by the Attorney General, or employment by American firm or corporation engaged in whole or in part in the development of foreign trade and commerce of the United States or a subsidiary thereof, or employment by a public international organization in which the United States participates.]

[i](X1) A petitioner for naturalization who removes from the jurisdiction of the court in which his petition for naturalization is pending may, at any time thereafter, make application to the court for transfer of the petition to a naturalization court exercising jurisdiction over the petitioner's place of residence, or to any other naturalization court if the petition was not required to be filed in a naturalization court exercising jurisdiction over the petitioner's place of residence: Provided, That such transfer shall not be made without the consent of the Attorney General, and of the court to which the petition is transferred.

(2) Where transfer of the petition is authorized the clerk of court in which the petition was filed shall forward a certified copy of the petition and the original record in the case to the clerk of court to which the petition is transferred, and proceedings on the petition shall thereafter continue as though the petition had originaly been filed in the court to which transferred, except that the court to which the petition is transferred may in its discretion, require the production of two credible United States citizens witnesses to testify as to the petitioner's qualifications for naturalization since the date of such transfer.

FINAL HEARING IN OPEN COURT UPON PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION; FINAL ORDER UNDER THE HAND OF THE COURT ENTERED UPON RECORD; EXAMINATION OF PETITIONER AND WITNESSES BEFORE THE COURT

SEC. 336. (a) Every final hearing upon a petition for naturalization shall be had in open court before a judge or judges thereof, and every final order which may be made upon such petition shall be under the hand of the court and entered in full upon a record kept for that purpose, and upon such final hearing of such petition the petitioner [and the witnesses], except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, shall be examined under oath before the court and in the presence of the court. If the petitioner is prevented by sickness or other disability from being in open court for the final hearing upon a petition for naturalization, such final hearing may be had before a judge or judges of the court at such place as may be designated by the court.

(b) The requirement of subsection (a) of this section for the examination of the petitioner [and the witnesses] under oath before the court and in the presence of the court shall not apply in any case where an employee designated under section 335(b) has conducted the preliminary examination authorized by subsection (b) of section 335; except, that the court may, in its discretion, and shall, upon demand of the petitioner, require the examination of the petitioner [and the witnesses] under oath before the court and in the presence of the court.

[(c) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this title, no final hearing shall be held on any petition for naturalization nor shall any person be naturalized nor shall any certificate of naturalization be issued by any court within a period of thirty days after the filing of the petition for naturalization. The Attorney General may waive such period in an individual case if he finds that the waiver will be in the public interest.]

[(d)] (c) The Attorney General shall have the right to appear before any court in any naturalization proceedings for the purpose

of cross-examining the petitioner and the witnesses produced in support of the petition concerning any matter touching or in any way affecting the petitioner's right to admission to citizenship, and shall have the right to call witnesses, including the petitioner, produce evidence, and be heard in opposition to, or in favor of, the granting of any petition in naturalization proceedings.

[(e)] (d) The clerk of the court shall, if the petitioner requests it at the time of filing the petition for naturalization, issue a subpena for the witnesses named by such petitioner to appear upon the day set for the final hearing, but in case such witnesses cannot be produced upon the final hearing other witnesses may be summoned upon notice to the Attorney General, in such manner and at such time as the Attorney General may by regulation prescribe. [If it should appear after the petition has been filed that any of the verifying witnesses thereto are not competent, and it further appears that the petitioner has acted in good faith in producing such witnesses found to be incompetent, other witnesses may be substituted in accordance with such regulations.]

[(f)] (e) It shall be lawful at the time and as a part of the naturalization of any person, for the court, in its discretion, upon the bona fide prayer of the petitioner included in the petition for naturalization of such persons, to make a decree changing the name of said person, and the certificate of naturalization shall be issued in accordance therewith.

OATH OF RENUNCIATION AND ALLEGIANCE

SEC. 337. (a) A person who has petitioned for naturalization shall, in order to be and before being admitted to citizenship, take in open court an oath (1) to support the Constitution of the United States; (2) to renounce and abjure absolutely and entirely all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which the petitioner was before a subject or citizen; (3) to support and defend the Constitution and the laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; (4) to bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and (5)(A) to bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law, or (B) to perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law, or (C) to perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law. Any such person shall be required to take an oath containing the substance of clauses (1) through (5) of the preceding sentence, except that a person who shows by clear and convincing evidence to the satisfaction of the naturalization court that he is opposed to the bearing of arms in the Armed Forces of the United States by reason of religious training and belief shall be required to take an oath containing the substance of clauses (1) through (4) and clauses (5)(B) and (5)(C), and a person who shows by clear and convincing evidence to the satisfaction of the naturalization court that he is opposed to any type of service in the Armed Forces of the United States by reason of religious training and belief shall be required to take an oath containing the substance of clauses (1) through (4) and clause (5)(C). The term "religious training and belief" as used in this section shall mean an individual's belief in a relation to a Supreme Being involving duties superior to those arising from any human relation, but does not include essentially political, sociologi

cal, or philosophical views or a merely personal moral code. In the case of the naturalization of a child under the provisions of section 322 [or 323] of this title the naturalization court may waive the taking of the oath if in the opinion of the court the child is unable to understand its meaning.

CERTIFICATES OF CITIZENSHIP; PROCEDURE

SEC. 341. A person who claims to have derived United States citizenship through the naturalization of a parent or through the naturalization or citizenship of a husband, or who is a citizen of the United States by virtue of the provisions of section 1993 of the United States Revised Statutes, or of section 1993 of the United States Revised Statutes, as amended by section 1 of the Act of May 24, 1934 (48 Stat. 797), or who is a citizen of the United States by virtue of the provisions of subsection (c), (d), (e), (g), or (i) of section 201 of the Nationality Act of 1940, as amended (54 Stat. 1138; 8 U.S.C. 601), or of the Act of May 7, 1934 (48 Stat. 667), or of paragraph [(3), (4), (5), or (7) of section 301(a)] (c), (d), (e), or (g) of section 301 of this title, or under the provisions of the Act of August 4, 1937 (50 Stat. 558), or under the provisions of section 203 or 205 of the Nationality Act of 1940 (54 Stat. 1139; 8 U.S.C. 603, 605), or under the provisions of section 303 of this title, may apply to the Attorney General for a certificate of citizenship. Upon proof to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the applicant is a citizen, and that the applicant's alleged citizenship was derived as claimed, or acquired, as the case may be, and upon taking and subscribing before a member of the Service within the United States to the oath of allegiance required by this Act of a petitioner for naturalization, such individual shall be furnished by the Attorney General with a certificate of citizenship, but only if such individual is at the time within the United States.

(c) The clerk of any naturalization court specified in subsection (a) of section 310 (except the courts specified in subsection (d) of this section) shall account for and pay over to the Attorney General one-half of all fees up to the sum of [$6,000] $40,000, and all fees in excess of [$6,000] $40,000, collected by any such clerk in naturalization proceedings in any fiscal year.

LOSS OF NATIONALITY BY NATIVE-BORN OR NATURALIZED CITIZEN

SEC. 349. (a) [(a)] From and after the effective date of this Act a person who is a national of the United States whether by birth or naturalization, shall lose his nationality by

(1) obtaining naturalization in a foreign state upon his own application, upon an application filed in his behalf by a parent,

guardian, or duly authorized agent, or through the naturalization of a parent having legal custody of such person: Provided, That nationality shall not be lost by any person under this section as the result of the naturalization of a parent or parents while such person is under the age of twenty-one years, or as the result of a naturalization obtained on behalf of a person under twenty-one years of age by a parent, guardian, or duly authorized agent, unless such person shall fail to enter the United States to establish a permanent residence prior to his twenty-fifth birthday: And provided further, That a person who shall have lost nationality prior to January 1, 1948, through the naturalization in a foreign state of a parent or parents, may, within one year from the effective date of this Act, apply for a visa and for admission to the United States as [nonquota] special immigrant under the provisions of section 101(a)(27)(E); or

(2) taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state or a political subdivison thereof; or

(3) entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state unless, prior to such entry or service, such entry or service is specifically authorized in writing by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense: Provided, That the entry into such service by a person prior to the attainment of his eighteenth birthday shall serve to expatriate such person only if there exists an option to secure a release from such service and such person fails to exercise such option at the attainment of his eighteenth birthday; or

(4)(A) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, if he has or acquires the nationality of such foreign state; or (B) accepting, serving in, or performing the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or a political subdivision thereof, for which office, post or employment an oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance is required; or

(5) making a formal renunciation of nationality before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign state, in such form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State; or

(6) making in the United States a formal written renunciation of nationality in such form as may be prescribed by, and before such officer as may be designated by, the Attorney General, whenever the United States shall be in a state of war and the Attorney General shall approve such renunciation as not contrary to the interests of national defense; or

(7) committing any act of treason against, or attempting by force to overthrow, or bearing arms against, the United States, violating or conspiring to violate any of the provisions of section 2385 of title 18, United States Code, or willfully performing any act in violation of section 2384 of title 18, United States Code, or violating section 2383 of said title by engaging in a conspiracy to overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States, or to levy war against