cooas (pines), and auke (a place), and means "The crooked mountain place of many pines." N. H. Hist. Colls., Vol. VIII, p. 448. The reader I will see that the word water does not occur in it, nor was it the Indian name of the river to which it is now applied. It was the name given by the Indians to the region through which the Merrimack river flows. The river Merrimack was so called in all the early scout journals,-and there are nearly a dozen of them in the archives of the state of Massachusetts (38a),-from its mouth to its farthest source in the White Mountains.

Capt. John Lovewell, the noted Indian fighter, tells how, in February, 1724, he went up the Merrimack river to what is now the town of Campton, and killed an Indian. Appalachia, Vol. II, p. 342.

Capt. Samuel Willard, in his scout journal, September, 1724, speaks of marching up the Merrimack river. nearly to East Branch, and then crossing the mountains to the Saco. Idem, p. 342.

Capt. John White's scout journal, 1725, as we have seen, mentions the "Meremock" at Plymouth, and the lower end of Pemichiwaset lower intrevals."

Jeffrey's map, 1755, makes "Pemogewasset R." flow from what is now Squam lake.

Holland's map, 1784, shows Merrimack river" running down from Franconia and Lincoln, and the name Merrimack river is in New Britain, now Andover and Franklin, and New Chester, now Hill, Bristol, and Bridgewater, opposite to "Sandbourn Town."

Philip Carrigain, one of the best map-makers New Hampshire ever had, clings to the name Merrimack river for the mountain branch of that stream. On his map, 1816, the name "Merrimack River" appears in the present town of Livermore, among the mountains, and also "Merrimack River" in Thornton and Campton, "or Pemigewasset Branch of Merrimack R." in Campton and Holderness.

Thus we see that the name "Pem

ichewashet," or "Remithewaset," otherwise the "Pemogewaset W. Br.," is rightfully the name of the River Baker, and that the word Pemigewasset should be applied to the region where lived the Pemigewasset Indians, some of whom Capt. Samuel Willard,* on Tuesday, Sept. 28, 1724, "tracked from Pimichiwasset to Cusumpy Pond."

7. SQUAM LAKE.

This is the most beautiful lake in New England. Its bed is rock and white quartz sand; its water, clear as crystal; its shores, gentle curves, bold headlands, and sharp capes; its islands, crinkling stripes across its surface; its mountain peaks, crests, and domes, backed by the whole form of the gallant Chocorua, with his "steel-hooded head." Moosilauke commands a view of its south-eastern shore.

How the uneuphonious name of Squam came to be applied to it we have not yet learned.

Capt. John Love well is one of the first to mention it. In his scout

journal he says,-"1724, Feb. 10. We traveled 16 miles & encamped at the North side of Cusumpe Pond."-Visitor, Vol. XIII, p. 355.

Capt. Samuel Willard says,-"1725, Saturday, Sept. 25. We marched about 6 mile & came to ye carrying place, where ye Indians carry their Canoes from Pimichiwasset to Sowhaig River,* and found that ye Indians had lately been there and carried their Conoes. Cap'. Willard took half a scout of his own & half of C. Blanchers being in all 24 & followed ye Indians and a little before we come to Cusumpy Pond we found where they broke one Conoe & Coming to ye Pond could follow them noe further."-Appalachia, Vol. II, p. 341. Jeffrey's map, 1755, says "Kusumpe Pond,” a beautiful name.

Blanchard & Langdon's map, 1761,
Cusumpy P."

Jeffrey's map, 1764,-"Cusumpy P." Holland's map, 1784,-" Cusumpy P.," along with "Squam Lake." This map is the last to show the name Cusumpy pond, and the first to show Squam lake.

Dr. Belknap's map, 1791, says "Squam Lake," and Carrigain's map, 1816, says "Squam," and all the maps since that time have this name of ill sound. Most people dislike the name: it makes them think of squirming eels and slimy frogs, and the poet Whittier calls it Asquam, which in Indian language means water, a name which, for that matter, might be applied to any pond in the world.

Judge Potter says," Squam lake was called by the Indians' Keessehuncknipee,' from kees (high), sehunck (a goose, so called from the noise it makes), and nipee (a lake), meaning 'The Goose Lake of the Highlands,' which was contracted into Keesunnipee, and corrupted by the English into Cusumpy and Casumpy."-Visitor, Vol. XII, p.

357.

Why should not Keesunnipee, a name weird as the honk of a wild goose from the sky, or its further euphonious contraction, Kusumpe, suggestive of a partridge drumming in the woods, be restored to our most beautiful gem of the White hills?

LAKE SQUAM.-On the left hand as we go up the lake, on what is known as Balch's Island, is Camp Chocorua. This is a real camp, not of warscarred veterans, but of fair, rosycheeked youths. From fifty to seventy-five boys, ranging between ten and twenty years of age, and hailing from half the states of the Union, have their quarters here, spending the summer months in boating, rowing, swimming, and picnicking. They are

under the charge of tutors who keep them in strict discipline. No one is allowed to go on to the main land without permission, and each boy cares for his own boat, his clothes, and cooks his own food. It is a grand thing for the boys, I am sure. The camp is under the auspices of the Episcopal church. Prof. E. W. Balch is the principal tutor.

F. M. C.

prefixed, becomes lotzog, which easily passes into "vicus," and that abbreviated becomes "vic," "wic," or

Prior to the year 600 the history of the Saxons in England is uncertain, colored by poetry and mythology. From the first entrance of the Saxons into England, A. D. 449, till A. D. 587, eight separate kingdoms called the octarchy were set up,-one Jute, three Saxon, and four Angle. The West Saxons, after long intestine wars, subjugated the other kingdoms and maintained their supremacy, with the brief interruption of 26 years of Danish sway from 1016 to 1042, under Canute and his two sons, till the Norman conquest in 1066. The language remained unsubdued, and was spoken by the subjected people till the middle of the thirteenth century.

Local names are usually compounds, the separate elements being descriptive of the place, and the most important word usually comes last in order. Such terminatons as tun, wic, ham, thorp, berg, Clif, cot, feld, and ford are quite common, as Stantun, stone town or enclosure; Sand-wic, Sandwich or sand village. The term "wic" is supposed to be associated with "vicus" in Latin and dizos in Greek, which, with the primitive digamma

names, as Woolwich, Norwich, Greenwich, Alnwich, from annick, Harwich, from harridge, Keswich, from kezzick, Dulwich, from dullitch. Ham, German bein, English "home," appears in many names of places, as Hampton, Buckingham, Stone-ham, and the abbreviated forms Barrum, Putnam, and Chetum for Barnham, Puttenham, and Chetham. The termination is common in Germany, as "heim," "hem," and "um," Oppen-heim, Arn-hem, and Hus-um.

"In Ford, in Ham, in Ley, and Ton, The most of English surnames run." To this distitch Mr. Lower adds the following:

"Ing. Hurst, and Wood, Wich, Stead, and Field,

Full many English surnames yield."

"Tun," ton or town, meaning enclosure, or, in the American sense, a location, shows at sight the local history of many a settlement, as Clayton, New-ton, Hil-ton, Nor-ton = Northtown, Sut-ton Southtown, Milton Middletown.

The state of New Hampshire has several towns named from their earliest settlers, -as Sanborn-ton (Sandbourne, originally, meaning sand boundary, a place of residence), and Gilman-ton, Gilman being the man of the "Gill," a rivulet or ravine.

Many places derive their names from the animals that had their homes or lairs in them,-as Oxley and Oxen

ham, the home of oxen; Horsley and Horsfield, the abode of horses; so Ramsey, Ramscombe, Goatley, Goatham, Foxley, Foxcote, Dereham, Deerhurst, Hartford, and Harthile announce at once their own genealogy. Birdbrook, Birdham, Eaglesfield, Eaglesham, Ravensdale, Ravenscroft, Gosden, and Gosford speak for themselves. Oakley, Ockwood, Boxhill, Boxley, Ashley, Thornhill, Pinewell, Bircham, Maplested, and Bromley need no interpretation. Here the forest trees never shed their summer glories; the birds still sing in their favorite haunts; the beasts yet lie undisturbed in their chosen lairs, and the herds and flocks still ruminate in their native homes. It is history, however, not present reality, that presents these enduring pictures to the mind's eye. The "animated nature" which these names describe resembles the land of shades where unsubstantial ghosts forever repeat the deeds of another life.

The personal names of the old Saxons carry us back to the infancy of our race. Names indicate the taste, pursuits, and culture of those that employ them. We are surprised at some of the appellatives given to their chiefs by our Indian tribes. They seem to think themselves ennobled by wearing the names of savage beasts and birds of prey. Hengist and Horsa are horses as well as heroes.

Beorn means a prince, a noble. the Norse tongue, beorn, biarn, biorn, means a bear, the most ferocious beast of the North as the lion is of the South; hence princes had their names formed of beorn, or the name of some other fierce animal, as wolf;

hence we find among the Saxon kings Beo-wulf and Adel-wulf and Os-wulf. We also find Wulf-helm and Wulfheal, protection and high. "Ead " means possession. This is often compounded with "weard" or ward, meaning guardian; with "wine," a friend, a darling; with "mund,” protector; with "red," a counsellor; as Eadweard, Eadwine, Eadmund, Eadred. The word "red" or " raed " appears often in other combinations, as "Ethel-red," the noble counsellor ; Aelc-red, all counsel; Cuth-red, known in counsel; and Mild-red, mild in counsel. Those old German names, Ariovistus and Arminius, are supposed to be the Latinized forms of Heer-fürst and Heer-mann (now Herman), "heer" meaning a host, and "fürst," a leader or prince. Ludewig, Ludwig, Louis, and Lewis are the same name. "Lud" means loud. and "wig" means war; possibly Ludwig has a signification like Boy aya06s in Greek; or the

corpora ad impetum valida" of Tacitus, good for the rush, bold in the onset; or, perhaps, loud in battle. The word "wig" appears also in Clodwig or Clovis, and in Merowig, the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. The word “mér” or “máer " is great, and Mer-wig is great in war. The names of common men are borrowed from every conceivable source; from things in heaven, things in earth, and things under the earth. The whole number is said to be thirty or forty thousand. Like the king's prerogative, they have increased, are increasing, and ought to be diminished. Language is the oldest historical monument on which is written the genesis of human thought; and the names of

persons and places must be among the earliest forms of human speech. "Of all the faculties," says Mr. Farrar, wherewith God has endowed His noblest creature, none is more divine and mysterious than the faculty of speech. It is the gift whereby man. is raised above the beasts; the gift whereby soul speaks to soul; the gift whereby mere pulses of articulated air become breathing thoughts and burning words; the gift whereby we understand the affections of men, and give expression to the worship of God; the gift whereby the lip of divine inspiration uttering things simple and unperfumed and unadorned, reacheth with its passionate voice through a thousand generations by the help of God." One of the earliest uses on record of this divine gift to man was in the naming of the creatures which God had made; and "whatsoever Adam called every living thing, that was the name thereof." The beasts, birds, fishes, and insects which Adam then named, have repaid the debt of gratitude they owed him by returning the favor a thousand fold, and giving their names to whole families of his descendants. This is literally true in all languages. In our own tongue almost every animal has its representative man. Consider the following catalogue of surnames collected by Mr. Lower, which are common to men and quadrupeds: "Ass, Bear, Buck, Badger, Bull, Bullock, Boar, Beaver, Catt, Colt, Coney, Cattle, Cow, Calfe, Deer, Doe, Fox, Fawn, Goat, Goodsheep, Hart, Hogg, Hare, Lamb, Hound, Heifer, Kine, Kitten, Kydd, Lyon, Leppard, Leveret, Mare, Mule, Mole, Oxen, Otter, Oldbuck, Panther, Puss, Poodle,

Palfrey, Pigg, Roebuck, Ram, Rabbit, Roe, Setter, Steed, Stallion, Steer, Squirrel, Seal, Stagg, Tiger, Wildbore, and Weatherhogg."

His list of birds, represented by human names, is so striking that it will perhaps repay perusal. It is this: "Bird, Blackbird, Bunting, Bulfinch, Buzzard, Coote, Crane, Cock, Cuckoo, Crake, Chick, Chicken, Chaffinch, Crowe, Capon, Drake, Duck, Dove, Daw, Egles, Fowle, Finch, Falcon, Goshawk, Grouse, Gander, Goose, Gosling, Gull, Goldfinch, Hawke, Howlett, Heron, Hearne, Jay, Kite, Linnet, Lark, Mallard, Nightingale, Peacock, Partridge, Pheasant, Pidgeon, Parrot, Raven, Rooke, Ruff, Swan, Sparrow, Swallow, Sparrowhawk, Starling, Stork, Swift, Turtle, Teale, Thrush, Throssel, Wildrake, Wildgoose, Woodcock, Woodpecker, and Wren." These are true and ancient names, as Tacitus says of the old German appellations of tribes," Eaque vera et antiqua nomina." They are sufficiently unique yet authentic, having been all identified from written records. The various finny tribes walk the earth with countenances erect, from the Whale" to the "Smelt; " from the "Sharke" to the "Sprat" and "Gudgeon." But there are still gradations of names descending to insects and vegetables. Think of a hero rejoicing in the euphonious name of "Flea," Fly," "Spider," or "Worm." Could a man, bearing such a name, ever rise to eminence? Who would vote for a statesman whose name was "Bugg," "Wasp," or "Moth"? Yet, "What's in a name?"

66

If Alexander had borne the name