the wind, by disposing her sails according to In champion countrie a pleasure they take Tusser. Having stripped off the haum or binds from the poles, as you pick the hops, stack them up. Mortimer. Hail, groom! didst thou not see a bleeding hind, Thou art a summer bird, Spenser. Which ever in the haunch of Winter sings The lifting up of day. Shakspeare. To make a man able to teach his horse to stop and turn quick, and to rest on his haunches, is of use to a gentleman both in peace and war. Locke. The HAUNCHES OF A HORSE are too long, if when standing in the stable he limps, with his hind legs farther back than he ought; and when the top of his tail is not in a perpendicular line to the tip of his hocks, as it always is in horses whose haunches are of a just length. Some horses, though they have too long haunches, yet commonly walk well: such are good to climb hills, but are not at all sure upon a descent; for they cannot ply their hams, and never gallop slowly, but always nearly upon a full speed. The art of riding has not a more necessary lesson than that of putting a horse upon his haunches; which is called coupling him well, or putting him well together, or compact. A horse that cannot bend or lower his haunches, throws himself too much upon his shoulder, and lies heavy upon the bridle. HAUNT, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Į A good wif was there of beside Bathe; Chaucer. Prologue to Canterbury Tales. That other marchandise,-that men haunten with fraude, and trecherie, and deceit, with lesinges and false othes,-is right cursed. Id. The Persones Tale. Spenser. Faerie Queene. Ye, to whom the tops Saul made havock of the church. Id. Cato. Ye gods! what havock does ambition make Among your works! If it had either air or fuel, it must make a greater havock than any history mentions. Cheyne. HAVRE DE GRACE, a commercial sea-port of France, is seated on the right bank of the Seine, one league from Cape La Heve. It is built on an acclivity between two hills; and is surrounded by high walls, with ditches and a citadel. Its harbour dries at low water: it has twelve feet in common tides, and twenty-five in high springs. It has also the singular advantage that the tide does not begin to fall until three hours after high water; the cause of which seems to be, that the current of the Seine, crossing the harbour's mouth with great force at the beginning of the ebb, confines the water in the harbour. It has 20,000 inhabitants, and is a maritime prefecture. The favorable situation of Havre, communicating with Paris by the Seine, renders it extremely commercial. Before the late war it had a considerable West India trade, and a number of vessels in the Greenland and Newfoundland fisheries. The passage from Southampton to Havre being much frequented, the latter is often the first French town that meets the eye of an Englishman; and, though not inferior to most places of its size, is confined and dirty in appearance. The streets are narrow, and formed of high wooden-framed houses: there are no public buildings of importance. As Normandy is a corn country there is a frequent export of that article, particularly to the southern provinces of France. The merchandise taken back by foreigners from Havre consists in colonial produce, woollen and linen, corn, cyder, and fruits. Havre is much frequented by French coasters from the west and south. The manufactures, which are on a small scale, are sail-cloth, cordage, tobacco, lace, and earthenThat of tobacco is of old standing. Here are also several building docks, and a sugar refinery. Havre was put into a state of defence in the reign of Francis I.; but its fortifications were brought to their present perfection under Buonaparte. To his government it likewise owes several improvements in the harbour and docks, and the erection of two light-houses, on a perpendicular cliff about a league from the town. It was bombarded by the British in 1759, 1794, and 1795. It is forty-five miles west of Rouen, and 112 north-west of Paris. ware. VOL. XI. HAURIANT, in heraldry, a term peculiar to fishes; signifying their standing upright, as if refreshing themselves by sucking in the air. See HERALDRY. HAURUCA ISLE, one of the Amboyna Isles, a small island in the eastern seas, about twentyfive miles in circumference. Long. 128° 40′ Ě. lat. 3° 40′ S. HAUSRUCKVIERTEL, i. e. the Quarter of Hausrude, a circle of Upper Austria, bounded by the Danube, the circle of the Traun, and Bavaria. It was formerly of more than double its present extent of about 733 square miles; for, after the disastrous campaign of 1809, the western part was ceded to Bavaria. This district is named after the Hausruck, a mountain and great forest within its circuit. The most remarkable circumstance here is a subterraneous bed of wood, impregnated with bituminous matter. Wood deposited in the shafts of the mines becomes speedily impregnated with bitumen. In the summer of 1817, part of the mountain having fallen in, its place was occupied by a lake: ten cottages on the verge of the mountain were destroyed, but no lives lost. Population 109,000. The capital is Lintz. HA'UTBOY, n. s. Fr. oboe, or haut and bois. A wind instrument. I told John of Gaunt he beat his own name; for you might have trussed him and all his apparel into an eel-skin: the case of a treble hautboy was a mansion for him. Shakspeare. Now give the hautboys breath; he comes, he comes. The HAUTBOY is shaped much like the lute; only it spreads and widens towards the bottom, and is sounded through a reed. The treble is two feet long; the tenor goes a fifth lower when blown open: it has only eight holes; but the bass, which is five feet long, has eleven. The name is French, haut bois, q. d. high wood; and is given to this instrument because the tone of it is higher than that of the violin. HAUTBOY STRAWBERRY. See FRAGARIA and STRAWBERRY. HAUTE FEUILLE (John), an ingenious mechanic, born at Orleans in 1647. Though he was an ecclesiastic, and enjoyed several benefices, he applied almost his whole life to mechanics, in which he made a great progress. He had a particular taste for clock-work, and made several discoveries in it that were of singular use. He found out the secret of moderating the vibration of the balance by means of a small steel spring, which has since been made use of. This discovery he laid before the members of the Academy of Sciences, in 1674 ; and these watches are called pendulum watches, not that they have real pendulums, but because they nearly approach to the justness of pendulums. M. Huygens perfected this happy invention; but having declared himself the inventor, and obtained from Louis XIV. a patent for making watches with spiral springs, the abbé Feuille opposed the registering this privilege, and published a piece on the subject against M. Huygens. He wrote a great number of other pieces, most of which are small pamphlets consisting of a few pages, but very curious; as, 1. The Perpetual Pendulum; 4to. G 2. New Inventions; 4to. 3. The Art of Breathing under Water, and the Means of preserving a Flame shut up in a small Place. 4. Reflections on Machines for raising Water. 5. On the different Sentiments of Malebranche and Regis, relating to the appearance of the Moon when seen in the Horizon. 6. The Magnetic Balance. 7. A Placet to the King on the Longitude. 8. Letter on the Secret of the Longitude. 9. A New System on the Flux and Reflux of the Sea. 10. The Means of making sensible Experiments that prove the Motion of the Earth; and many other pieces. He died in 1724. HAUY (Rene Just, abbé), a French natural philosopher, eminent for his discoveries in crystallography, was the eldest son of a weaver in the town of St. Just, in the department of Oise, where he was born February 28th, 1743. He was brought up as a chorister in a church of the fauxbourg St. Antoine at Paris, and made considerable proficiency in music; but, being removed to the college of cardinal Lemoine, he contracted an acquaintance with the herbalist L'Hommond, and applied himself to the study of botany, and attended Daubenton's Lectures on mineralogy. The accidental fall of a specimen of calcareous spath, crystallised into prisms, led him to find in some of the fragments the form of the crystal rhomboides of the Iceland spath; and from this circumstance the whole of his theory respecting crystals, the means of admeasuring them, &c., is said to have taken its origin. Admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, in 1783, he continued his researches in mineralogy until the Revolution; when, refusing to take the oath to the new ecclesiastical authorities, he was displaced. But he soon after was made commissary of weights and measures, and succeeded Daubenton as lecturer on his favorite science of mineralogy. A favorite with Napoeon, he now became professor of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History, and of the faculty of sciences, at the academy of Paris. He died June 3d, 1822. His chief works are Essai sur la Theorie et la Structure des Cristaux, 1784; Traité de Minéralogie, 1801, 4 vols. 8vo.; Traité élémentaire de Physique, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo.; Tableau comparatif des résultats de la Cristallographie, 1809; Traité des Caractères Physiques des Pierres Précieuses, 1817; Traité de Cristallographie, 1822, 2 vols. 8vo., with an atlas. He also published papers in the Journal des Mines, periodical works. HAW, n. s. Sax. pag; Goth. hag, haiga. The berry and seed of the hawthorn. An excrescence in the eye. Sax. paga; Dan. haw, a garden. A small piece of ground adjoining to a house. In Scotland they call it haugh. The seed of the bramble with kernel and haw. Store of haws and hips portend cold Winters. Bacon's Natural History. Upon the haw at Plymouth is cut out in the ground the portraiture of two men, with clubs in their hands, whom they term Gog and Magog. Carew. His quarrel to the hedge was, that his thorns and his brambles did not bring forth raisins, rather than haws and blackberries. L'Estrange. HAW, v. n. Perhaps corrupted from hawk or hack To speak slowly with frequent inter mission and hesitation. 'Tis a great way; but yet, after a little humming and hawing upon't, he agreed to undertake the job. L'Estrange. HAWEIS (Thomas), an English Calvinistic divine, was born at Truro in Cornwall, in 1734. He was brought up an apothecary, but went to Christ Church College, Cambridge, and took the degree of B.A.: on taking orders he became assistant to Mr. Madan at the Lock Hospital, and obtained, on his recommendation, the living of Aldwinkle in Northamptonshire, on the condition that he should at a certain time resign it. This he however refused to perform, and much controversy ensued, until a compromise was effected by the interference of the countess of Huntingdon, Mr. Haweis was entrusted with the care of the chapels and seminary for students in divinity, founded by that lady; and late in life took the degree of M. D. He died in February 1820. His chief works are a volume of Sermons; A Commentary on the Bible, 2 vols. folio; History of the Church, 3 vols. 8vo.; Life of the Rev. William Romaine, 8vo.; State of Evangelical Religion throughout the World, 8vo. HAWES (William), M. D., founder of the Royal Humane Society, was born at Islington, November 28th, 1736, and educated at St. Paul's school. Brought up to the profession of an apothecary, he practised in the Strand unul 1780, when he took his diploma as a physician; and, in 1773, became popular by his exertions in the establishment of the Humane Society, to the benefit of which he dedicated the whole of his after life. In the first instance he paid the rewards for the recovery of drowning persons out of his own pocket; but was at length, by the assistance of Dr. Cogan, enabled to form the society. This benevolent physician died at Islington 5th of December, 1803. He wrote an Account of Dr. Goldsmith's last Illness (at tributing his death to an improper administra tion of James's powders); An Address on Pre mature Death and Premature Interment; An Examination of the Rev. John Wesley's Primitive Physic; An Address to the Legislature on the importance of the Humane Society; An Address to the King and Parliament of Great Britain, with Observations on the general Bills of Mortality; and Transactions of the Royal Humane Society, from 1774 to 1784, dedicated by permission to the King. HAWICK, a town in a parish of the same name in Roxburghshire, erected into a burgh of barony at a very early period, though its most ancient charters are lost. Queen Mary renewed its privileges, by a charter dated 1545. It is governed by two bailies, fifteen merchants, and fourteen trades' councillors. Its chief manufactures are carpets, serges, table-covers, rugs, nar row cloths, tapes, twists, hose, &c., and winnowing machines. Hawick is seated at the conflux of the Tiviot and the Slitbridge; and lies fifteen miles south-west of Kelso. HAWK, n. s. & v. n. Sax. paroc; Welsh, habeg, hoch; Lat. accipiter; Germ. hock. This word has a variety person. His works were hawked in every street; Swift. Whence borne on liquid wing of significations, as, a bird of prey, anciently once intended for the consideration of the greatest used in sport to catch birds: to fly hawks; to fly at or attack on the wing. Hawked, formed like a hawk's bill. Hawk, as derived from hoch, is to force up phlegm from the throat with a noise, from hock: to sell by proclaiming in the streets; and a hawker is one thus employed. Hawkweed is a plant. Of the birds there are several kinds, as goshawk, sparrowhawk, &c. Gret was the sorwe for that haukes harme, That Canace and all hire women made. Thomson. HAWKE (Edward), lord Hawke, a brave British admiral, was the son of an eminent barrister, and entered into the navy at an early age. In 1734 he obtained the command of a man of war, and distinguished himself by his bravery in the famous engagement in 1744, wherein the British fleet was commanded by Matthews, Lestock, and Rowley. See ENGLAND. In 1747 he was made rear-admiral of the White, when he defeated a large French fleet, and captured five ships of the line; on which he was created a knight of the Bath. In 1759 he defeated admiral Conflans off Belleisle, and was rewarded with a pension of £2000 a-year. In 1765 he was appointed vice-admiral of Great Britain, and first lord of the admiralty. In 1776 he was created a British peer, and died in 1781. HAWKERS were anciently persons who went from place to place buying and selling brass, pewter, and other merchandise, which ought to be uttered in open market. In this sense the word is mentioned, 25 Hen. VIII., cap. 6., and 33, cap. 4. The appellation seems to have arisen from their uncertain wandering, like those who, with hawks, seek their game where they can find it. The term is now used as synonymous with pedlar; a person who travels about the country selling wares. Every hawker must take out an annual license, for which he must pay £4; and if he travels with a horse, ass, or mule, for every one of them £8. If he travels without a license, or contrary to it, he forfeits for every offence, to the informer, and the poor of the parish where discovered, £10. The acts relating to hawkers do not extend to makers of goods or their agents; or to those who sell goods in fairs or markets; to the sellers of fish, fruit, or other victuals; nor to the venders of newspapers. But hawkers shall not, by virtue of such license, sell or offer to sale any tea or spirituous liquors, though with a permit, under the penalty of having the same seized, and imprisonment and prosecution of the offender. HAWKESWORTH (John), LL.D. a celebrated English writer, born in 1715, and brought up to the profession of a watchmaker. He was a member of the Rev. Mr. Bradbury's church, from which he was expelled for irregularity. He afterwards devoted himself to literature, and became an author of considerable eminence. In the early part of his life his circumstances were rather confined. He resided some time at Bromley, in Kent, where his wife kept a boarding school. He afterwards became known to a lady who had great property and interest in the East India Company, and through her means was chosen a director of that body. His Adventurer is his principal work, and its merits procured him the degree of LL. D. through archbishop Herring. When the design of com piling a narrative of the discoveries in the South Seas was on foot, he was recommended as a proper person to be employed on the occasion: but the performance did not answer the public expectation. Works of taste and elegance, where imagination and the passions were to be affected, were his province; not works of dry, cold, accurate narrative. However, he executed his task, and received for it the enormous sum of £6000. He died in 1773, some say of high living, others, of chagrin from the ill reception of his Narrative. On a handsome marble monument at Bromley, in Kent, is the following inscription, the latter part of which is taken from the last number of The Adventurer: To the memory of JOHN HAWKESWORTH, LL. D. That he labored for the benefit of society, 'The hour is hasting, in which whatever praise or censure I have acquired will be remembered with equal indifference. Time, who is impatient to date my last paper, will shortly moulder the hand which is now writing it in the dust, and still the breast that now throbs at the reflection. But let not this be read as something that relates only to another; for a few years only can divide the eye that is now reading from the hand that has written.' HAWKING. See FALCONRY. HAWKINS (Sir John), a brave English admiral under queen Elizabeth, born in Devonshire. He was rear-admiral of the fleet which she sent against the Spanish Armada, and had a great share in that glorious victory. He was afterwards made treasurer of the navy. But his memory is disgraced by his having been the first European who carried off slaves from the coast of Africa, and introduced that inhuman traffic into the West Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself, while she honored his bravery by knighthood, threatened him with the divine vengeance for this practice. He died in the West Indies in 1595. HAWKINS (Sir John), a celebrated author, and a lineal descendant of the admiral, was born in London, March 30th, 1719. He was the youngest son of Mr. Hawkins, a house-carpenter and builder in London, and was bred to the law. Though deeply engaged in that study, in his younger years, and afterwards in the practice, he found leisure to exercise his genius by writing essays on various subjects, for the Gentleman's Magazine, Universal Spectator, and Westminster Journal; some of which attracted the attention of the public. He formed an early intimacy with Dr. Johnson, which continued through life. About 1741 he became a member of two Musical Societies, and in 1742 published six Cantatas, the poetry of five of which was written by himself, and the music composed by his friend Mr. Stanley. These having succeeded beyond ex pectation, he published other six soon after, which proved the means of making his fortune, by introducing him to the acquaintance of Peter Storer, esq., of Highgate, whose youngest daughter Sidney he married in 1753, and with her receiv ed a handsome fortune, as well as a very large addition to it, on the death of her brother in 1759. Having early entertained a fondness for angling, he now gave up business, and purchased a house at Twickenham, on the Thames, where he could enjoy his favorite amusement. In 1760 he published a new edition of Walton's Com plete Angler, in 8vo. with notes; to which be prefixed a Life of Walton. In 1761 he was appointed a justice of the peace for Middlesex. In 1763 he published in 8vo. Observations on the State of the Highways, and on the laws for amending and keeping them in repair: to which he subjoined the draught of a bill, which was af terwards passed into a law. In 1764 he distinguished himself by opposing an enormous claim of the city of London, which, in a bill presented to Parliament, had proposed to subject the county of Middlesex to two-thirds of the expense of rebuilding the jail of Newgate, estimated at £40,000. Mr. Hawkins drew a petition against the bill with such success, that it was withdrawn by the city members. In 1765 he was elected chairman of the quarter session. In 1768 and 1769, during the riots at Brentford and Moorfields, he acted with so much spirit, activity, and propriety, that, in 1772, his majesty conferred on him the honor of knighthood. In 1773, and 1778, he enriched Dr. Johnson's and Mr. Stevens's edition of Shakspeare with those notes which bear his name. In 1776 he published his General History of the Science and Practice of Music; in 5 vols. 4to., dedicated to the king, and which he presented to him personally, at Buckingham House. The collecting of the materials for this work had cost him sixteen years labor. In 1784 he met with one of the severest losses a literary man can sustain, by the destruction of his valuable library, containing many rare books, by fire. In 1787 he published the Life and Works of Dr. Johnson, in 11 vols. 8vo. dedicated to the king. He died at Westminster of an apoplexy, on the 21st of May 1789: leaving the character of an active magistrate, an affectionate husband and parent, a firm friend, and a sincere Christian. HAWKINS, a county of East Tennessee, United States. Rogersville is the chief town. HAWKIN'S ISLAND, an island off the west coast of North America, in Prince William's Sound, about twenty miles long, and from one to four miles wide. Long. 214° 10' to 214° 38′ E., lat. 60° 28′ to 60° 40′ N. HAWKWEED. See CREPIS and HIERACIUM. HAWKWOOD (Sir John), a famous English general, was the son of a tanner at Sible Hedding ham in Essex, where he was born in the reign of Edward III. He was bound apprentice to a tailor in London; but, being pressed into the army, was sent abroad, where he signalised himself as a soldier in France and Italy, and particularly at Pisa and Florence. He commanded with great ability and success in the army of Galeacio duke of Milan; and was in such high |