rehabilitation is that there is any such thing as a volunteer. I don't think there is any such animal. They may be volunteer in the sense that they aren't being forced into a program from the courts but there is also some external pressure that gets to them. It may be a parent. It may be a husband-wife situation. It may be the fact their heroin habit has gotten too big but it is seldom, if ever, voluntary. We have had some success in my jurisdiction on sentencing in criminal casesforcing them into a drug rehabilitation program under the threat they are going to spend X number of years in the penetentiary. They either successfully handle that program or else they are going to serve time.

Senator TUNNEY. In other words you do have a method within your office of handling, say, a young person who has possession of narcotics without giving him a police record. You would encourage him to go to the treatment center and he would not be prosecuted. Mr. HORAN. That is right.

As a matter of fact it is no crime to admit you are an addict. If any addict comes in and does admit that and says he wants treatment, for whatever reason, there is probably no provable crime at that point any way. We merely try to coerce him somewhat to enter a rehabilitation program.

Where we know the person is purely a user, our crime emphasis is to to try to get a new approach.

Senator TUNNEY. What efforts are being made in your county courts of educating young people on the danger of drug abuse? Is it adequate?

Mr. HORAN. I think it is quite good. We got into it starting in about 1968. We have a curriculum now in the school system, which works rather well. It goes from grades 4 through 12 and we have also done a number of adult education programs which I think is a major part of the educational problem.

Senator TUNNEY. Do you get cooperation from the District of Columbia police force in the handling of the problems in Virginia?

Mr. HORAN. I would suspect that in the area of narcotics investigation the best cooperation I have ever seen in law enforcement in 7 years of prosecuting in the area of narcotics investigation. As a matter of fact all of the suburban jurisdictions have certain narcotics officers who meet on a monthly basis and have been doing so for 3 or 4 years. They meet on a monthly basis and discuss who are the major traffickers "Who is in your jurisdiction that may be coming into my jurisdiction?" Senator TUNNEY. Have you had any veterans from Vietnam coming into the system?

Mr. HORAN. As a matter of fact we had a number. We had a number of cases that first came to light through FPO San Francisco when the postal authorities picked up a package coming through there. Senator TUNNEY. From Vietnam?

Mr. HORAN. From Vietnam. We waited for the delivery in Virginia and normally the person right behind the postal delivery man is a police officer.

Senator TUNNEY. You mean a buddy is sending it from Vietnam? Mr. HORAN. We have had buddies send it from Vietnam. We have had persons leaving Vietnam sending it to themselves and then coming back and picking it up from a local post office.

Senator TUNNEY. How many cases would you say you had like this in the past year?

Mr. HORAN. Probably a dozen. We had, very recently, a Vietnam veteran who committed an armed robbery while under the influence of heroin. He got penitentiary time for the armed robbery but the probation report on him indicated his original drug use was Vietnam and he continued that habit once he came back here. He was from a rural area of Virginia.

Senator TUNNEY. I want to thank you very much, Mr. Horan, for the testimony you have given us. It has been very helpful. I appreciate your frankness.

Mr. HORAN. Thank you, sir.

Senator TUNNEY. I hope you will get in touch with those physicians that you know are dispensing

Mr. HORAN. They have been told by other than I.

Senator TUNNEY. We are very pleased to have as our next witness Hon. Charles Mathias, who is the ranking minority member on the District of Columbia Committee. He is the person who has demonstrated in his years in the Congress that he is very deeply interested and concerned with the problems of drug abuse. It is a great pleasure to have you here Senator Mathias.

STATEMENT OF HON. CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, JR., A U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

Senator MATHIAS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am not going to detain you very long because we have so many useful witnesses on the list this morning.

I, first of all, would like to introduce to the, committee a friend of mine, the former mayor of Baltimore, and a man who has been through the mill of metropolitan problems-Hon. Phillip Goodman.

Senator TUNNEY. We are delighted to have you here. Thank you very much for coming.

Senator MATHIAS. Mr. Chairman, you may recall the poem by Langston Hughes called, "Junior Addict," in which he says, "Yes, easier to get dope than to get a job-daytime or nighttime job, teenage job, pre-draft job, pre-lifetime job." Unfortunately, this is the situation in Washington and in the Maryland suburbs. It is literally easier to find heroin or marihuana than to find a job, or almost anything else. This is indeed sad, but it is a fact of life that every single resident and parent in the metropolitan area must realize.

I would like to report as the ranking minority member, that the minority members of the Senate District Committee met 2 weeks ago with Dr. DuPont of the Narcotics Treatment Administration to discuss the treatment and rehabilitation aspects of the narcotics problem. The minority staff has met with Thomas Flannery, the U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, and members of his staff, to get an overview of the law enforcement aspects. Of course, I think we are all sharing with the President his expression of national concern when he called narcotics the "American Public Enemy No. 1."

The Senate District Committee held extensive hearings on this problem 2 years ago and found that the situation in the national capital area was indeed distressing.

But my purpose this morning is to emphasize that this narcotics addiction problem can't and must not be viewed as a District problem alone, as a problem bounded by the Potomac River on the south and Eastern Avenue and Western Avenue because it just can't be constrained within those boundaries. It must be viewed and attacked for the regional and metropolitan concern that it is. Drugs in the District has meant drugs in the suburbs, and in all fairness, I think it is vice versa. This is a national pattern. This is nothing peculiar to this area. I am not going to spend time discussing figures and statistics of the District, for Chief Wilson, Dr. DuPont, and Judge Greene can provide this committee with all of the essential and basic information in that area. What I do want to do is impress upon the committee and to everyone who is observing the hearings that we have to effect a coordinated metropolitan attack and program on narcotics at every level. We must view the District problems right along with the Maryland and Virginia suburbs, for only then can we effectively deal with this most serious problem. I have been informed by officials in Montgomery County that there is a definite relationship between the District's narcotics problem and certain felonies committed in that county such as burglary, forgery, and some armed robberies. In Prince Georges County, I have been informed that all of the narcotic-related offenses are increasing.

I believe that the regional-metropolitan approach to law enforcement surveillance and intelligence, as well as treatment and rehabilitation, must be our primary goal. With this in mind, I will convene a metropolitan crime conference on September 13 and 14 to discuss the entire spectrum of crime in the metropolitan area.

Drug addiction will receive high priority on the conference agenda. Furthermore, the Washington Metropolitan Council of Governments (COG) has been studiously endeavoring to combat the drug problem in the metropolitan area, and the Prince Georges County Council has assigned a staff assistant responsible for dealing with this problem.

In fighting drug abuse, we must decide whom we are going to punish and whom we are going to treat or rehabilitate. I believe that the person who trafficks in drugs must be punished severely. He is like the rat who carries the Bubonic plague which spreads throughout and wipes out entire communities. Drug addiction is like the plague and it is spreading and we have to find and stop those who make trafficking their way of life.

We have to expand treatment centers throughout the area so that those who are addicted have no excuse for not seeking treatment. We have to treat drug addiction like the mental and physical sickness that it is. The question, however, in rehabilitation is: "Rehabilitate to what?" Mr. Horan, who just testified, raised a pertinent question in response to an inquiry from the Chair. He said you have to find out whether the man was a thief before he became an addict.

So when you take someone off drugs he goes back to that point where he was before using drugs. If he is black and a Washington ghetto resident, he returns to the ghetto with its poverty and depression. If he is white and a suburban resident, he returns to the frustrations, despair, or futility that he feels led him to drugs in the first place. Therefore, our task is not only to treat or rehabilitate, but it is to be able to replace the addiction and transfer or substitute something for which the former addict can live for and give purpose to his life and being.

Some time ago I proposed to the President that he initiate research and study into the physical and psychic effects of drugs and alternatives in treatment. Where abstinence is good for some, it fails for others. Where methadone works for some, it offers only a temporary substitute for others. Therefore, we must explore all the facts and all possible alternatives to treatment in the metropolitan area.

We should explore establishing throughout the Washington metropolitan area a coordinated intelligence dissemination system for law enforcement agencies. Again, I am encouraged by the statement Mr. Horan made just now that he feels there is a higher degree of cooperation in the drug control area than in any other area of law enforcement. But I think we have to continue to explore means of improving it.

We have to explore a system of recordkeeping so it can be known who is, and who is not in treatment, when narcotic-related arrests are made in the metropolitan area. The man in Fairfax County or Montgomery County is a friend of the man in Northeast or Southeast Washington, and this fact cannot be ignored in this very delicate and sensitive area.

We have to explore tightening up control over and coordinating all drug program efforts in the metropolitan area. Treatment cannot be divorced from law enforcement and vice versa.

Finally, I hope that these hearings will provide us with some indication of how we can put a dent in, or permanently plug, the infamous "drug corridor" between New York, Baltimore, and Washington with intermittent stops in Atlantic City and other cities along the way. I have been told by suburban police authorities that whereas 2 years ago Washington was the main drug supplier, now the suburban traffickers are going to New York City and Atlantic City to bring back drugs. Also, high school and college students are pooling their money to send someone to these cities at ever increasing rates. We cannot effectively stop drug traffic in this area unless we hit it, and hit it hard, in this "drug corridor."

In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I am greatly distressed that in the problem area of narcotics and drug abuse we have once again, as a Nation and as a metropolitan area, waited for the crisis before we acted. Years ago, when this was a problem which principally concerned the poor and the black, our Nation and our cities did not take sufficient steps to eradicate the cancer before it spread. Since we did not, we are now reaping the whirlwind in our suburbs, and now we have found that the Vietcong have not only been fighting their war with guns, but also with heroin. Now we have realized the dreadful crisis and situation that we find ourselves in. Like quicksand, drug addiction has slowly sucked thousands of youths into despair, crime, and often death. We must now decide how we are going to get out of that quicksand before it is truly too late.

Senator TUNNEY. Thank you very much, Senator.

I want to thank you for the statement which you made, which obviously demonstrates a great deal of feeling and thought and is also representative of the tremendous amount of research you have done in this area.

I was just curious to know when you met with Dr. DuPont and when you had other members of your committee meet with the U.S. Attorney here in the District of Columbia, did the question of the

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abuse of methadone treatment by physicians in the District of Columbia come up?

Senator MATHIAS. Yes. We discussed rather thoroughly various opportunities for abuse of the methadone program, both some of the charges that have been made against the official program and some of the bootlegging that has been talked about in the District here.

Senator TUNNEY. Do you care at this time to share with the committee what your thoughts are with regard to the present program? Senator MATHIAS. Well, I think first of all you have to make some decision in your mind as to what the present program goal is. We all wish, and we all would hope we had it within our reach to take a simple pill and cure heroin addiction, but we realize medical science is not yet at that point. There is no aspirin tablet for heroin. So what methadone can do is relieve the craving for heroin without permanently curing the need for it. It is a substitute. It has its own problems. It has its own inherent limitations. All we can say is that an addict that is on methadone is often in better physical and social condition than an addict who is not. I think the program within that limited area is fulfilling a very useful purpose. I think when you add to the methadone treatment positive rehabilitation, job training, education, and the other social treatment which necessarily must go into the program, that we have what is perhaps the frontline of an attack on the heroin problem.

As far as the bootlegging goes-I think Dr. DuPont is better qualified than I am to discuss it with the committee. But I am impressed with the fact that he has revised certain procedures in the program which I think make it a more secure program.

Senator TUNNEY. Many thanks, Senator Mathias, you have made a very substantial contribution throughout these hearings and I want to thank you.

Senator MATHIAS. Thank you.

Senator TUNNEY. Our next witness is the Honorable Harold Greene. Judge Greene is chief judge of the District of Columbia Superior Court and a man very deeply concerned with the drug problem here in the city. As a matter of fact he has adjourned his court hearings this morning in order to be with us, and for that we are deeply appreciative that you will be with us and you have taken the time away from your official duties to give us the benefit of your insights.

STATEMENT OF CHIEF JUDGE HAROLD H. GREENE, SUPERIOR
COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Judge GREENE. I am privileged to be here, Mr. Chairman.
Senator TUNNEY. Thank you.

Judge GREENE. I have a statement which I will try to paraphrase rather than read all of it.

Like most other cities throughout the Nation, the city of Washington is in the grip of an alarming increase in the rate of drug abuse and narcotics addiction. However, I think it is fair to say, unlike most other cities, affirmative steps are being taken here to attack addiction. systematically and realistically.

I think the creation of the Narcotics Treatment Administration, and its development under the guidance of Dr. Robert DuPont have