CAR

Carlyle, Thomas, his relation to pessi-
mists, 14

Causation, law of, how conceived by
Schopenhauer, 85, 86; by Hartmann,
130, 131

Character, Schopenhauer's, analysed, 79–
82; Schopenhauer's theory of, 89, 90
Christian view of present life, 46, 47,
401, 402

Cicero, his complaint of contemporary
manners, 19; his presentation of judg-
ment of life in old age, 342
Civilisation, good and evil of, compared.
See Progress

Climate, effect of, on temperament, 434,
435

Comtism as a doctrine of social develop-
ment, 73

Condorcet, Marquis de, his view of human
progress, 71

Consciousness, how conceived by Scho-
penhauer, 89; genesis of, according to
Hartmann, 125-127; relation of, to
self-consciousness, 184-186; and to
attention, 186-189; range of, in phy-
sical world, 202-201: Mr. Lewes's
doctrine of, examined, 465, 468
Conservation of energy, bearing of law
on the theory of animal automatism,
202, 467

Conservative instinct, pains of, a deduction
from benefits of progress, 371
Contentment, meanings of, 306; in-
volved, together with discontent, in
pursuit of happiness, 306-312; grounds
of, recognised by hedonist, 312-315
Crime and immorality, influence of pro-
gress in diminishing, 136, 252, 369,
374

Critical temper, relation of, to pessimism,
423

Cynicism a half-hearted pessimism, 431;
affectation of, 444

Cynics, the, asceticism of, 43

FER

Ferrier, David, on centres of inhibition,
212, 213; on physiological basis of
mental tone, 411
Fichte, optimistic elements in philosophy
of, 68

Fischer, J. C., his criticism of Hart-

mann's idea of the Unconscious, 180
Force, Schopenhauer's view of, 88; Hart-
mann's conception of, 123; scientific
conception of, 196-198

Frauenstädt, Julius, qualified pessimism
of, 108

Free-will as mode of resolving mystery
of evil, 48-50

Friendly view of the world, underlying
disposition of, 419-421

Future life, optimistic character of doc-
trine of, 34; idea of, regarded by
Hartmann as a stage of the illusion
respecting happiness, 132; relation of
question of, to problem of optimism
and pessimism, 162, 163; value of
belief in, as incentive to endeavour,
317

ERMANY, contemporary, influences
sustaining pessimism in, 450-452
Godwin, W., his view of future improve-
ment of mankind, 72

Goethe, his remedy for vain longing, 42;
his interest in Schopenhauer, 77
Golden Age, belief in, the opposite of
modern idea of progress, 39, 40
Greeks, the, optimism and pessimism in
poetry of, 17, 18; in theology of, 38,
39; in philosophy of, 40–46
Green, T. H., his objections to the he-
donists' end of action, 310, 311, 314

HA

[ABIT, bearing of, on pleasure and
pain, 230; influence of early formed,
on happiness, 334-336

Haeckel, E., on evidence of man's an-
tiquity, 395

Happiness, alleged coincidence of indi-
vidual and general, 257, 258; substi-
tution of idea of, for that of pleasure
in estimating life, 279-281; practical
construction of, by individual, 281-
298; pursuit of individual, seen to in-
volve a furtherance of others' interests,
298-302; shown to be a balance of
pleasure, 303-305; relation of, to
contentment, 305-316; attainable and
imaginary, 317; pursuit of, how far
limited by pre-existing tastes and
habits, 333-336; by determinate nature

HUM

473

of volition, 336, 337; by weakness of
human powers, 338-350; pre-condi-
tions of pursuit of, 350, 351; frustra-
tion of pursuit of, 352-354; bearing of

progress on, 357-396

Hartley, David, his optimism, 58, 345;
criticism of his theory of pleasure and
pain, 259, 260

Hartmann, E. von, his relation to Scho-
penhauer, 109.111; life of, 111–115;
his doctrine of the Unconscious, 116-
131; his pessimism, 131-137; his
reconciliation of pessimism and opti-
mism, 137-142; examination of his
metaphysical principle, 177-181; of
his idea of unconscious mind, 183-205;
of his theory of pleasure and pain,
220-234; of his proof of the misery
of life, 237-248; of his condemnatory
view of progress, 248-255; his success
as a thinker and a writer, 454-457
Health as a source of positive pleasure,
244, 245

Hedonism, objections to standard of, 147,
149; relation of problem of pessimism
to, 165, 168; objections to, as unsatis-
fying, 310, 315

Hegel, relation of his philosophy to
optimism and pessimism, 69, 70; Scho-
penhauer's opinion of, 78.
Heine, pessimism of, 25, 26

Hellebrand, Karl, on causes of present

social disaffection in Germany, 451
Helmholtz, H., his doctrine of unconscious

inference, 189, 190; his theory of
composite nature of tones, 191; his
calculation of the rate at which solar
heat is radiated, 396

Henle, J., on differences of temperament,
413, 414

Heraclitus, his theory of universe slightly
optimistic, 41

Hesiod, his complaint of evils of life, 17
History, Schopenhauer's view of, 97; how
conceived by Hartmann, 122; imper-
fections in record of, 441-443
Homer, his complaint of human life, 17,

18

Horace, pessimistic element in, 19; on the

value of a sense of past enjoyment,

313; rationality of his practical philo-
sophy, 318, 320

Huber, Johannes, his history of pessi-
mism, 20; his objections to pessimism,

142

Human nature, an object of optimistic
and pessimistic estimation, 9, 32;
estimation of, biassed by disposition,
425-427

HUM

Hume, David, his opposition to theolo-
gical optimism, 55, 60, 61
Hutcheson, Francis, optimism of, 57; his
view of difference of quality in plea-
sure, 326

IDEAL, the, relation of the assertion of,

to optimism and pessimism, 14, 15, 35
Imagination, volitional, control of, as
source of happiness, 296, 297; strength
of, favourable to pessimism, 439
Improvability of world, belief in,
a practical optimism, 32, 33;
motives to belief and disbelief in, 422,
441

Indifferentism, moral, respecting the
value of life, 428-431
Individuality conceived as illusory by
Schopenhauer, 100; how regarded by
Hartmann, 127, 128
Indolence, disposition to, relation of, to
optimism and pessimism, 421-423
Industrial progress, Hartmann's view of
worth of, 251; evils incident to, 372,
373; how to be remedied, 376, 377
Instinct, Hartmann's view of, 118, 119;
of life, 92, 132, 346, 347

Intellect, its relation to will as conceived
by Schopenhauer, 84, 85; value of
pleasures of, 242, 243; increase of,
with progress, 359, 360

Intelligence, the idea of the world as
embodiment of, in its relation to worth
of world, 151, 152

International collective action, benefits of,
380, 392; contact, a means of accelera-
ting progress, 394, 395
Irascibility, as distinguishing element of
character, 419

LA

NAT

mistic and pessimistic dispositions, 427,

428

AMARTINE, laments of, respecting
life, 27

MAINE, Sir Henry, on extent of pro-

gress, 393

Majority, rule of, its evils and benefits,
375

Mandeville, B. de, his pessimistic view
of human nature, 23, 59, 60
Marcus, Aurelius, his tendency to a
gloomy view of life, 20

Maudsley, Dr., on the special difficulty
of remembering pain, 470

Melancholy, of Schopenhauer, 80-82; the
disposition to, 414

Meliorism, as a reconciler of optimism
and pessimism, 399

Metaphysical reasoning, excluded from
problem of worth of life, 156-159;
value of, in general, 170-173

Mill, J. S., his view of the world, 60, 66;
on happiness and contentment, 306
Misanthropy of Schopenhauer, 79, 80;
nature of disposition to, 426

Morality, worth of, a source of pleasure
to agent, 240, 287, 288, 337
Moral order, view of the world as, 154,
155

Morley, J., on Rousseau's view of man's
progress, 71; on the conditions of the
higher social progress, 391; on certain
forms of optimism, 447

Muscular action, pleasures of, 242
Mysticism, nature of, how conceived by
Schopenhauer, 101, 102; and by Hart-
mann, 122

[ATURAL selection, its meaning, 382,

383, 384; how far an invariable con-
dition of progress, 385-393

NAT

LD age, its estimate of life, 342-345

Onger Khayyam, his practical creed,

21, 22, 319, 320
Optimism and pessimism, their mutual
relation, 3, 4; unreasoned varieties of,
8-29; reasoned varieties of, 30-73;
unfitted to be practical creeds, 400,
401; genesis of, referred to subjective
facts of temperament and disposition,
402, 431; and to the influence of exter-
nal circumstances variable and constant,
432-440; how far sincerely believed,
443, 444

Organism and organic action, Schopen-
hauer's view of, 88; Hartmann's
theory of, 116-119, 123-125; criti-
cism of Hartmann's theory of, 199-205
Origen, his view of the nature of evil, 48

RAC

475

of difference of quality in, 326, 327;
higher and lower, how related quanti-
tatively to subject, 328-331, and to
others, 331

Pleasure and pain, objections to, as

standard of value, 147-149, 310-315;
relation of, to will, 218-222; question
of equivalence of, 230-234; imperfec-
tions in theory of, 264, 265; defects in
calculus of, 264-278; inequalities in
our recollection of, 314, 470; differences
in relative sensibility to, 403–413;
peculiarities in the circumstances and
arrangements of, which offer support
to optimism and pessimism, 436-440;
maximum degrees of, compared, 468-
470

Pliny the Elder, his view of the human
lot, 21

Plotinus, his view of death, 46

Poetry, relation of, to pessimism, 447,
459, 460

Political progress, benefits of, 378
Pope, A., his optimism, 56, 57; character
of his teleology, 66

Population, the multiplication of, 252;
the restraint of, 379

Posterity, well-being of, a motive to
action, 317, 322, 462

Predestination, doctrine of, in its relation
to pessimism, 49, 50

Press, the public, how far an exact re-
flector of contemporary social state,

442

Priestley, J., his idea of future progress,
72

Progress, ideas respecting, in classic
world, 39, 40; modern doctrines of,
70-73; Schopenhauer's view of, 97;
Hartmann's conception of, 136, 137;
examination of their views of, 248-
254; historical conception of, in its
relation to human happiness, 357-381;
the evolutionist's view of, how far
favourable, 382-392; limits of, in space
and time, 393-396; different estimates
of, how to be accounted for, 440-442.
Public opinion, effects of, in improving
individual lot, 379; a leading agent in
the higher stages of progress, 390-392.

REB

Rebellious disposition, an attitude of
mind favourable to pessimism, 420, 421
Recollection, volitional control of, a means

of happiness, 295, 296; of past happi-
ness, a source of value to the present
moment, 313

Relativity of pleasure and pain as a basis

of optimism, 260-262, and of optimism
and pessimism, 439, 410; of value, a
source of divergent estimates of life,
438, 439

Resignation, spirit of, 419, 420

Ribot, Th., his interpretation of Scho-
penhauer's doctrine of Ideas, 176
Roman literature, pessimism of, 19-21
Rousseau, optimism of, 63, 64; his view
of progress, 70, 71

NATISFACTION and dissatisfaction.

SATISFACTIONent

Savage, feelings of, compared with those
of civilised man, 360, 362, 363
Sceptics, the, their relation to pessimism, 41
Schelling, pessimism of his Night-
Watches, 28, 29; optimistic traits in
his philosophy, 68, 69

Schmidt, Oscar, his opinion of Hartmann's
biological speculations, 204, 205
School-men, on existence of evil and free-
will, 50, 51

Schopenhauer, Arthur, life of, 75-79;
his character, 79-82; medical view of,
82; his system of philosophy, 83-92;
his account of the sexual passion, 90-
92; his proof of the misery of life, 92-
105; his conception of art, 97, 98; his
opinion of woman, 99; on asceticism,
101, 102; on suicide, 102; examination
of his metaphysic, 173-177; of his
psychology of will and desire, 207-
217; of his doctrine of pleasure and
pain, 218-220; his merits as a thinker
and writer, 452-454

Science, Hartmann's estimate of benefits

of, 136, 137, 253; results of progress
of, practical, 367; Schopenhauer's
familiarity with, 453; character of
Hartmann's, 455, 456

Scotus, Duns, his view of evil, 50, 51
Self-culture, moral and intellectual, a

factor of happiness, 288, 289
Seneca, his praise of death, 20
Shaftesbury, Third Lord, his optimistic
view of world, 55–57

Shelley, elements of pessimism in, 24;
his optimistic view of progress, 72
Sidgwick, Hy., on difficulties in calculus
of pleasures, 281

TEM

Smith, Adam, optimism of, 58, 59; his
economic optimism, 258

Social affections and sympathy, as a
source of pleasure and pain, 268, 269;
a factor in wise man's conception of
happiness, 298-302; a means of losing
sight of the evanescence of individual
life, 322-324; developed with social
progress, 369, 370; a limit to action of
natural selection, 387-392

Socialism, as a remedy for industrial evils
&c., 143, 144, 380, 381, 391

Society, changes in experiences and
moods of, favouring optimism and
pessimism, 431, 433, 434; optimism
and pessimism as practical regulative
ideas of, 460-462

Sophocles, on worthlessness of life, 18
Spencer, Herbert, his doctrine of human
development, 73, 361, 385, 386; on
identity of conscious and unconscious
life, 389

Spinoza, on worth of the world, 52
Stephen, Leslie, his account of Jonathan

Swift, 23; of the deists, &c., 54, 55;
on Hartley's optimism, 58; on the
unpoetic character of optimism, 447
Stiebeling, Dr., his criticism of Hart-
mann's Natural Science, 204
Stoical contempt of life, reasonableness
of, 321, 322

Stoics, the, pessimistic complaints of,

20, 21; optimistic character of their
ethics, 42, 43; and of their theology,
44, 45

Strauss, David, on pessimism, 142, 143
Suicide, as conceived by Schopenhauer,
102; a conclusion from a hedonistic
pessimism, 166; a proof of human
misery, 349

Swift, Jonathan, misanthropy of, 23

TAUR

TAUBERT, A., his nominal pessimism,
108, 109

Teleology, as a mode of optimism, 64–67;
position of, in Schopenhauer's view of
world, 86, 87; in Hartmann's philo-
sophy, 130, 131; examination of Hart-
mann's, 199-201; relation of, to modern
positive science, 201, 202
Temperament and character, as obstacle
to happiness, 353, 354; control of, by
social action, 381; analysis of the
happy and unhappy, on mental side,
405-411; on bodily side, 411-414;
bearing of, on judgment of life, 414; in-
fluence of the volitional, on view of life,
415-419; other peculiaritics of, favour-