the clause hito aru mo kikai nashi to find the adjective (verb) corresponding to naku. The aru of the second clause has to be passed over.

III. The Conclusive Form, which is obtained by adding shi to the stem. It is used only as a predicatve at the end of a sentence, as in the case of sukunashi in the first example given in the preceding paragraph, or as in the following example: Omou ni chūkō hi asaku, naiji no koto masa ni shinsaku kōchō su-beki mono sukunashi to sezu, "On reflection it is seen that the interval since the restoration is short, and that not a little remains to be originated or reorganized in the internal administration." (In this example all three inflections of the adjective are seen,-asaku, beki, sukunashi. Note too that sukunashi is at the end of a sentence grammatically speaking, the words to sezu, lit. "do not consider that," being another short sentence serving to introduce the first after the manner of a quotation.)

N.B.-Those adjectives whose stem ends in shi or ji do not add another shi to form the conclusive, the one shi being held to suffice. Thus :-mezurashiku, conclusive mezurashi, "strange"; aru-majiku, conclusive aru-maji, "should not be." This exception is sometimes disregarded by ignorant writers; and such ungrammatical forms as ashishi (for ashi), "bad," are therefore occasionally met with.

IV. The Attributive Form, which is obtained by adding ki to the stem. It is used in three distinct manners, viz. 1. To qualify a noun, as Yoroshiki hō, "A good method"; Aru-majiki koto, "A thing that ought not to be" (lit. "an ought-not-to-be thing.") 2. When the adjective is followed by a postposition, thus: Hō no yoroshiki ni yori (colloq. shikata ga yoroshii kara), "Owing to the excellence of the method." San-itsu naki

For exceptions see chapter VI,

wo yōsu, "None must be allowed to get lost" (lit. "[the authorities] require the absence of losing"). Un-un nasubeki ka to tou, "He asked whether he should do so and so." It will be noticed that the attributive form of the adjective, when thus used, ceases to be an adjective according to European ideas, and corresponds rather to an English abstract substantive, or to an adjective preceded by the verb "to be." The abstract substantives in sa, so common in the colloquial, are almost always replaced in the written language by the attributive adjective form, as samuki for samusa, "the cold." 3. At the end of a clause or sentence, when one of the preceding words of the clause or sentence is an interrogative or the emphatic particle zo, thus: Nanji no tsumi yurusaru to iu to, okite ayume to iu to, izure ka yasuki? "Whether is it easier to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say Rise up and walk?" This use is rarely met with in modern books, except in the semi-classical style.

N.B.-Originally there was a fifth form, obtained by adding kere (for ku are) to the stem. Thus hayakere, bekere. See under heading koso, page 23.

The paradigm of the primary forms of adjectives is as follows:

N.B.-There are in written Japanese no such forms as the colloquial hayai, yoroshii, hayo, etc. Their equivalents are hayashi or hayaki, yoroshi or yoroshiki, hayaku, etc., according to circumstances.

SEC. 2. TENSE AND MOOD IN THE ADJECTIVE.

Being of the nature of a verb, the Japanese adjective is inflected to indicate tense and mood. The conclusive and attributive forms explained above may be termed its present tense, while the indefinite form is of no tense in particular, serving as it does to suspend the meaning until the end of the sentence be reached.

The memory will be assisted by noting that most of the tenses of the affirmative voice and all the tenses of the negative are formed by agglutinating the various inflections of the verb aru, "to be," to the indefinite form (hayaku), the vowel u of the latter being dropped, and the vowel a of the former being in some tenses changed into e; furthermore that beku, beki, beshi, the suffix forming the potential mood, is itself an adjective regularly conjugated through most of the tenses.

Comparison in Japanese is more often implicit than explicit. Thus, when referring to the relative height of Fusiyama and Asamayama, a Japanese will not say "Fusiyama is the higher," but simply "Fusiyama is high" (Fuji wa takashi), viz., in comparison with the other mountain mentioned. Indeed even in English the so-called positive is often a comparative by implication; for when we say, for instance, that "Such and such a person is old," we mean that he is older than most other people. Comparison may, however, be made explicit in Japanese by using the postposition yori, "than" (properly

Hayaki,

"EARLY."

POTENTIAL FORMS.

Conditional
Hypothetical

Actual Concessive

([I, etc.] will, shall, would, should, may, might, can, could, or ought to be early.

[I, etc.] should, etc., have been early.

..hayakaru-bekereba