wards able to obtain a higher rank than that of major of the British legion of cavalry. In 1789 he published An Address to the Army, in reply to strictures by Roderic Mackenzie, on Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781, 8vo. He was a very eccentric but amusing companion., On the death of his elder brother he succeeded, in 1814, to his title, which, however, he refused to assume; and when addressed by it he was not at all pleased. He died at his house near the Regent's park in 1824, aged seventy-three, leaving a considerable number of publications, the most interesting and amusing of which is his Life, Adventures, and Opinions, 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. In one of his books he introduced a portrait of himself suspended a la lanterne.

HANG-TCHEOU-FOU, the metropolis of the province of Tche-Kiang, in China. It is, according to the Chinese, the paradise of the earth; and may be considered as one of the richest, best situated, and largest cities of the empire. It is twelve miles in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs; and the number of its inhabitants amounts to more than 1,000,000. It is computed that there are 10,000 workmen within its walls employed in manufacturing silk. A small lake, called Si-hou, washes the bottom of its walls on the west side; its water is pure, and its banks are covered with flowers. Halls and open galleries, supported by pillars, and paved with large flag-stones, are erected on piles upon its banks for the convenience of walking; causeways, cased with cut stone, intersect the lake in different directions; and the openings which are left in them at intervals, for the passage of boats, are covered by handsome bridges. In the middle of the lake are two islands, in which a temple and several pleasurehouses have been built. The emperor has a small palace in the neighbourhood. The city has a garrison of 3000 Chinese, under the command of the viceroy; and 3000 Tartars, commanded by a general of the same nation. It has under its jurisdiction seven cities of the second and third class.

HANIFAH, or HANFA (Aba), surnamed Al Nooma, the most celebrated doctor of the orthodox Mussulmans. He was the son of Thabet, and was born at Coufah in the eightieth year of the Hegira. He founded the sect of the Hanifites, which continues to be the most popular of the four principal sects among the Mussulmans. Like other teachers of new opinions, he suffered persecution during his life, being imprisoned at Bagdad till he died, by the caliph Almansor, for refusing to subscribe to the doctrine of absolute predestination. But his opinions were afterwards brought into such credit by Abou Joseph, a sovereign judge under the caliph Hadi, that to be a Hanifite was reckoned synonymous with being a good Mussulman; and about 335 years after his death, which happened in the 150th year of the Hegira, Schaw Melick built a magnificent monument to his memory, and a college, which he appropriated solely to the professors of Aba Hanifah's doctrines. The most eminent of his successors were Achmed Ben Ali, Al Giaffas, and Al Razzi. A mosque in the temple of Mecca is appropriated to them.

HANK, n. s. Isl. Goth. Dan. and Swed. hank, a chain or coil of rope; a skein of thread; a tye: a check; an influence. A low word.

Do we think we have the hank that some gallants have on their trusting merchants, that, upon peril of losing all former scores, he must still go on to supply? Decay of Piety.

HA'NKER, v. n. Dut. hunkeren. To long importunately; to have an incessant wish: it has commonly after before the thing desired. It is scarcely used but in familiar language.

The wife is an old coquette, that is always hankerAddison. ing after the diversions of the town. The republick that fell under the subjection of the duke of Florence, still retains many hankerings after its ancient liberty.

lution.

Addison.

Do'st thou not hanker after a greater liberty in some things? If not, there's no better sign of a good resoCalamy. HANKIUS (Martin), professor of history at Breslau, in the seventeenth century, was born in

1633. He was author of several works of erudition; the most celebrated of which is his treatise De Romanorum rerum Scriptoribus. He died in 1709, aged seventy-six.

HANMER (Jonathan), M. A., a learned English divine, born at Barnstaple about 1605, and educated at Cambridge. He was minister of Bishop's Tawton, and lecturer of Barnstaple ; but ejected for nonconformity in 1662. He wrote A View of Ecclesiastical Antiquity, and a Discourse on Confirmation. He died in 1687.

HANMER (Sir Thomas), an eminent English author and statesman, born in 1676, and educated at Westminster and Oxford. He was early elected M. P. for Suffolk, and in 1713 was chosen speaker, an office which he discharged with great impartiality. He published a superb edition of Shakspeare, in 6 vols. 4to., at Oxford, in 1744, with elegant engravings by Gravelot. He died at Suffolk, April the 5th 1746.

HANNA, a fertile province of Moravia, circle of Olmutz, inhabited by a tribe of Sclavonians called Hannaks. Their agriculture is superior to that of their race in general, and they have considerable herds of cattle and poultry. Hanna is about 400 square miles in extent.

HANNIBAL, the son of Hamilcar, the Carthaginian general, has been already noticed under the articles AMILCAR and CARTHAGE; with whose history indeed his life is so blended that we need only to take it up after his leaving that country. Having lost a sea-fight with the Rhodians, through the cowardice of Apollonius, one of the admirals of Antiochus the Great, be fled into Crete, to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans. On his arrival in this island he took sanctuary among the Gortynii; but as he

had brought great treasure along with him, and knew the avarice of the Cretans, he secured his riches by the following stratagem:-He filled several vessels with melted lead, just covering them over with gold and silver. These he deposited in the temple of Diana, in presence of the Gortynii, with whom, he said, he trusted all his treasure. Justin tells us, that he left this with them as a security for his good behaviour, and lived for some time very quietly in these parts. He took care, however, to conceal his riches in hollow statues of brass, which he left exposed as things of little value. At last he retired to the court of Prusias king of Bithynia, where he found means to unite several of the neighbouring states with that prince into a confederacy against Eumenes king of Pergamus, an ally of the Romans; and during the subsequent war several times defeated Eumenes, more through the force of his own genius than the valor of his troops. The Romans, hearing of these important services, despatched T. Quinctius Flaminius as an ambassador to Prusias, in order to procure his destruction. At his first audience he complained of the protection given to that famous general, representing him as the most inveterate and implacable enemy the Romans ever had; as one who had ruined both his own country and Antiochus, by drawing them into a destructive war with Rome.' Prusias, to ingratiate himself with the Romans, immediately sent a party of soldiers to surround Hannibal's house. The Carthaginian had contrived seven secret passages from his house, to evade the machinations of his enemies. But, guards being posted at all these, he could not fly. Perceiving, therefore, no possibility of escaping, he had recourse to poison, which he had long reserved for such a melancholy occasion. Then taking it in his hand, Let us, said he, deliver the Romans from the disquietude with which they have long been tortured, since they have not patience to wait for an old man's death. Flaminius will not acquire any glory by a victory gained over a betrayed and defenceless person. This single day will be a lasting testimony of the degeneracy of the Romans. Their ancestors gave Pyrrhus intelligence of a design to poison him, that he might guard against the impending danger, even when he was at the head of a powerful army in Italy; but they have deputed a person of consular dignity to excite Prusias impiously to murder one who has taken refuge in his dominions, in violation of the laws of hospitality.' Then, having denounced dreadful imprecations against Prusias, he drank the poison, and expired at the age of seventy years. Cornelius Nepos says, that he put an end to his life by a subtile poison which he kept in a ring. Rollin has contrasted his character with that of Scipio Africanus. He enumerates the qualities which make a complete general; and, having then

given a summary of what historians have related of both commanders, is inclined to give the preference to Hannibal. There are, however, he says, two difficulties which hinder him from deciding; one drawn from the characters of the generals whom Hannibal vanquished; the other from the errors he committed.' These have been answered by Mr. Hooke, who has taken some pains to vindicate Hannibal's character, by fully and fairly comparing it with that of Scipio Africanus, and other Roman commanders.

HANNIBALIANUS (Flavius Claudius), nephew of Constantine the Great, was by him appointed king of Pontus, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor; but was murdered by Constantius II. A. D. 338.

HANNO, a general of the Carthaginians, entered the ocean through the Straits of Gibraltar, and discovered several countries. He would have continued his navigation, had he not been in want of provisions. He wrote an account of his voyage, which Sigismund Gelenius published in Greek at Basil, in 1533. He lived, according to Pliny, when the affairs of the Carthaginians were in the most flourishing condition.

HANOVER, formerly an electorate, but now a kingdom of Germany, is of a compact rectangular figure; bounded by the Elbe on the northeast, the German Ocean on the north-west, Dutch Friesland and Prussian Westphalia on the southwest, and the kingdom of Saxony on the southeast. It stretches from 50° 18′ to 53° 54' N. lat., and from 6° 58′ to 11° 56′ E. long. It is about 150 English miles from south-east to north-west, and 100 from north-east to southwest, and comprises a surface of 14,000 square miles, with a population of 1,303,000; which gives about ninety inhabitants to each square mile.

The original state was the duchy of Brunswick, to which Luneburg was afterwards added; when its princes took the title of dukes of Brunswick Luneburg. The district of Hoya was subjoined in 1543, and that of Diepholtz in 1585. The principality of Hildersheim was obtained partly in the sixteenth century, and partly in 1815. Osnaburg was annexed in 1648; Verden in 1715, and the duchy of Bremen in 1719. Bentheim was acquired in 1753; East Friesland, Lingen, the lordship of Meppen, and part of the Lordship of Rheina, were all added to the former territory, in 1815. At this period Hanover ceded to Prussia a small district north of the Elbe; and to the grand duchy of Oldenburg, another tract on the western frontier. The dukedom of Brunswick Luneburg was raised to the electorate of Hanover, in 1692, and to the kingdom of the same name, by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815. It now consists of the following eleven provinces, which, with the chief towns and population, are thus exhibited in Ein Beschreibung des Königreichs Hanover, 1817.

These provinces comprehend 107 bailiwics of very various dimensions and population.

The sea-coast of Hanover, particularly towards the mouth of the Elbe, is fertile but flat, and preserved by broad dykes and ditches similar to those of Holland. Here, indeed, is no elevation that can be called mountainous. But southward the celebrated Hartz range extends from the territories of Goshar to the frontier. It is covered with wood, and amply enriched with minerals. The silver mines were discovered so early as 968, and are supposed to have been the first opened in Europe. Iron, copper, lead, zinc, vitriol, and sulphur, are wrought to a great extent. The whole rests upon a bed of granite, which shoots up through the highest of the mountains. Of these, the Brocken, or Blocksberg, consisting entirely of granite, rises to the height of 3500 feet above the sea: a number of huge masses, near its summit, have given rise to a conjecture that it had lost part of its height in consequence of some violent convulsion. The iron mines yield a revenue to the government (i. e. one tenth of the produce), amounting to £115,000 per annum.

The admirer of the majesty of nature will find ample gratification in the scenery of the Hartz; the want of corn fields being compensated by the beauty and extent of the forests, by the bold and picturesque form of the rocks, and the immensity of the view from the top of the Blocksberg. Tradition makes this mountain the resort of all the witches of the north; and the Spectre of Brocken, though a phenomenon perfectly natural, is calculated to strike the ignorant peasant with terror, and even to excite surprise in the philosopher. See HARTZ.

Hanover is watered by the Elbe, the Weser (flowing through the heart of the country), the Ilmenau, the Oste, the Ocker, the Leine, the Hunta, and the Ems. It has some small fresh water lakes, as the Dummersee, in Diepholtz, about twelve miles in circuit; the Steinhudermeer, in the province of Kalenburg, about four miles long and two broad; and the Dollart, at the mouth of the Ems (rather an estuary than a lake), twelve miles across. Its canals are all of short course. The Bremen Canal, designed to unite the Hamme, the Oste, and the Schwinge, 15 scarcely completed; nor the Treckschuit Canal,

intended to connect Witmund with Aurich. The Pappenburg Canal is only navigable from the Ems.

Its climate greatly resembles that of the eastern shores of England, but in the south the cold is severe on the mountains, and the country ill adapted to corn. In the valleys both the soil and the climate are more favorable, and all kinds of grain arrive at maturity.

Agriculture is in a very backward state in Hanover; the feudal tenures having as yet been an insuperable bar to improvement.

The chief vegetable productions are grain of all kinds, which she exports; peas, potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco and madder; wood, which is largely used for fuel, as well as for architectural purposes; pitch, and tar. The rotation of crops usually followed is first a fallow, on which the land is cultivated for potatoes, peas, or flax; then winter corn, either rye or wheat, but chiefly the former, and to them succeeds summer corn, either barley or oats. The increase of grain is not estimated to exceed four for one of the quantity sown. The breeding and fattening of cattle is confined to particular portions. By the latest enumeration, but before some of the last additions of territory, there were 224,500 horses; 675,926 head of horned cattle; 1,540,794 sheep and lambs; 15,728 goats and kids: 176,974 swine; and 1498 asses and mules. The heath land, especially in the province of Luneburg, is largely used for rearing bees. The hives are transported in waggons, at the commencement of the spring, to the more southern countries, where the flowers bloom early, and are afterwards brought back when the heath flowers are fit for them. Large numbers of geese are also kept by the bauers on the moist situations, and their flesh is salted for winter consumption. These two sources of wax, honey, and feathers, yield the principal disposable produce of some provinces.

The manufactures of Hanover are numerous, but of inconsiderable size; few except linen, linen yarn, and domestic utensils, affording a surplus beyond the consumption. Hauseleinwand, or household linen, is made in almost every family: a second sort, called lowentleinen, is also common; the finer linens are only made in some of the cities to a small extent,

and almost wholly consumed by the richer families. Sailcloth and hempen linen is made in East Friesland and the duchy of Bremen, and is chiefly exported. Spinning is, indeed, the constant employ of females in the villages during the long winter nights. Stockings, whether of linen, cotton, or worsted, are usually made at home; and, in some parts, much oil is made from linseed. Pottery and paper is made in many parts. In the cities, woollen cloths, silk and cotton goods, hosiery, hats, soap, and leather, are also manufactured. The principal branches of trade that employ capital are the breweries of Hanover, Embeck, and Goslar, and the corn distilleries of the different cities.

Embden, the chief port of Hanover, has a small export trade in hops, rape-seed, oil-cake, fruit, hams, &c.; and, in fruitful years, some corn is exported. The imports consist of tea, coffee, sugar, indigo, tobacco, wine, and superior manufactured articles. The great roads to the fairs of Leipsic and Frankfort, passing through Hanover, create a pretty large commission trade, and give employment to many barges, waggons, horses, and men. On the whole, the exports and imports are said to nearly balance, and the amount to be about £500,000 sterling. This is also about the amount of the national revenue: and the hereditary estates of the king yield another £500,000. The imposts consist of a land-tax, post, carriage, and horse duties; duties on the products of the mines and forests, on salt, coals, turf, mills, and fisheries. Part of the public revenue supports the schools and the university of Gottingen, but the far greater part is devoted to military purposes; Hanover having ten garrison towns, and a force of about 20,000 regular troops. Every soldier may demand his discharge and a pension after twenty years' service: the number of these pensioners is at present considerable; but they are liable to do militia duty. Manufacturing establishments connected with the army are, one of small arms at Hertzberg; one of gunpowder at Hersen, near Hameln; and a cannon foundry in Hanover. The only naval force of Hanover is a brig of war, moored off the city of Stade, to enforce the tolls which all merchant vessels passing up the Elbe are bound to pay, and which amounts to about £5000 sterling annually. The public debt was contracted chiefly in the war of 1756; it never was considerable; and, the sovereign having discharged his part of the capital, the residue due by the states does not exceed £2,000,000. The whole executive government is in the king; and the aristocracy has immense weight; but a legislative assembly of 102 deputies is obtaining an increase of power and consideration. The king is of age at eighteen; during a minority the states of the kingdom are guardians; and the succession is only in the male line. Should this fail in the present family, that of the duke of Brunswick will succeed. At the diet of the empire Hano ver now occupies the fifth rank, and has four votes in the general assembly.

The legai system is very complicated, being a compound of the old Roman law, the constitution of the empire, and all kinds of provincial customs. Many inferior judges and magistrates

are appointed by the proprietors of estates; and some of those nominated by the king are rather by his prerogative as owner of some estates than as the monarch. Some of these jurisdictions have the power of life and death, but the latter is rarely inflicted. A court of appeal at Zell has extensive power, and it is intended to increase its authority. Its decisions are highly esteemed for their equity.

In Hanover there is an equal establishment of Lutherans, Catholics, and Reformed; the smaller sects of Menonites, Hernhuthers, and others, enjoying full protection. The Lutherans amount to about 1,050,000; the Catholics to 160,000; the Reformed to 90,000; the remainder comprise Jews and the smaller Christian sects. The Lutheran church is regulated by superintendents in Hanover, Stade, Osnabrüch, Hildesheim, Aurich, and Hohnstein. The Catholics have bishops at Osnabrüch, Hildesheim, and Regersburg; and the provinces of Meppen and Eimsbuhren are under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Prussian bishop of Münster. In some of the consistories the Lutherans and Reformed are united. Schools are established in every village; others, somewhat more comprehensive, are provided in the small towns; and in the more populous places are academies, or high-schools, for the education of those farther advanced. There are also seminaries at Hanover and Luneburg for educating the children of rank of both sexes, from eight to fifteen years of age. One of these, called the Georgianum, has a provision on a liberal footing for forty boys, who are educated either for a military or a civil profession. The schools of a higher order are well organised; and the university of Gottingen is universally esteemed in Europe. See GOTTINGEN.

Hanover has the Leipsigen and the Convention standards of money. The public accounts are kept in the latter. The gold coin called Georgs d'or is five rix dollars eight groschen in convention money; or, in Leipsigen money, four rix dollars sixteen groschen. The other gold coin, the gold-gulden, is two rix dollars six groschen in convention, two dollars two groschen in Leipsigen money.

The long ineasure is the rood of eight ells, of two feet; the foot being twelve inches. Six Hanoverian are equal to five Brabant ells. Land is measured by hufen and morgens. The hufe is thirty morgens, the morgen 120 ruthen, equal to 24-844 Paris feet. The morgen by which woodland is measured contains 160 ruthen. The liquid measure is the eimen, of 3136 cubic inches, or the anker of 1.960 cubic inches. The latter makes sixteen stübchens, or thirty-two kannen-sixty-four quartiere, or 128 nosel. The weights in common use are ships-pounds, liespounds, hundreds, and customary pounds. The ships-pound is equal to twenty lies-pounds; the hundred is 110 lies-pounds. The lies-pound is divided into two marks, the mark into eight ounces, the ounce into two loths, the loth into four quentins. The local weights and measures

a very pure idiom of the Teutonic language. In the towns, and particularly in the capital, a successful imitation of English habits is observed; but the nobility have too strong prejudices of birth to tolerate much of this. In some places, the descendants of the Wendsor Vandals preserved for a long time the use of the Sclavonic language. The only order of knighthood is the Guelphic, instituted by his present majesty in

1814.

The elector of Hanover is descended from the ancient family of the Guelphs, dukes and electors of Bavaria, one of whom, Henry the Lion, in 1140, married Maude, eldest daughter of king Henry II. of England. Their son William succeeded to Brunswick Lunéburg, and his son Otho was created duke thereof. The dominions descended in a direct line to Ernest, who divided them upon his death, in 1546, into two branches, that of Brunswick Luneburg Wolfenbuttel, and Brunswick Luneburg Zell. The possessor of the latter, Ernest Augustus, was head of the college of German princes, and married Sophia, daughter of Frederick elector Palatine and king of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. king of Great Britain. Sophia being the next protestant heir to the house of Stuart, the parliament fixed the crown upon her on queen Anne's demise; and George Lewis, her eldest son, became king of Great Britain in consequence; since which the electors of Hanover have filled the British throne. Hanover has been of course involved in the wars of Great Britain, and in that of 1756 her territory was all along the scene of operations. This war cost her nearly 80,000 men, or a tenth of her population: but her troops acquired high repute.

During the first war with revolutionary France, the neutrality of Hanover was maintained; but in 1801 that country was taken possession of by Prussia; and in 1803 the first act of Buonaparte was to overrun it, and carry off the public property. In 1806 Hanover was ceded by the French to the Prussians; but, on war breaking out between these nations, the electorate was again occupied by Buonaparte. Part of it was then annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia, and at the end of 1810 Buonaparte declared the country along the coast annexed to France. On the expulsion of the French from Germany, in October 1813, the whole electorate was restored; but the title, in 1815, was changed for that of king of Hanover.

HANOVER, the capital of the foregoing kingdom, and of the principality of Calenberg, is situated in a sandy district on the Leine, a navigable river which joins the Weser. It is in the form of a half-moon, separated by the river into two parts, called the Old and New Town. The general appearance is imposing: the towns, formerly surrounded with walls and ditches, having the ramparts levelled, and laid out into an esplanade and streets, where a very elegant monument has been erected to Leibnitz. Outside of the walls is the Gartengemeinde, consisting of a mixture of houses and gardens. On entering the streets, the town has an antiquated aspect, particularly what is called the

Old Town. The materials for building are generally brick, with wooden frame-work. Some houses have the bricks used for the doors and windows only. Inscriptions, denoting the date of building, and containing passages from the Psalms, which formerly appeared on the houses, are now for the most part erased, and improvements are going on with great spirit. The population, which in 1811 was only 21,000, is now nearly 25,000. The New Town, which stands on the right side of the river, is built in good style; and the houses in the new street, called George Strass, facing the rampart, are separated from it by iron chains, suspended on stone pillars.

The elector's palace is a large edifice of late erection, having been destroyed by fire, and rebuilt in 1791. It is receiving improvements, and will be rendered an elegant modern edifice. The public library, founded by Leibnitz, is also a good building, containing a fine collection of books. There are five Lutheran churches; the Calvinists and Catholics have each their chapels; and the Jews a synagogue. The charitable institutions are an orphan-house, two hospitals, and two poor-houses. For education there is a gymnasium, a female school of industry, and several elementary schools. The Georgianum is a school erected in 1796, for the education of forty sons of Hanoverian nobles, admitted at the age of ten, and paying a small sum on their entrance; after which their education is gratuitous. The other objects of curiosity are the mews, the church of the castle, the gardens of the baroness Deken and of count Walmoden, the wood of Ellenztied, and the Lutheran burial-ground; but, above all, Herrenhausen, a country mansion of the royal family, at some distance from the town. The approach is by a long avenue of lime trees, and the building, though by no means elegant, is respectable, and the grounds laid out with perfect uniformity; the water-works are good, and the garden contains a very superior botanical collection.

HANOVER, a county of Virginia, United States, bounded north-east by Spottsylvania, Caroline, and King William counties, east by New Kent, south by Henrico, south-west by Goochland county, and west by Louisa county; distant from Washington 103 miles. Population 15,082.

HANOVER, a post town of Grafton county, New Hampshire, United States, on the east side of the Connecticut; fifty-three north-west of Concord, 102 W. N. W. of Portsmouth, and 115 north-west of Boston: from Washington 495. Population 2135. Dartmouth College is situated in the south-west part of this township, about half a mile east of the river, on a beautiful plain, where there is a handsome village with two congregational meeting-houses; and a handsome bridge across the river, connecting the town with Norwich. Dartmouth College was founded by Dr. Eleazer Wheelock, and chartered by royal grant in 1769. The funds, which were originally created by charitable individuals, have been increased by grants from the legislatures of New Hampshire and Vermont; and afford, at present, an increasing annual income of about 1600 dollars.