nell Land, 39; on denudation
and glaciation of Arctic coasts,
53-57
Firn, 4
Flamborough, supposed moraine
near, 133-135
Floe-ice, thickness of, 62; trans-
port by, 63, 64; distance car-
ried, 65
Floods, deposits due to supposed,
191
Flysch, boulder beds of the, 266–
268
Fossils, evidence of, on question
of Tertiary climate, 259
France, glaciers in, 35; lake-
basins in, 87; glaciation in,
209, 210
Frankley Hill, boulders and sec-
tion near, 156, 157
GEIKIE, Sir A., on Scotch glacia-
Geikie, Prof. J., on kames, IIO;
on till, 126; on Glacial Epoch
in Scotland, 193–195, 198, 199;
on glaciated area of Europe,
207; on Rhone glacier, 274
Geographical changes, as cause of
Glacial Epoch, discussed, 248-
250
Germany, glacial deposits in, 208,
Giants' kettles, 14; at Lucerne,
34
Glacial conditions, influences to
cause, 270-274; of Britain,
276-280; causes discussed, 280-
284
Glacial deposits, by land-ice in
Alps, 19; on Swiss Lowlands,
27; of England, 120-163; divi-
sion of, 122, 135; submer-
gence hypothesis tor, 163, 164;
hypothesis of land-ice for, 164–
168; difficulties in land-ice hy-
pothesis for, 168-178; difficul-
ties in submergence hypothesis,
179-181; difficulty of high-level
boulders, 182-186; hypothesis
of morainic lakes for, 186–190;
diluvial hypothesis for, 191; in
Scotland, 192-199; in Ireland,
199-205; of other parts of Old
World, 206-214; of North
America, 215-224; in Southern
Hemisphere, 224-227; altitude
of, 281
Glacial Epoch, now existing in
Arctic regions, 38-40; condi-
tions of a, 66-68; problems of,
stated, 79, 80; submergence in,
137, 163, 164, 179-181; climatal
variation during, 199; lowering
of temperature in, not local,
214, 215; temperature in, 231-
246; possible causes of, 247-
260; geographical causes of,
247-250; astronomical causes
of, 251-259; possible former
occurrence of, 261-269; con-
dition of Britain in, 276-284;
hypotheses of land-ice or sub-
mergence during, 280–284
Glacial hypotheses, for lake-basins,
82-90; for roads of Glen Roy,
99-107; for kames and drum-
lins, 114-119
Glacial lakes, hypothesis of, in
England, 187-189; in North
America, 218-222
Glacial map of British Islands,
Glaciated area in Europe, 207
Glaciation, caused by land-ice,
10, 15; by sea-ice, 55, 56, 66
Glacier area of Alps, of Justedal,
of Greenland, 42
Glacier garden at Lucerne, 34
Glacier lakes, Malaspina, 74; in
Glen Roy, 100-106
Glaciers, Alpine, and their work,
3-38; origin of, 3, 4, 44; blocks
on, 5, 9, 12; blocks extruded
from, 7, 184, 185; blocks in, II,
12; blocks under, 12; streams
on, 12; movement of, 6, 25;
former existence of, 14-17, 136,
137, 164-168, 224-227; de-
nudation and transport by, 21;
termination of, 22, 24, 51; de-
posits, direct and indirect, of,
23; oscillations of, 23, 27; bed
exposed by retreat of, 24, 47;
excavatory power of, 25, 88-90;
hypothesis of lake-basins due to
excavation by, 82-94; ancient,
of Rhone, 35; of France and
Switzerland, 35; south of the
Alps, 35, 36; dependent on
moisture, influenced by contour
of land, 40; a Piedmont, 68;
loose material below, 73; supply-
area for, 233; ratio of length
of, to size of supply-area, 273,
274
Glen Roy, parallel roads of, 94–
107 (see Parallel)
Gloppa, glacial deposits of, 141,
142, 169, 173
Gorge of Aar, 16
Grantham, large erratic near, 144
Gravel, below moraine near Zurich,
32; below glacier, 73; strati-
fied, in glacial deposits, 121
Greenland, temperature and pre-
cipitation in, 39, 67; ice-field of,
39-56; compared with Scandi-
HABKERENTHAL, boulder beds in,
266, 267
Halle, glacial deposits at, 208
Haslithal, form of, 16
Heat, sun-, amount received by
earth, 251-256; hypothesis of
variation in amount of, 259
Hebrides, ice in, 193
Heer, Prof., on lignite deposits of
Switzerland, 245
Heim, Prof., on denudation by
glaciers, 21
Helland, Prof., on transporting
by glaciers, 21
Hessle clay, 132
Hooker glacier, New Zealand,
Howorth, Sir H., on deposition by
Hudson, old channel of, 223
Hull, Prof., on eskers, 112; on
glacial deposits in Ireland, 200
Humboldt glacier, termination of,
51
ICEBERGS, Antarctic, 57, 58;
transport of material by, 64, 65
Ice-cap, antagonistic requirements
for large Polar, 271
Ice-cliff, Antarctic, 58-62
Ice-foot, transport of material by,
63, 64
Ice-sheet, former, in Switzerland,
35; Arctic and Antarctic, 38-
67; conditions for, 40, 65;
movement in, 49, 50, 65, 172-
177; thickness of, 61, 62,
172-176, 194; hypothesis of
lakes on, 105; of eskers due
to, 114-116; of drumlins from,
118, 119; hypothesis of Brit-
ish and Scandinavian, 164–178,
182-190, 193; gradual forma-
tion of, 172; supposed upthrust
of, 173, 174; compared with
Arctic, 169, 171; of Ireland,
201-203; of North America,
215-221; dependent on preci-
pitation, 231, 270–272; on area
and elevation, 272-274; move-
ment in, 274-276; conditions
for Scoto-Scandinavian, 276-
280; difficulties in hypothesis
of, 280-283
Ice-work, in Alps, 3-38; in Arctic
and Antarctic regions, 38-68;
in Alaska, 68-75; facts of, by
land-ice, 19, 23-25, 65; by sea-
ice, 53-56, 64, 66; hypotheses
of, in lake-basins, 79-94, in
roads of Glen Roy, 94-107,
in kames and drumlins, 108-
119; in England, evidence of,
120-163, hypotheses of, 163-191,
280-284; in Scotland, 192-199;
in Ireland, 199-205; elsewhere
in Old World, 206-214; in
North America, 215-224; in
Southern Hemisphere, 224-
227
Ice-worn rock near Grimsel Hos-
pice, 15; near Disco Bay, 48
Interglacial periods, 199; dis-
cussed, 244-246
Ireland, glacial deposits in, 199–
Irish Sea, supposed glacier of,
165-167; movement of ice in,
176, 177
Isotherm, divergence of, from
parallel of latitude, 247, 248
Italy, glaciation in, 211
JAMIESON, T. F., on supposed
glacial lake in Glen Roy, 100-
104
Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, on Moel
Tryfaen shells, 180
Judd, Prof., on Sutherland breccia-
beds, 265
Jukes-Browne, Mr., on Hessle de-
posits, 133
Jura Mountains, erratics on, 18,
19; height reached by ice-sheet
on, 35; ice-sheet of, compared
with Britain, 174
Justedal, transport by glaciers of,
21; glacier area of, 42
KAMES, deposits in glacier-tun-
nels composed with, 74, 75;
description and distribution of,
108-111; their distinction from
eskers suggested, 112; ex-
planations of, 112-116; marine
hypothesis for, 112-114; glacial
hypothesis for, 114-116; in
Ireland, 203-205; in North
America, 219
Karakoram Himalayas, glaciation
in, 212
Karoo formation, boulder beds in,
264
Kendall, P. F., on supposed
glaciers of Glacial Epoch, 166-
168
Kenya, glaciers of, 214; tempera-
ture for glaciers of, 242
Killwangen, gravel and till near,
32, 33
Kinahan, Mr., on eskers, 112
Kirchet, gorge through, 16
Kirkcudbrightshire, boulders from,
151-153, 158
LAKE-BASINS, origin of, 80-94;
glacier theory for, 82-84; dis-
cussion on glacier theory of,
84-90; form of, 83-87; ex-
ceptions to general occurrence
in glaciated regions, 87, 88;
differential earth-movements as
cause of, 90-94; in Switzerland,
84-86; in France, 87; in North
America, 91-94; depressions
in sea-bed compared with, 192
Lake District, boulders from, 153,
Lakes, of Malaspina glacier, 74;
supposed, in Glen Roy, 100-
106; hypotheses of morainic,
in Glacial Epoch, 163, 187-190;
glacial, in North America, 218–
Lamplugh, G. W., on drifts of
North-Eastern England, 131
Lancashire, glacial deposits of,
140; boulders in, 151, 154,
155
Land, contour of, influencing ice-
sheet, 65-67, 172-177, 272-274
Land-ice, deposits by, in Alps,
19; distribution of, Greenland
and Grinnell Land compared,
39; movement in, 65; question
of proximity of, to sea, 66, 67,
272; supposed excavation by,
25, 88-90; compared with de-
position by, 119; hypothesis of
extensive, 163-178, 186-190,
280-284; movement in, dis-
cussed, 172-178; high level
erratics carried by, 182-185;
theory of, in North America,
218, 219
Lapworth, Prof., on fragments in
Permian breccias, 263
Leicestershire, glacial deposits of,
144; Permian breccias of, 263,
264
Level, change of, effects from,
245, 246; amount required on
submergence hypothesis dis-
cussed, 283
Lewis, Prof. Carvill, on glacial
conditions, 186-190; on Ire-
land, 202; on moraines in
Britain, 207
Lignite beds, connection with
glacial deposits of, 244
Limmat, deposits in the valley of
the, 28-31
Lofoten Islands in Glacial Epoch,
London, drift near, 148
Lubbock, Sir J., on parallel roads
of Glen Roy, 95
Lucerne, Lake of, difficulties in
glacier theory for, 84, 85
Lugano, Lake of, difficulties in
glacial theory for, 85, 86
MACCLESFIELD, boulders near, 151,
154
Mackintosh, D., on erratics, 151,
155
Malaspina glacier, 68, 69
Marine conditions in Glacial
Epoch discussed, 179–181, 283
Marine terraces, 97, 181
Mid-glacial deposits, 121, 126,
129, 147, 163
Midland counties, glacial deposits
in and near, 143-145
Mississippi, glaciated area near
valley of, 216
Mixture of erratics, a difficulty by
land-ice, 171, 275, 276; pos-
sible by floating ice, 186, 280-
282
Moel Tryfaen, glacial deposits on,
138-140, 169, 180; boulders
on, 153, 154; hypothesis of
glaciers on, 165, 173
Möen, drift in, 206-208
Moraines, medial, lateral, 6; ter-
minal, 7; volume of, 8; pro-
fonde or ground moraine, 10;
material engulfed in crevasses,
II; recent and ancient, com-
pared, 19, 25; fine material of,
19, 25; structure of, 26, 29;
in and near Zurich, 29;
later than gravel near Zurich,
32; of Piedmont, 36; not com-
mon on inland ice, 48; sup-
posed, of Yorkshire, 133-135;
stratification in, 135; in Britain
and Germany, 207; in North
America, 218; in Southern
Hemisphere, 225
Morainic lakes, hypothesis of, in
Glacial Epoch, 163, 187-190
Morainic material, stratified, 70-
Moulins, 13; at Lucerne, 35;
suggested as cause of drumlins,
118
Mount Royal, section at, 221
Movement, of glacier, 6, 25; in
ice-sheet, 49, 65, 172-177, 274-
276
Mud, amount of, in glacial streams,
22; in moraines, 19, 25
Murray, Dr. J., on Antarctic con-
tinent, 60
NAGELFLUH, Löcherige, 28
Nansen, Dr., on contours of Green-
land, 43
Narborough, glacial deposits near,
144
Nerlungshavn, perched block on, 9
Névé, 4; influenced by configura-
tion of ground, 176
New Zealand, glaciers, moraines
on, 8; glacial conditions in, 224;
glacial temperature in, 239
Nordenskiold on ice-wear near
Disco Bay, 48
Norfolk, glacial deposits of, 124-
129; correlation of Yorkshire
drift with, 132; comparison of
drifts in Möen, 208
North Sea, results of elevation of,
66; channel in, 177, 178; sup-
posed ice-sheet of, 177-179
Norway, erratics from, 127, 131;
raised beaches of, compared
with glacial deposits, 181
Number of glacial epochs dis-
cussed, 261-269
Nunataks, 43-46; Malaspina, 74
OHIO, Lake, in Glacial Epoch, 220
Oolite, Upper, breccias of, 265
Parallel roads of Glen Roy, 94-107;
mode of formation, 95, 96;
cause of water-level to form,
96-107; marine hypothesis for,
97-99, 106, 107; hypotheses of
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