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him, reported that the Grand Secretary had left his residence, and could not be found. Fairman kept out of the way until the end of the session, and no further steps were taken to arrest him.

In September the Select Committee reported. They condemned the Orange Society, root and branch.

"It is notorious," says the Report, "that the Orange lodges exist, under the patronage of men high in rank, in England, Ireland, and in Scotland; and the countenance given, in consequence of all the orders of the Orange institution being issued by and under the authority of such men as His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, as Imperial Grand Master, and of His Grace the Duke of Gordon, as Deputy Grand Master for Scotland, will be found to have a greater effect on the poor and the ignorant of which the Orangemen there chiefly consist-than might be expected. When we see an emissary despatched for two successive years to extend Orangeism in that country, under the special and extraordinary commission of the Duke of Cumberland, bearing his sign and seal, with powers to propagate Orangeism, to form lodges, to dismiss members, or to pardon offences of Orangemen how and when he pleases, it appears time for Government to interfere. When that emissary is entertained and countenanced for weeks as an inmate of Gordon Castle, the influence of the peer may be by the ignorant transferred to the emissary in everything respecting Orange lodges in that country.

"There are various ways of enlisting men in a cause; and when it is seen by the reports of the proceedings of Grand Lodges that such men as the Duke of Cumberland, the Duke of Gordon, Lord Kenyon, Lord Wynford, peers and Members of Parliament, are united by the same secret signs and passwords, and seated in the same room with a poor pensioner of one shilling a-day, or

any Orangeman, whatever his state in society may be, allowance must be made for the sacrifices that may be made by such persons to be able to call the Duke, or any other Orangeman, his brother-with permission to apply, whenever in difficulty or distress, for the assistance of such wealthy and influential men.

"As a proof of the baneful effects of the existence of Orangeism in Scotland, Mr Innes states one example where a lodge of pitmen lately expelled from their body all the Catholics, who had previously lived and worked together with them in peace and harmony.

"Your Committee will only add, that the mischievous effects of Orange lodges, shown, though on a small scale, in Scotland, may be expected wherever such a system is upheld and promoted by men of high rank and by influential members of society; a reference to the evidence before the House of the working of Orangeism in Ireland, on the broadest scale, and after many years' continuance, will completely bear out that opinion.

"Your Committee, in looking for a corrective to those evils which disturb both civil and military society so much, and which threaten the most serious consequences to the community of the United Kingdom, if allowed to continue, do not contemplate that any new legislative enactment is necessary; the power of the law being at present, in the opinion of your Committee, sufficient to protect the country from all such associations, bound together, as the Orange lodges are, by religious sanction, with secret signs and passwords, by which the fraternity may be known to each other in every part of the world. It appears only to be necessary to enforce the existing laws against all such offenders, whether belonging to Orange lodges, to Ribbon lodges, or to any other Society having secret signs and bonds of union. . . .

"Your Committee think it right to place before the

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House the words of the statute 39 Geo. III., c. 79, regarding corresponding societies. Section 9: Any society composed of different divisions or branches, or of different parts, acting in any manner separately, or distinct from each other, or of which any part shall have any distinct president, secretary, treasurer, delegate, or other officer, elected or appointed by, or for such part, or to act in any office for such part,' &c.; and, in conclusion, your Committee submit, that it will be for the House to consider whether the present organisation of Orange lodges, in connection with the Imperial Grand Lodge, comes within the words of that statute; and if so, whether the law officers of the Crown should not be directed to institute legal proceedings, without any delay, against the Grand Officers of Orange lodges." 1

A month after the publication of this Report an Orangeman named Haywood stated that Fairman had been hatching a plot to place the Duke of Cumberland upon the throne, and had actually sounded the Orangemen of the provinces on the subject. Fairman denied the charge indignantly, and filed a criminal information against Haywood for libel. Hume and the English Radicals met

1 "Report of Select Committee on Orange Lodges in Great Britain and the Colonies," pp. xxv., xxvii.

2"Haywood, after being dismissed from a lodge, had addressed a letter to Lord Kenyon, in October 1835, and in which he asked: 'Did not His Royal Highness, as Grand Master, and Lord Kenyon, as Deputy Grand Master, know what their missionary, Colonel Fairman, had done in 1832; or rather, did he not act under the directions of His Royal Highness, or Lord Kenyon; and was he not, under their directions, instructed to sound the brethren how they would be disposed, in the event of King William IV. being deposed, which was not improbable, on account of his sanctioning reform in Parliament; and that, if so, it would become the duty of every Orangeman to support His Royal Highness, who would then, in all probability, be called to the throne?' There was something very suspicious in this revelation of supposed designs entertained by a body to which the maker of the revelation had, nevertheless, continued to belong for three years. Colonel Fairman immediately published a letter, declaring the whole statement to be a falsehood, and adopted judicial proceedings against Haywood, which dropped, however, in consequence of the death of the latter."—"Annual Register, 1836," p. 12, Speech of Mr Hume.

this move by a counter move. They demanded the prosecution of the Duke of Cumberland, Lord Kenyon, the Bishop of Salisbury, and Fairman, as members of an illegal society. Preliminary steps were taken in both cases. Evidence was collected, counsel were engaged, the pleadings were ready, when the sudden death of Haywood stopped the proceedings; not, however, until the evidence. which had been amassed enabled Hume, in the next session of Parliament, to strike a serious blow at the Orange Society.1

In the midst of all this excitement, and while Ireland was in a state of general disorder, Drummond took up his post at Dublin Castle.

1 The counsel engaged for Haywood were Sergeant Wilde, Charles Austin, and Charles Buller. The Radicals said the case of the Orange Society was analogous to the case of the Dorsetshire labourers. "In the commencement of 1834 it occurred to some people that an organization similar to a Trades Union might be extended with advantage to agricultural labour. Dorsetshire was a purely agricultural county, in which labour was paid at a miserably low rate. A union was formed, and in the formation of the union no law was broken. It was, however, customary in these unions to administer an oath to the unionists. An old Act of George III., passed amidst the terror which the Mutiny of the Nore had caused, had made it an offence, punishable by transportation, to administer illegal oaths. The statute had been rarely enforced; practically, it had been disregarded by every Trades Union in the kingdom. It was suddenly resuscitated to punish the men who had formed the first agricultural union. Six wretched labourers, wholly ignorant of the law, were prosecuted at Dorchester for administering illegal oaths. The jury found them guilty; the judge, after two days' consideration, thought himself bound to inflict the punishment set out in the law, and sentenced them to seven years' transportation."-Walpole's "History of England," iii., p. 229. But a storm was raised in and out of Parliament, and finally, after two years' transportation, the convicts were granted a free pardon, and allowed to return home.

CHAPTER VII.

DRUMMOND AT DUBLIN CASTLE.

TRIFLES best show character. For this reason I give a letter, unimportant in other respects, written by Drummond shortly after his arrival at Dublin Castle. It illustrates his kindly nature and strong sense of justice.

"MY DEAR STEWART,-Pray look into this case of great hardship and distress, and do what you can for this poor creature. The facts are correctly stated. Would any man in a better situation be turned off after twenty years' service without a penny?—Faithfully,

"July 29, 1835."

"T. DRUMMOND."

I have not been able to ascertain fully the facts of this case; but I gather that an official named Toole had been superannuated "without a penny," and died soon afterwards. His widow, who was left in straitened circumstances, applied to the Castle for help. While it was doubtful how her application would be received, Drummond arrived, and supported her claims with energy and

success.

On the day that Drummond wrote this letter, Lord Morpeth wrote to him from London :—

LORD MORPETH TO DRUMMOND.

"July 29, 1835.

"MY DEAR DRUMMOND,-I have missed your predecessor every time he has called, but I hear he says, and

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