: not only from their own traditions and poems, but also from the testimony of many ancient authors. This civilisation was probably owing in a great measure to the order of the bards, or Druids, and some other institutions peculiar to this people. The ancient Highlanders lived by hunting alone, till some time after the era of Fingal, who was one of their kings towards the close of the third century. For some ages after that period, they turned their chief attention to the pastoral life, which afforded a less precarious subsistence. Till of låte, agriculture in most parts of the Highlands made little progress. The Highlanders always had a king, and enjoyed a government of their own, till Kenneth II. having subdued the Pictish kingdom, in 845, transferred thither the seat of royalty. This event proved very unfavorable to the Highlands, which from this period began to decline. The country, no longer awed by the presence of the sovereign, fell into anarchy. The chieftains began to extend their authority, to form factions, and to foment divisions and feuds between contending clans. The laws were either too feeble to bind them, or too remote to take notice of them. Hence sprung all those evils which long disgraced the country, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. Robbery or plunder, provided it was committed on any one of an adverse clan, was countenanced and their reprisals on one another were perpetual. Thus quarrels were handed down from one generation to another, and the whole clan was bound in honor to espouse the cause of every individual that belonged to it. The genius of the people was thus greatly alter ed; and the Highlanders of a few ages back were almost as remarkable for their irregular and disorderly way of life, as their predecessors had been for civilisation and virtue. But one of the strongest features that marked the character of the Highlanders, in every age, was their hospitality and benevolence to strangers. At night the traveller was always sure to find a hearty welcome in whatever house he should go to; and the host thought himself happier in giving the entertainment than the guest in receiving it. Even with regard to their enemies, the laws of hospitality were observed with the most sacred regard. They who fought against each other in the day, could join in the night feast, and even sleep together, in the same house. From the same principle, they were, in most cases, so faithful to their trust, that they rarely betrayed any confidence reposed in them. A promise they thought as binding as an oath, and held it equally inviolable and sacred. The Caledonians in all ages have been much addicted to poetry and music. The poems of Ossian, .so universally repeated, and so highly esteemed by every Highlander, are a strong proof of the early proficiency of this people in the poetical art. The genius and character of the Gaelic poetry is well known. It is tender, simple, beautiful, and sublime. Among the ancient Highlanders, the harp was the chief instrument of music. It suited the mildness of their manners, and was well adapted to the peace and quiet which they enjoyed under their own kings. In a later period, however, when the constant quarrels of their chiefs, and The the endless feuds of contending clans, turned all their thoughts to war, it was forced to give place to the bag-pipe, an instrument altogether of the martial kind, and therefore well suited to the state of the country at that time. Their dress consisted of a light woollen jacket, or tartan, woven in squares of various colors, in which red, green, blue, and black are most prevalent. kilt is a short petticoat of the same stuff, reaching to the knees; and the hose, or short stockings, are woven in diamonds of red and white, tied under the knee with garters, often beautifully ornamented: the Highlanders have generally a pouch made of the skin of a badger, fox, or other animal, hanging before, in which they keep their tobacco and money, and this part of their dress is generally adorned with silver buttons and tassels; their plaid is also of tartan, consisting of twelve or thirteen yards of cloth, wrapped round them in a graceful manner, fastened round the middle by a belt, falling to the knees behind, and confined by a broach or silver pin to the top of the left shoulder: this is often their only cover, both within doors and when obliged to repose in the fields. The truis or trews, which are a sort of tartan pantaloons, are only worn by the gentry, instead of the kilt. Indeed, Sir John Sinclair contends, that the trews were the most ancient dress of the Highlanders, and that the kilt is of comparatively modern introduction. The Highlanders generally affected to have their dress of the color of the heath on which they 18posed, probably from a principle of security in time of war, or that they might not be discovered while they lay in the heaths, waiting for their game. Their ancient arms were the broad sword and target, Lochaber axes, and a dirk, to which, before the act for disarming the Highlanders, in 1748, the pistol stuck into the girdle had been added. Always armed with a dirk and pistol, they were ready to resist an assault, or revenge a provocation, as soon as it was given. This circumstance contributed to render them polite and guarded in their behaviour to one another. When embodied by their chieftain, they were armed with a broad sword, a dagger;, a target, a musket, and two pistols. In close engagement, and in broken ranks, they were irresistible. The only foe they dreaded was cavalry. As soon as the battle was over, most of the troops dispersed, and returned home to dispose of their plunder, and to provide for their families. Their religion was deeply tinctured with superstition. They believed in ghosts and apparitions; by appearances in the heavens they predicted future events; they practised charms and incantations for the cure of various diseases; and to some individuals they thought the divinity had communicated a portion of his prescience. The language of the Highlanders is still the Gaelic; which, with many of their customs and manners, has been secured to them by their mountains and fastnesses, amidst the many revolutions which the rest of the island has undergone in so long a course of ages. That it has been formerly a good deal cultivated, appears from the style of its poems and tales, and from several ancient MSS. that have come down to the present times. To strangers the Gaelic has a forbidding aspect on account of the number of its quiescent consonants (which are retained to mark the derivation of words and their variations in case and tense), but its sound is abundantly musical and harmonious, and its genius strong and masculine. See GAELIC. The Highlanders have begun of late years to apply to learning, agriculture, and especially to commerce, for which their country, every where indented with arms of the sea, is peculiarly favorable. Cattle are the chief staple of the country; but it produces more grain than would supply its inhabitants, if so much of it were not consumed in whisky. That article, however, is thought by physicians to be necessary for the health of the natives, when taken in moderation, on account of the coldness of the climate and the lowness of their diet. The Highlanders are beginning to avail themselves of their mines, woods, wool, and fisheries; and by a vigorous application, with due encouragement from government, may become a prosperous and seful people. They are active, persevering, industrious, and economical. They are remarkably bold and adventurous, which qualifies them for being excellent seamen and soldiers. They are generally of a middle size, rather above it than otherwise; their eyes are lively, their features distinctly marked, and their persons strong and well made. Their countenances are open and ingenuous, and their tempers frank and communicative. William III.; but, this failing, he was articled as clerk to an attorney in 1707; but so much against his inclination, that in three years he resolved to indulge his natural disposition to his favorite art; and employed his leisure hours in designing, and in studying geometry, perspective, architecture, and anatomy, without any instructors except books. By these exertions he soon arrived at such perfection in his favorite art, that he painted many pictures, which were not only valued highly in his own time, but are now the objects of admiration to painters. On the institution of the academy of painting, sculpture, &c., in London, in 1753, he was elected one of the professors. In 1754 he published in 4to. A Critical Examination of those two Paintings (by Rubens) on the ceiling of the Banqueting House at Whitehall, in which Architecture is introduced so far as relates to Perspective; together with the Discussion of a Question which has been the subject of Debate among Painters. In the solution of this question, he proved, that Rubens and other great painters were mistaken in the practice, and Mr. Kirby and several others in the theory; and in vol. XVII. of the Monthly Review, he animadverted (anonymously) on Mr. Kirby's unwarrantable treatment of Mr. Ware, and detected his errors, even when he exults in his own superior science. Mr. Highmore, in a practice of forty-six years, painted many portraits, of which several have been engraved. In the historical branch, which was then much less cultivated than it is at present, we shall only mention Hagar and Ishmael, a present to the Foundling hospital: The good Samaritan: The finding of Moses, purchased at his sale by general Lister: The Harlowe Family, as described in Clarissa, now in the possession of T. W. Payler, esq.: Clarissa herself: The Graces unveiling Nature, drawn by memory from Rubens: The Clementina of Grandison, and the Queen Mother of Edward IV. with her younger son, &c., in Westminster Abbey; in the possession of his son. He was the author of various publications which were well received; but his most capital work was his Practice and Perspective, on the principles of Dr. Brook Every man that is among you, not to think of Taylor, &c., in 1 vol. 4to., 1763. This not himself more highly than he ought to think. HIGH'LY, adv. From high. With elevation as to place and situation; aloft. In a great degree. Whatever expedients can allay those heats, which break us into different factions, cannot but be useful to the public, and highly tend to its safety. Addison. It cannot but be highly requisite for us to enliven our faith, by dwelling often on the same considerations. Atterbury. Proudly; arrogantly; ambitiously. That thou wouldst holily; wouldst not play false, With esteem; with estimation. HIGH-METTLED. spirit. Shakspeare. Rom. xii. Proud or ardent of He fails not in these to keep a stiff rein on a highmettled Pegasus; and takes care not to surfeit here, as he has done on other heads, by an erroneous abundance. Garth. HIGH-MINDED. Proud; arrogant. My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage, Shakspeare. HIGHMORE(Joseph), esq., an eminent painter, born in London June 13th, 1692, the son of Mr. Edward Highmore, coal merchant. Having an early and strong inclination to painting, his father, wishing to gratify him, made a proposal to his uncle, who was serieant painter to king VOL. XI. only evinced his scientific knowledge of the subject, but, by its perspicuity, removed the only objection that can be made to the system of Dr. Taylor. His Epistle to an Eminent Painter, published in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1778, shows that his talents were by no means impaired at the age of eighty-six. Indeed he retained them to the last, and had even strength and spirit sufficient to enable him to ride out daily on horseback the summer before he died. A strong constitution, habitual temperance, and constant attention to his health, in youth as well as in age, preserved his faculties to his eightyeighth year, when he died March 3rd, 1780. He was interred in Canterbury cathedral, leaving one son, Anthony, educated in his own profession, and a daughter. His tints, like those of Rubens and Vandyke, instead of being impaired, are improved by time. His idea of beauty, when he indulged his fancy, was of the highest kind; and his knowledge of perspective R I crave no more than that your highness offered. Shakspeare. How long in vain had nature strived to frame A perfect princess, ere her highness came? Waller. Beauty and greatness are eminently joined in your royal highness. Dryden. Your highness much mistakes me, The first snake was a flatterer-I am none; And for my deeds, I only sting when stung. Byron. Deformed Transformed. Dignity of nature; supremacy. Destruction from God was a terror to me, and by reason of his highness I could not endure. Job xxxi. HIGH-PRINCIPLED. Extravagant in no tions of politics. HIGH-STOM'ACHED. Obstinate; lofty. High-stomached are they both, and full of ire; In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire. Shakspeare. HIGHT. This is an imperfect verb, used only in the preterite tense with a passive signification: Sax. þezan, to call; Germ. hessen, to be called. Was named; was called. And whan the king that Yarbas hight it wist, Chaucer. Legende of Good Women. Id. The Knightes Tale. The city of the great king hight it well, Wherein eternal peace and happiness doth dwell. Spenser. J. Bentley. A remedy like that of giving my money to an highwayman, before he attempts to take it by force, to prevent the sin of robbery. Swift. HIGH-WROUGHT. Accurately finished; nobly labored. Thou triumphest, victor of the high-wrought day, And the pleased dame, soft smiling, leadest away. Pepe. HIJAR (Duke de), a Spanish grandee, member of the modern Junta of Bayonne, and grand master of the ceremonies to king Joseph Buonaparte. He was of an ancient Castilian family, and born in 1775; during the life of his father he was known by the title of the duke d'Alliaga, and engaged in the study of literature and the fine arts. In 1808 he was summoned to Bayonne by the order of Napoleon; and, after the second abdication of king Charles, appointed to the office of master of the ceremonies to the new sovereign Joseph. He however abandoned the cause of the intruder as soon as the partizans of Ferdinand VII. took active measures to support his authority. Hence the duke was included in the list of Castilian nobles proscribed by the decree of Burgos; on which he retired to London, and remained there till the progress of events had brought about the restoration of Ferdinand. He was then recalled to Madrid, and in 1814 appointed Spanish ambassador to France. He died in 1817, a short time after having received the order of the Golden Fleece. HILARIA, in antiquity, feasts celebrated annually with great pomp and joy, by the Romans, on the 8th of the kalends of April, or 25th of March, in honor of Cybele. Every person dressed himself as he pleased, and took the badges of whatever dignity or quality he fancied. The statue of the goddess was carried in procession through the streets, accompanied by multitudes in the most splendid attire. The day before the festival was spent in mourning. Cybele represented the earth, which at this time of the year begins to feel the kindly warmth of the spring; so that this sudden transition from sorrow to joy was an emblem of the vicissitude of the seasons. The Romans took this feast originally from the Greeks, who called it avaßariç q. d. ascensus; the eve of that day they spent in tears and lamentations, and thence denominated it Karaẞari, descensus. Afterwards the Greeks took the name iλapia from the Romans; as appears from Photius, in his extract of the life of the philosopher Isidore. Casaubon maintains, that, beside this particular signification, the word was also a general name for any joyful or festival day, whether public, or private and domestic. But Salmasius does not allow of this. Tristan (tom. i. p. 482) distinguishes between hilaria and hilariæ. The former, according to him, were public rejoicings; and the latter prayers made in consequence thereof; or even of any private feast or rejoicing, as a marriage, &c. The public lasted several days; during which all mourning and funeral ceremonies were suspended. HILARION, the founder of the monastic life in Palestine, was born at Gaza, A. D. 291, of a pagan family, but embraced Christianity; and, having visited St. Anthony the anchoret in Egypt, followed his example, on returning to his own country, and obtained a great number of followers. He returned at last to the island of Cyprus, where he died in 371. HILARITY, n. s. Lat. hilaritas. Merriment; gaiety. Averroes restrained his hilarity, and made no more thereof than Seneca commendeth, and was allowable in Cato; that is, a sober incalescence for wine. Browne. HILARIUS, an ancient father of the Christian church, who flourished in the fourth century. He was born, as St. Jerome informs us, at Poictiers, of a good family; who gave him a liberal education in the pagan religion. He was advanced to the bishopric of Poictiers A. D. 355, according to Baronius; and became a most zealous champion for the orthodox faith, particularly against the Arians, who were then gaining ground in France. He assembled several councils there, in which the determinations of the synods of Rimini and Seleucia were condemned. He wrote a treatise concerning synods; and a famous work in twelve books on the Trinity, which is much admired. He died in the end of the year 367. His works have been published; but the last and best edition was given by the Benedictines at Paris in 1693. HILARIUSE (Joseph), an eminent antiquary, born at Enzesfeld, in Austria, in 1737. In 1751 he joined the Jesuits, and became eminent as a teacher of rhetoric and grammar in the college at Vienna, of which he was appointed præfectus rei nummariæ. To acquire a perfect knowledge of ancient coins, he visited Italy; and, in 1770, having renounced the vows of his order, he was appointed director of the imperial cabinet of ancient coins, and dean of philosophy and the fine arts. He was a man of a cheerful temper, extensive knowledge, and irreproachable morals. He died in 1798. HILARODI, ancient poets among the Greeks, who went about singing songs, somewhat graver than the Ionic pieces, accompanied with some instrument. From the streets they were at last introduced into tragedy, as the magodi were into comedy. They appeared dressed in white, and were crowned with gold. At first they wore shoes; but afterwards they assumed the crepida, being only a sole tied over with a strap. HILARY (Sr.), or ST. HELIER, the chief town in the Isle of Jersey, having a very commodious harbour on the east side of St. Aubin's Bay, four miles east of St. Aubin's. The town consists of several good streets, and the courts of justice for the island are held here. In the centre of the town stands the court-house, a very stately structure, and near it the parish church, where the service is performed both in French and English. The harbour is defended by a strong castle, the residence of the governor; it is surrounded by deep trenches and strong walls, and the entrance is by a drawbridge secured by an iron gate. A workhouse and a public hospital have been erected here. Three gazettes are published here weekly in French, and one in English. There are three packets hence to Weymouth weekly, and regular traders to Southampon, and in summer there is a steam boat. On the top of a high rocky hill, near the town, was discovered, in the year 1785, a mass of stones ranged in a circular form, some perpendicular, and others lying horizontally on the former. It was called a Druidical temple, and was completely covered with earth at the time of discovery. General Conway, then governor, had the stones removed to Park Place, in Berkshire, where they were again erected and disposed in their original form. HILARY (ST.), a saint of the Roman Calendar, born at Arles in 401. He succeeded Honoratus as bishop of Arles, and presided in the council at Rome in 441. He wrote, 1. Homilies, under the name of Eusebius of Emessa. 2. The Life of St. Honoratus. 3. Opuscula. He died in 449, aged forty-eight. HILDBURGHAUSEN, SAXE, a small duchy in the interior of Germany, bounded by SaxeMeinungen and Saxe-Coburg; it contains a territorial extent of 217 square miles, and about 32,000 inhabitants. The soil is in general poor, particularly in the north, where it comprises a part of the forest of Thuringia; and there are few manufactures: but woollens, linen, thread, glass, dye-stuffs, salt, and vitriol, are exported in small quantities. The duke holds the fourth rank among the princes of the house of Saxe, and has a share of a vote in the smaller Germanic diet, and a full vote in the general assembly. His revenue is not more than £20,000: but his petty state has its assembly of nobles and town deputies, with an administration divided into the departments of justice, finance, education, police, public works, and the army; the latter consisting of not more than 250 men. Appeals from the local magistrates go to the council of the duchy, afterwards to the court of justice at Jena. The duke, in common with other neighbouring princes, is interested in the University of that place. HILDBURGHAUSEN, a town in the interior of Germany, the capital of the duchy of this name, is situated on the Wurra, and contains about 2500 inhabitants. It has a gymnasium, a seminary for school-masters, and some manufactures of cloth. The states of the duchy hold their meetings in the town-hall. It is seventeen miles south-east of Meinungen, and twenty north-west of Coburg. HILDESHEIM, a province in the south of Hanover, lying between 51° 44′ and 52° 25′ of N. lat. and adjacent to the province of Gottingen. The superficial extent is estimated at 680 square miles, and the population at 130,000. The surface is uneven, particularly in the south, where it is intersected by the Hartz Mountains, and the soil is stony, but in the middle and north it is rich and productive. This province is watered by the Innerste, the Oker, the Ecker, and the Fuse. The chief products are corn, flax, fruit, and hops: which, as well as cattle and wool, are objects of export. The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. The revenue is estimated at £90,000. Hildesheim was once an independent ecclesiastical state, the bishopric having been founded by Charlemagne. It had a succession of warlike bishops, one of whom having undertaken a contest, in 1519, against the dukes of Brunswick and Hanover, these princes procured a ban of the empire to be issued against him, and took possession of his estates, which they did not restore till 1643, after establishing here the Lutheran doctrines. The treaty of Westphalia placed the bishopric under the protection of Hanover, and thus it continued till 1802, when it was included among the territory given to the king of Prussia. After 1807 it formed a part of the kingdom of Westphalia, and in 1815 it was added by the congress of Vienna to the kingdom of Hanover. It has its own states, and is governed as an independent province, divided into fifteen bailiwics. HILDESHEIM, a city of Hanover, the chief town of the principality of that name, is of considerable extent, containing 11,000 inhabitants. It was formerly fortified; but its walls have been demolished, and converted into public walks, and the whole place has an old and very irregular appearance. It stands on a declivity near the Innerste, which, dividing into two branches, forms a beautiful island, covered with gardens. The Old and New Towns have each their own magistrates, but in affairs affecting the general interest, they hold meetings in common. council and the majority of the citizens are Lutherans: the bishop and a part of the inhabitants The Catholics. The large Gothic cathedral contains the Irminsaule, a celebrated monument of the ancient Saxons, supposed to have.been the column which originally supported an image of Arminius, or Herman, the commander, who cut off the legions of Quintilius Varus, and was deified by the Saxons. This relic stands in the front of the grand choir, and supports a chandelier. The Catholics have ten other churches, the Lutherans eight. Here were formerly seven mo nasteries and collegiate chapters, which have been secularised. The episcopal palace, councilhouse, the arsenal, public stables, and the mist, are also worth notice. The chief employment of the inhabitants is brewing and the manufacture of yarn and linen. Twenty miles south-east of Hanover, and twenty west by south of Wolfenbuttel. HILDESLEY (Mark), bishop of Sodor and Man, was the son of Mark Hildesley, rector of Houghton, and born at Marston in Kent, in 1698. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and elected a fellow in 1723. In 1724 he was appointed Whitehall preacher; in 1731 vicar of Hitchin, and in 1735 rector of Holwell. He preached generally from memory, and his exemplary conduct in his vicarage and rectory not only gained him the character of a truly primitive priest, but recommended him to the duke of Athol, as the most proper successor to the worthy bishop Wilson, in the see of Sodor and Man; whose philanthropic design of printing a translation of the whole Bible in the Manks language, bishop Hildesley brought to a happy conclusion, after his consecration in 1755; and died within ten days of its publication, December 7th, 1772. HIL'DING, n. s. Sax. þild, signifies a lord; perhaps hilding means originally a little lord, in contempt, for a man that has only the delicacy or bad qualities of high rank; or a term of reproach abbreviated from hinderling, degenerate. -Johnson. A sorry paltry fellow: also used for a mean womanı. He was some hilding fellow, that had stolen The horse he rode on. Shakspeare. If your lordship find him not a hilding, hold me m Id. more in your respect. A base slave, A hilding for a livery, a squire's cloth. Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench. Helen and Hero, hildings and harlots. Id. Id. This idle toy, this hilding, scorns my power, And sets us all at nought. Rowe's Jane Shore. HILL, n. s. HIL'LOCK, n. s. HIL'LY, adj. Sax. pill þyl; Goth. hol, haugel; Teut, hugel; Swed. hygel. An elevation of ground less than a mountain: hillock, a little hill: hilly, of unequal surface. And, downward from an hill, under a bent Jerusalem is seated on two hills, Fairfus Id. |