('the place of a skull'), the place of execution in Jerusalem. See Mark, xv. 22.

42. Gashes, deep and wide wounds. See also II. iii. 119. 44. Smack of, have a taste of. In Shakespeare's time smack had a more 'elegant' meaning than it has now.

45. Thane, a servant or boy, then an inferior title of nobility. The next highest title was earl or ealdorman. The O. E. was begen, which is just like the H. Ger. degen, which used to mean a man, but now a sword. (The word is akin to the Gr. tek-non, a child.) Ross is now one of the most extensive counties of Scotland, stretching across the entire breadth of the country. Co. S.

47. That seems = whose appearance accords with the strangeness of the news he brings. The participle is more often used by Shakespeare in this sense.

49. Fife, an extensive peninsular county of Scotland, between the Friths of Forth and Tay. Co. S.

50. Flout, mock. Cf. Much Ado About Nothing, V. 102: A college of wit-crackers cannot flout me out of my humor.'

52. Norway = King of Norway, Sweno. Co. S.

55. Till that. The that here is a mere enclitic, and has no force. – Bellona's bridegroom. Shakespeare's Bellona was the wife of Mars. Lapp'd in proof, dressed in

armor of proof.

56. Confronted him, met him in personal conflict. 58. Lavish, unrestrained.

60. That = so that.

61. Craves, begs. - Composition, an arrangement or treaty. Chaucer uses it as equal to agreement, and couples it with the old word forward (= foreword, something previously agreed on).

62. Deign, condescend to grant. It also means in Shakespeare to condescend to take, as in Antony, I. iv.: 'Thy palate then did deign the roughest berry.'

The

63. Disbursed, paid out of his bourse or purse. form dispurse also occurs once. Shakespeare uses the prefix dis with great freedom. He has disbench, disbranch (to pull off the tree), discase (to undress), disedge (to take the edge off the appetite), disfurnish (to deprive of means), dishorn (to strip of horns), dislimn (to efface), disorbed (unsphered), dispark (to pull down the inclosures of a park), dispunge (to pour down as from a sponge), dispraise (to blame), disprize (to undervalue), disquantity (diminish, in King Lear, I. iv. 270), disrelish (to loathe), disunite (to divide),1 etc. -Inch, the Keltic word for island. Saint Colm was Saint Columba, who is said to have resided there in the sixth century. The island is now called Inchcolm (there are still ruins of a monastery on it), and it lies in the Frith of Forth, not far from Edinburgh.

64. Dollars, a curious anachronism; but one, of course, that would not for a moment detain the march of Shakespeare. Dollar is an English form of the German thaler. These coins were originally called St. Joachim's Thaler, from the valley of St. Joachim in Bohemia, where they were first coined in 1518. Thal is the H. Ger. form of the L. Ger. dell or dale. General, public.

Present,

66. Bosom interest, intimate affection.immediate. The sense of shortly or soon is modern. It illustrates the natural tendency of mankind to procrastination. So we find by and by once meant at once or immediately

SCENE 3

5. Mounch'd (= munch'd), probably a corruption of the Fr. manger, from the Lat. manducare. Quoth, a fragment of the O. E. cwepan, to speak. Comp.: Bequeath.

1 In asking for these words, the teacher ought to give the modern equivalents, and to get Shakespeare's terms.

6. Aroint thee! Begone! Professor Skeat (in his Etymological Dictionary) says 'it is a corruption of the provincial English rynt ye or rynt you.' Rynt thee is the expression used by the Cheshire milkmaids to tell a cow to go out of the way. -Rump-fed, over-fed, luxuriantly fed, - Ronyon, a mangy creature,

fed on the rump-joints.

from the Fr. rogne, the mange.

9. Rat without a tail. A witch could assume the form of any animal; but the tail was always wanting.

10. I'll do. I'll gnaw through the boards of the ship.

14. All the other. Other is here plural. Dr. Abbott (sect. 12) says, 'The use of all (e) and other (e) as plural pronouns is consistent with ancient usage. It was as correct as "alle" and "andere" in German. Our modern "others said " is only justified by a custom which might have compelled us to say "manys or "alls said," and which has induced us to say 'our betters," though not (with Heywood) our biggers.'

66

15. Ports, etc., I have under my control the actual ports upon which the winds blow. Cl. P. S.

17. Shipman's card, the card on which the thirty-two points of the compass are marked.

20. Pent-house lid, eyelid. Pent-house is one of those imitative corruptions which are found in English. It is a corruption of the Fr. appentis, a lean-to. So we have quelques choses, altered into kick-shaws.

21. Forbid, shunned, banned from society.

22. Se'n-nights, weeks. It is worth noticing that sennights is the plural of the whole word and not of the word night. In O. E., night, year, summer, winter, and many neuter nouns had no plural form. Thus we have sen-night = seven nights, and fortnight fourteen nights.

=

23. Dwindle = keep dwining. A continuative from the old word dwine, to faint, pine, or pass away. Cf. swindle, a continuative of swoon. (To swindle is to escape from the

knowledge of others; to swoon is to escape from one's own knowledge.) Peak, to grow lean.

32. Weird sisters, fated sisters. From the O. E. wyrd, fate; connected with H. Ger. werden, to become.

=

Post is always used by

33. Posters who post over. Shakespeare in the sense of to go with speed.

35. Thrice-nine. Odd numbers were considered lucky. 37. Wound up, brought to a close.

38. Foul and fair, a day so bad and yet so fortunate to

me.

44. Choppy, also spelt chappy = chapped.

54. Fantastical, mere creatures of imagination.

Only

here and in line 138 has Shakespeare used the word in this show are you that which you ap

sense.

.That...

pear to be?

56. Grace, favor.

57. Having, possession, property. Cf. Merry Wives of Windsor, III. ii.: The gentleman is of no having;' and Henry VIII. II. iii.: 'Our content is our best having.'

59. Seeds, from sow. Cf. mead, from mow; deed from do; glede (a burning coal), from glow.

69. Imperfect speakers, who leave so much unsaid. 70. Sinel, the father of Macbeth.

73. Stands not within. There is another passage in Shakespeare where stand is construed with within (Merchant IV. i. 180: 'You stand within his danger, do you not?'). 75. Owe, own or possess. A sense in Shakespeare as usual as the ordinary one of to be indebted.

80. Corporal, corporeal. found in Shakespeare.

The form corporeal is not

83. Insane root = that causes insanity. (The root was said to be hemlock.) This condensed use of the adjective with a certain causal force-is very frequent in Shakespeare. Thus we find old wrinkles for the wrinkles of age; your beauteous blessings for the blessing of your beauty;

the humble salve which wounded bosoms fits for the salve of humility. On, frequently used by Shakespeare where we

should say of. Cl. P. S.

88. Happily, with a sense of gratification.

91. His wonders, etc. He does not know how much to wonder himself, or how much praise to give to thee; and therefore he is compelled to be silent.

92. That =

the difficulty he finds himself in.

95. Nothing, used as an adverb.

96. As thick as tale, 'Came as fast as one can count.' We say keep tally for keep count.

102. Earnest, pledge. Introduced by the Phoenicians into Greece and Italy.

104. Addition, title.

109. Was combin'd had combined. So Shakespeare has is run; being sat; am arrived; is entered into Orleans; are marched up; is rode; is ascended; and even are crept ; is stolen away, and am declined.

110. Line, support or strengthen.

111. Hidden help, secret aid.

112. In his country's wreck, to bring about the ruin of his country.

115. Behind, yet to come.

118. The thane of Cawdor to be regarded as one word,

or as the title of.

119. Trusted home, to the uttermost.

120. Enkindle you unto, fire you to hope for.

129. Soliciting, tempting, inciting.

133. Suggestion, temptation. Shakespeare frequently uses both verb and noun in this sense. Cf. Othello, II. iii. :

"They (devils) do suggest at first with heavenly shows.'

134. Unfix my hair, make it stand on end.

135. Seated, firmly fixed.

136. Use of nature, custom. - Present fears, actual