HANOVER, Or M'Allister's Town, a post town in York county, Pennsylvania, between Cadorus Creek and a branch of the Little Conewago. It is seven miles north of the Maryland line, eighteen miles south-west of York, and 106 west by south of Philadelphia. HANOVER, NEW, an island in the Pacific, seen by Carteret in 1767, and said by him to be about thirty miles in length. It presents a flat surface to the north-west, and has a chain of high central mountains extending towards the south-east. The passage between this and New Ireland is full of reefs and islets. The south-west part is situated in long. 148° 27′ E., lat. 2° 49′ S. HANRIOT, or HENRIT (Francis), one of the bloody revolutionary leaders of France under the despotism of Robespierre. He was born about 1761 at Nanterre; and, after having been a menial servant and a custom-house officer, in which situations he is said to have behaved with dishonesty, he became a police spy. Attaching himself to the jacobins, he first distinguished himself in directing the massacres which took place in the prisons of Paris September 2nd, 1792; and, continuing his cruel career, was appointed commander of the national guards. Supported by Murat, on the 2nd of June, 1793, he surrounded the Convention with an armed force, and obliged the members to return, and pass decrees of accusation against the Girondists. He acted on all occasions as a faithful partizan of Robespierre, whom, when accused, he in vain endeavoured to support, and was arrested and suffered with his chief by the well-merited axe of the guillotine, July 29th, 1794. He displayed on the scaffold a fearlessness worthy of a better cause. HANS. See HANSE. HANSBACH, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, with manufactures of paper, cotton, &c. Twelve miles north of Kamnitz. HANSE, an ancient name for a society or company of merchants; particularly that of certain cities in Germany, &c., hence called Hanse Towns. The word is Teutonic; and signifies alliance, confederacy, or association. Some derive it from the German words am-see, that is on the sea; as the first Hanse Towns were all situated on the sea-coast: whence they are said to have been first called am-zee-stenen, i. e. cities on the sea; and afterwards, by abbreviation, hansee, and hanse. The Hanse Towns, or the Hanseatic Society, were several maritime cities of Germany, who entered into a league for the mutual protection of their commerce. Bremen and Amsterdam were the first two that formed it; whose trade received such advantage by their fitting out two men of war in each to convoy their ships, that more cities continually entered into the league: even kings and princes made treaties with them, and were often glad of their assistance and protection; by which means they grew so powerful, both by sea and land, that they raised armies as well as navies, enjoyed countries in sovereignty, and made peace or war, though always in defence of their trade, as if they had been a united state or commonwealth.-At this time also many cities, though they had no great interest in trade, or intercourse with the ocean, came into their alliance for the preservation of their liberties; so that, in 1200, we find no less than seventy-two cities in the list of he Hanse Towns; particularly Bremen, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Dort, Bruges, Ostend, Dunkirk, Middleburgh, Calais, Rouen, Rochelle, Bourdeaux, St. Malo, Bayonne, Bilboa, Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz, Carthagena, Barcelona, Marseilles, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, London, Lubec, Rostock, Stralsund, Stetin, Wismar, Konigsberg, Dantzic, Elbing, and Marienburg. The alliance was now so powerful, that their ships of war were often hired by other princes to assist them against their enemies. They not only awed, but often defeated, all that opposed their commerce; and, particularly in 1358, they took such revenge of the Danish fleet in the Sound, for having interrupted their commerce, that Waldemar III. king of Denmark, for the sake of peace, gave them up all Schonen for sixteen years; by which they commanded the passage of the Sound in their own right.-In 1428 they made war on Erick IX. king of Denmark with 250 sail, carrying on board 12,000 men. These so ravaged the coast of Jutland, that the king was glad to make peace with them. Many privileges were bestowed upon the Hanse Towns by Louis XI., Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. kings of France; as well as by the emperor Charles V., who had various loans of money from them; and by king Henry III., who also incorporated them into a trading body, in acknowledgment for money which they advanced to him, as well as for the services they did him by their naval force in 1206. These towns exercised a jurisdiction among themselves; for which purpose they were divided into four colleges or provinces, distinguished by the names of their four principal cities, viz. Lubec, Cologne, Brunswick, and Dantzic, wherein were held their courts of judicature. They had a common stock or treasury at Lubec, and power to call an assembly as often as necessary. They kept warehouses for the sale of their merchandise in London, Bruges, Antwerp, Bergen in Norway, Revel in Livonia, and Novogorod in Muscovy; which were exported to most parts of Europe, in English, Dutch, and Flemish bottoms. One of their principal magazines was at London, where a society of German merchants was formed, called the Steel-yard Company. To this company great privileges were granted by Edward I,, but revoked by act of parliament in 1552, in the reign of Edward VI., on a complaint of the English merchants that this company had so engrossed the cloth trade, that in 1551 they had exported 50,000 pieces, while all the English together had shipped off but 1100. Queen Mary I., who ascended the throne the year following, having resolved to marry Philip the emperor's son, suspended the execution of the act for three years: but after that term, whether by reason of some new statute, or in pursuance of that of king Edward, the privileges of the company were no longer regarded, and all efforts of the Hanse Towns to recover this loss were in vain. Another accident that happened to their mortification was while queen Elizabeth was at war with the Spaniards. Sir Francis Drake happening to meet sixty ships in the Tagus, loaded with corn, belonging to the Hanse Towns, took out all the corn as contraband goods which they were forbid to carry by their original patent. The Hanse Towns having complained of this to the diet of the empire, the queen sent an ambassador thither to declare her reasons. The king of Poland likewise interested himself in the affair, because the city of Dantzic was under his protection. At last, though the queen strove hard to preserve the commerce of the English in Germany, the emperor excluded the English company of merchant adventurers, who had considerable factories at Stade, Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, and Elbing, from all trade in the empire. In short, the Hanse Towns, in Germany in particular, were not only in so flourishing, but in so formidable a state, from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, that they gave umbrage to all the neighbouring princes, who threatened a strong confederacy against them; and, as the first step towards it, commanded all the cities within their dominion or jurisdiction to withdraw from the Hanse, or union. This immediately separated all the cities of England, France, and Italy, from them. The Towns, on the other hand, prudently put themselves under the protection of the empire; and, as the cities just now mentioned had withdrawn from them, so they withdrew from several more, and made a decree among themselves, that none should be admitted into their society but such as stood within the limits of the German empire, or were dependent thereon; except Dantzic, which continued a member, though it only had been summoned formerly to the imperial diet. By these means they maintained their confederacy for the protection of their trade, as it was begun, without being any more envied by their neighbours. Hereby like wise they were reduced to Lubec, Bremen, Hamburgh, and Dantzic; in the first of which they kept their register, and held assemblies once in three years at least. Their proceedings now became insignificant: Lubec, Hamburgh, and Bremen, continued cities of the German empire; but in 1810 they were seized by Buonaparte to effect what he called the continental system. On the overthrow of his power, in 1814, these towns were restored to liberty, and admitted as members of the Germanic diet; and, under the name of Hanse Towns, they maintain a kind of commercial treaty with each other, and have recently erected a court of appeal at Lubec. HA'NT, for has not, or have not. That roguish leer of your's makes a pretty woman's heart ake you ha'nt that simper about the mouth for nothing. Addison. HANTCHONG, a first rate city of China in the south of the fertile province of Chen-si but surrounded by forests. Its chief articles of trade are cinnabar, musk, wax, and honey. It stands in long. 106° 44′ E., and lat. 32° 59′ N. HANTS, a county of Nova Scotia, containing the townships of Falmouth, Newport, and Windsor. It is about twenty miles square and partly unsettled, but well watered throughout. HANWAY (Jonas), was born at Portsmouth in Hampshire, on the 12th of August 1712. His father, Mr. Thomas Hanway, was an officer in the naval service. At the age of seventeen he was sent to Lisbon, and was bound apprentice to a merchant in that city in June 1729. His early life was marked with that attention to business, and love of regularity, which afterwards distinguished his character. On the expiration of his apprenticeship he entered into business at Lisbon as a merchant, but not long after returned to London. He afterwards connected himself as a partner in Mr. Dingley's house in St. Petersburgh; where he arrived on the 10th of June 1743. The trade of the English over the Caspian Sea into Persia at this period had been entrusted to the care of Mr. Elton, who had injudiciously engaged in the service of Nadir Shah, to build ships on the Caspian after the European manner. This had alarmed the merchants in the Russian trade, who resolved to send one of their body into Persia. On this occasion Mr. Hanway offered his service, which was accepted. He set out on the 10th of September; and after experiencing various dangers in that kingdom, during twelve months, returned to St. Petersburgh, January 1st, 1745, without being able to establish the intended trade by the Caspian; partly through the jealousy of the Russian court on account of Elton's connexions with the Persians, and partly by the Persian revolutions. He now settled at St. Petersburgh; where he remained five years, and interested himself greatly in the concerns of the merchants who had engaged in the Caspian trade: but, having a desire to see his native country, he left St. Petersburgh on the 9th of July 1750. In 1753 he published An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea; with a Journal of Travels from London through Russia into Persia; and back again through Russia, Germany, and Holland : to which are added, the Revolutions of Persia during the present century, with the particular History of the great Usurper Nadir Kouli: 4 vols. 4to. In 1754 he published A Letter to Mr. John Spranger, on his excellent Proposal for Paving, Cleansing, and Lighting the Streets of Westminster, &c. 8vo. A few years afterwards many of Mr. Hanway's ideas, thrown out in this pamphlet, were adopted. In 1756 he printed A Journal of Eight Days' Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston upon Thames, with an Essay on Tea; which was reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo., in 1757. At this juncture, Great Britain being on the eve of a war with France, he published Thoughts on the Duty of a good Citizen with Regard to War and Invasion, in a Letter from a Citizen to his Friend, 8vo. About the same time several gentlemen formed a plan, which was matured and perfected by Mr. Hanway, for providing the navy with sailors, by furnishing poor children with necessaries to equip them for the service of their country. Mr. Hanway published three pamphlets on this subject, and the treasurer of the society, accompanied by Mr. Hanway, having waited on the king, the society received £1000 from his majesty, £400 from the prince of Wales, and £200 from the princess dowager This excellent institution was the favorite object of Mr. Hanway's care, and continued to flourish under his auspices. In 1758 he became an advocate for the Magdalen Charity, and published A Letter to Robert Dingley, esq., being a propo sai for the Relief and Employment of friendless The many useful and public-spirited plans, which Mr. Hanway had promoted, had now rendered his character popular; while his disinterestedness, and the sincerity of his intentions, were conspicuous to all. Five principal citizens of London waited on lord Bute, then prime minister, and requested that some notice might be taken of a man who, at the expense of his own private fortune, and by the most unremitting application, had rendered such meritorious 3vices to his country. Accordingly he was, in July 1762, appointed one of the commissioners for victualling the navy; a post which he held above twenty-one years. The next act of public beneficence, in which he engaged, was the collection of money for the sufferers by the fire at Montreal, in Quebec, in May, 1765, when a fourth part of the city was consumed. On this occasion Mr. Hanway, in conjunction with two other gentlemen, collected £8415. In 1766 a dreadful He now fire broke out in Bridge Town in Barbadoes, which consumed property to the amount of nearly £100,000. A subscription was opened, in which Mr. Hanway was a principal actor, and £14,886 were collected, and transmitted to the unfortunate sufferers. At subsequent periods he continued to interest himself in various other plans for relieving the distresses of different classes of the community, and particularly those In 1774 he enof young chimney sweepers larged a former publication, under the title of Virtue in Humble Life: containing reflections on the reciprocal duties of the Wealthy and Indigent, the Master and the Servant, 2 vols. 8vo. In 1783, finding his health decline, he resigned his office at the victualling board, and immediately received a grant of his whole salary, as a pension for life. This favor he owed to the esteem which his majesty, to whom he was personally known, entertained for him. promoted a subscription for the relief of the many black poor who wandered about the metropolis; and the lords of the treasury seconded the design, by directing £14 a head to be issued to the committee, to enable them to send the blacks to such places abroad as might be fixed After encountering many obstacles, about 300 negroes were sent, properly accommodated In summer 1786 with necessaries, to Africa. Mr. Hanway's health declined visibly. He had long felt the approach of a disorder in the bladder, which, increasing by degrees, caused a stranguary; and at length, on the 5th of September 1786, put a period to a life spent almost entirely in the service of his fellow creatures. On the 13th he was interred in the family vault at Hanwell, where a superb monument is erected to his memory. Mr. Hanway is said to have been the first man in Britain who carried an umbrella. on. HANYANG, a city of China, of the first rank, at the conflux of the river Han and Yantse Goth. and Teut. happe; Welsh anhap. Whatever falls out by chance whether good or evil; to light upon unexpectedly: hapless unfortunate or unlucky happily and hapJpiness have reference to pleasure; prosperity; fortuiapplied to address it implies Say not I have sinned, and what harm hath hap- And able for to helpen all a shire Isaiah. Chaucer. Prologue to Cant. Tales. Id. The Wif of Bathes Tale. It will be too late to gather ships or soldiers, which Spenser. may need to be presently employed, and whose want may hap to hazard a kingdom. Happiness is that estate whereby we attain, so far as possibly may be attained, the full possession of that which simply for itself is to be desired, and containeth in it after an eminent sort the contentation of our desires, the highest degree of all our perfection. Hooker. The former of these is the most sure and infallible way but so hard that all shun it, and had rather walk as men do in the dark by hap-hazard, than tread so long and intricate mazes for knowledge sake. Id. To have ejected whatsoever that church doth make account of, without any other crime than that it hath been the hap thereof to be used by the church of Rome, and not to be commanded in the word of God, might haply have pleased some few men, who, having begun such a course themselves, must be glad to see Id. their example followed. Things casual do vary, and that which a man doth but chance to think well of cannot still have the like Id. hap. Solyman commended them for their valour in their evil haps, more than the victory of others got by good Knolles. fortune. Hapless Egeon, whom the fates have marked To bear the extremity of dire mishap! Shakspeare. And when he happened to break off I' th' middle of his speech, or cough, H' had hard words ready to show why And tell what rules he did it by. Curst be good haps, and curst be they that build Their hopes on haps, and do not make despair For all these certain blows the surest shield. Sidney. At other end Uran did Strephon lend Her happy making hand. Id. Preferred by conquest, happily o'erthrown, Falling they rise to be with us made one. Waller. Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them. Boyle. If it so fall out that thou art miserable for ever, thou hast no reason to be surprised, as if some unexpected thing had happened to thee. Tillotson. Philosophers differ oout the chief good or happiness of man. Temple. Yet in this agony his fancy wrought, And fear supply'd hun with this happy thought. Dryden. Neither is it so trivial an undertaking to make a tragedy end happily; for 'tis more difficult to save Id. than kill. Though the presence of imaginary good cannot make us happy, the absence of it may make us miserable. Addison. Formed by thy converse, happily to steer Pope. Id. Some beauties yet no precepts can declare : For there's a happiness as well as care. Formed by some rule that guides but not constrains, And finished more through happiness than pains. Id. One gentleman is happy at a reply, and another excels in a rejoinder. Swift. Let us now see what conclusions may be found for instruction of any other state, that may haply labour under the like circumstances. Id. The voice of the Eternal said Be free, Beattie Thou winged and cloud-cleaving minister, Byron. Manfred. HAPAE, or HABEI, a cluster of low fertile islets among the Friendly Islands. They are four or more in number, about six or seven miles in length, and from two to three in breadth, joined together by reefs. They lie about long. 185° 36′ to 185° 45′ E., lat. [19° 39′ to 19° 53' S. HAPSAL, a sea-port of Russia, in Esthonia, on the coast of the Baltic, five miles south-west of Revel, opposite Dago Isle. HAPSBURG, an ancient castle of the Helvetic republic, in the canton of Bern, seated near Schintnach, on a hill, upon the right bank of the Aar, three miles above Bruck. It was the cradle of the house of Austria, having been built by count Vernor bishop of Strasburgh, in the eleventh century, and by him given to his brother Radbad, whose son Vernor first took the title of count Hapsburg, which his descendants continued to bear till the elevation of Rodolph I. to the imperial throne. It was then given as a fief to the lords of Waldeck, but fell under the dominion of the Bernois in 1415, when they conquered Argow. It is now in ruins: five miles north of Lenzburg. HAQUE, in old statutes, a little hand-gun, prohibited to be used for destruction of game, &c., by 33 Hen. VIII. cap. 5, and 2 and 3 Edw. VI. cap. 14. There is also the demi-haque, or half-haque, within the said acts. HA'QUETON, n. s. Fr. haqueton. A. coat of mail. And next his shert an haketon. Chaucer. The Rime of Sire Thopas. HARAN, CHARRAN, or CHARRE, a city of Mesopotamia, celebrated for having been the place whither Abraham retreated, after he left Ur (Gen. xi. 31, 32.); where Terah his father died, and was buried; whither Jacob retired, when he fled from Esau (Id. xxvii. 45, xxviii. 10, &c.); and where Crassus the Roman general was defeated and killed by the Parthians. It was situ D The original of the French word is questioned: Menage thinks it a corruption of hearing, English; Junius imagines it to be discours au rang, to a circle, which the Ital. arringo seems to favor, Perhaps it may be from orare, or orationare, orationer, oraner, aranger, haranguer.-Johnson. A speech; a popular oration; to make a speech; to address by an oration, as he harangued the troops.' Haranguer, a public speaker, generally used in a contemptuous sense. Gray-headed men, and grave, with warriors mixed, Assemble, and harangues are heard, but soon In factious opposition. Milton. Nothing can better improve political school-boys than the art of making plausible or implausible harangues, against the very opinion for which they Swift. resolve to determine. Many preachers neglect method in their harangues. Watts. HARASS, v. a. & n. s. Fr. harusser, from harasse, a heavy buckler.-Du Cange. To weary; to fatigue; to tire with labor and uneasiness: harass, waste; a disturbance. These troops came to the army but the day before, harassed with a long and wearisome march. Bucon. The men of Judah, to prevent HARBOURLESS, adj. HAR BROUGH, 1. S. lodgings; a forerunner. herberger, Ital. Calbergo. One who goes beJfore to provide Harbour, a lodging; a port; a haven for shipping; an asylum or shelter to sojourn; to entertain; to shelter or protect. Harbourless, without shelter; wanting à harbour. The general and primary idea is a place of rest and security. The fame anon thurgout the town is born, Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale. Ye ben to me welcome right hertily, Id. Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Id. Romaunt of the Rose. They are sent by me, That they should harbour where their lord wild be. Id. Make all our trumpets speak, give them all breath, Those clamorous harbingers of blood and death. Id. I'll be myself the harbinger, and make joyful The hearing of my wife with your approach. El My lady bids me tell you, that though she hubores you as her uncle, she's nothing allied to your dis Come fair Repentance, daughter of the skies Southwards they bent their flight, For harbour at a thousand doors they knocked; Not one of all the thousand but was locked. Id. Let not your gentle breast harbour one thought Of outrage from the king. Id. Dear solitary groves where peace does dwell, Sweet harbours of pure love and innocence! Rochester's Valentinian. We owe this old house the same kind of gratitude that we do to an old friend who harbours us in his declining condition, nay even in his last extremities. Pope. Id. How people, so greatly warmed with a sense of liberty, should be capable of harbouring such weak superstition; and that so much bravery and so much folly can inhabit the same breasts. How guilt ones harboured in the conscious breast Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. Dr. Johnson. HARBINGER, in the king's household, an officer who has four yeomen under him, that ride a day's journey before the court when it travels, to provide lodgings, &c. HARBOROUGH, or MARKET HARBOROUGH, a town of Leicestershire on the road to Derby |