And then came some intolerable degenerations, the first of which we find on Dr. Dwight's map, 1824, of dividing the name into two words, thus: Moose Hillock. J. R. Dodge's map of New Hampshire, 1854, map of Grafton county, 1860, and Watson's map of New England, also so divide the name. This is a bad misnomer, for the mountain is not a hillock-little hill-at all, but a grand crest nearly a mile high.

For variety, Morse's Geography, 1811, and J. E. Worcester's Elements of Geography, 1832, make the name "Moose-hillock,"'-worse yet.

Morse, in his American Gazeteer, as we have seen, gives the origin of the name. From his account we should judge that he, as well as Dr. Dwight, got his information from some imaginative gentleman of Newbury, Vt. Yet there is a grain of propriety in the name Moose-hillock, for all the early settlers in the region round about the mountain testified that "it was a remarkable range for moose," the last of which were killed in 1803. But we think Goodrich is right, when he says "Mooshelock" is called by a corruption "Moosehillock."

We once read a newspaper article by some romantic writer, who had seen Holland's Moo-se-lock and Belknap's Moo-she-lock. It stated that an Indian hunter, traversing the dark forests high up in a ravine of the mountain, came across two bull moose. They had been fighting, and had got their horns inseparably interlocked. They had eaten nothing for many days, and being much emaciated, the hunter easily killed them for their hides. Telling the story in

poor English, he said,-"Moose he lock his horns up there;" and Holland. hearing it, gave to the peak the name "Mooselock Mount"." To the writer this probably was a beautiful legend, but to us pure fiction.

In 1852, Judge C. E. Potter, in the Farmer's Monthly Visitor," Vol. XII, p. 354, said," The name of the towering Moosilauke, with its bald peak of rock, is an Indian word, meaning the Bald Place,' derived from moosi, bald, and auke, a place, the letter being thrown in for the sake of euphony." The judge was a great student of the history of the Indians, and of their manners, customs, and language.

In Cotton's Vocabulary of Indian Language, Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. XXII, p. 168, he found the name moosi, bald, and in Roger Williams's Key to the Indian Language, idem, Vol. III, p. 220, auke, a place; and having seen Holland's "Moo-se-lock," and Belknap's "Moo-she-lock," he concluded, with Goodrich, that Moosehillock was a corruption, and that Holland's Moo-se-lock was identical with the Indian words Moosi-l-auke (idem sonans); and that Holland so spelled the word Moo-se-lock, because he was not well acquainted with Cotton's and Williams's Indian spellingbooks. Any one familiar with the spelling of Indian names knows that there are as many ways of spelling them as there are learned writers who try to write them.

Potter's Moosilauke" 66 came into use slowly. He spells it Moosilauke again in 1853 in his Visitor, Vol. XIII, p. 323; and in 1857, in a letter to the writer, he said,—“ Moosilauke is from moosi (bald) and auke (a place),

with the letter 7 thrown in for the sake of the sound, and means Bald Place."

The first to adopt Potter's Moosilauke that we have found was Cooledge and Mansfield's History and Description of New England, 1860; then the New Hampshire Statesman, 1861; the Boston Herald, July, 1867; J. W. Meader's Merrimack River, 1869; History of Warren, 1870; and White Mountains in Winter, 1871.

Since 1871, nine out of every ten of the writers who have mentioned the mountain have written it Moosilauke, and not Moosehillock. Both are good names, and one can use either of them as he pleases; or, if he wishes, can take his choice from the four others, Mooselock, Mooshelock, Moose Hillock, and Moose-hillock. We prefer Moosilauke as the most euphonious, the most likely to be the one the Indians used, and no chance to make an unsightly division of it. Still there is a grandeur in the word Moosehillock. We are not captious about which spelling is used, and are wholly unlike Mr. S. A. Drake, the author. He seems to be very tenacious for the spelling Moosehil-lock, and wholly opposed to that of Moo-sil-auke. He boldly exclaims in his Heart of the White Mountains," Boston, 1881, page 267,-"Moosilauke: this orthography is of recent adoption. By recent, I mean within thirty years. Before that it was always Moosehillock"-a very accurate statement, as we have seen!

A large number of maps, showing parts of New Hampshire, were published prior to Holland's, 1784. Thos. Jeffrey,"geographer to His Royal

Highness, the Prince of Wales, near Charing Cross," London, 1755, published the first one we have met. It was from "Surveys of Mitchell and Hazzen, 1750, especially this last." Several editions of it were issued, no two alike. Joseph Blanchard and Samuel Langdon-afterwards president of Harvard college-published a map of the state in 1761. This also had several editions.* But no one of them has Moosilauke upon it, unless Jackoyway's hill, a little east of Connecticut river, Jeffrey's map, 1755, is meant for it. But those who have given some attention to the subject are of the opinion that Jackoyway, Coraway, and Chocorua are identical names of the same mountain, meaning Bear mountain, the same as Kineo mountain in Ellsworth, and Kunkanowet hills in Dunbarton and Weare, mean Bear mountain or Bear hills, or the "place of bears," all these names being derived (the same as the name of the chief Passaconaway) from kunnaway, a bear.

Four large streams have their source near the high crest of Moosilauke. They are Moosilauke river, the Wild Ammonoosuc or Swiftwater, the Oliverian, and the Baker. Some of these have had as many names and changes of names as Moosilauke.

2. MOOSILAUKE RIVER.

It rises on the north-east slope of Mt. Blue, the name of Moosilauke's blue dome,--and its first mile is a series of glissading cascades. Near its junction with the Pemigewasset, it forms Moosilauke basin, and across-a

It appears on a map published by Thomas Jeffrey prior to 1760, and is called by him "Umpammonoosuck R.," a name given it by the Indians. There were three Ammonoosuc rivers in New Hampshire,-the upper, the middle, and the lower or Umpammonoosuck; Ump probably meaning the lower, the same as Um in the word Umbagog, the lower of the chain of lakes from which flows the Androscoggin river.

Umpammonoosuck river also appears on a map of New Hampshire, published about 1763, in the collection of maps in the state library. On the map of New York mentioned it has the name of verian's Brook."

before "Olo

scrub, otherwise called by the Indians, as Dr. Belknap says, hakmantaks, which surrounds, like an abatis, the high crest of the mountain; it is a hundred feet wide at its mouth. Half a mile from the lake it slides and hisses down a precipice 500 feet, into Jobildune ravine.

The first author that we have been able to find who mentions Baker river is Lieut. Thomas Baker, who killed the Indian chief Waternomee at its mouth, in May, 1712. He calls it "The west branch of Merrimack river." Journal of Massachusetts Legislature, 1712.

Capt. John White, in his " Journal of a Scout to discover Indians in the northern woods, in April and May, 1725,” says,—

19 day. We traveled 11 milds, and then Campt at the lower end of pemichewaset lower entrevals and sent out skouts.

66

20 day. We lay still by reason of foul wether, and towards nit it cleared up and we sent out skouts and found where Cornel Tyng crost Meremock.*

"21 day. We traveled 12 milds up pemichewashet River and found old sines of Indians and we sent out skouts that night and found one new track and we lay that night by the river and made new camps.† The land that lyes by this river is vere rich and good. The upland were full of hills and mountains very bad traveling."

This "pemichewashet River" was without doubt the present River Baker, and the stream now known as the Pemigewasset was then the

spelled it.

Thos. Jeffrey's map of New England, 1755, calls Baker river the "Remithewaset or Pemogewaset W.

Br."

Blanchard & Langdon's map, 1761, calls Baker river by the very fine name of "Hastings' brook," the words being printed in the territory of the present town of Wentworth, which town did not then appear on the map. It also appears as "Hastings' brook" on another map in the state library, upon which are the towns in that region granted before 1764. This last map was probably published by Jeffrey.

The first writer we have found who called the River Baker" Baker's river" was Capt. Peter Powers, of Hollis, N. H. In his Scout Journal he says, under date of 1754, June 20th,-"We steared our course * from the mouth of Baker's river, up said river, north-west by west, six miles. This river is extraordinary crooked, and good intreval. Thence up the river, about two miles north-west, and there we shot a moose, the sun being about half an hour high." Powers's Hist. of Coös, p. 19.

Ten years later, 1764, Matthew Patten, of Bedford, N. H., a noted surveyor, wrote in his celebrated Diary,

"Oct. 18th. We arrived at Mr. Zechariah Parker's on Baker's river and lodged there."-GRANITE MONTHLY, Vol. I, p. 213.

Holland's map, 1784, says "Baker's River."

Coventry, and Peeling.

Dr. Belknap's History says "Baker's river." Vol. III, p. 45.

Thus it appears in all books and maps till 1853, when Judge Potter, in his Visitor, Vol. XIII, p. 257, says,"A river in Rumney, N. H., now called Baker's river, but called by the Indians Asquamchumauke (the water from the mountain side)." In 1857, in a letter, Judge Potter says,—" Baker's river was called by the Indians Asquamchumauke,' from asquam (water), wadchu (a mountain), and auke a place), the m being thrown in for the sound, and means the place where the water comes from the mountain. This name, written Asquamgumuck, is mentioned as a bound in an early deed had or seen by the late Judge Livermore." We once searched many long hours in the Registry of Deeds office, Grafton county, to find that deed, but we did not meet it.

A writer in the N. H. Hist. Coll., Vol. VIII, p. 451, mentions the Asquamchumauke, and says the name means "The place of the water from the mountain."

Thus we see that Moosilauke's largest stream has been called by many names: Pemichewashet, Remithewaset, Pemogewaset W. Br., Hastings' brook, Baker's river, Asquamchumauke, and Asquamgumuck, of which any one can take his choice.

6. PEMIGEWASSET RIVER.