Finally, there have been disturbing indications of Chinese Communist intentions vis-a-vis Thailand. For example, when in January 1965 the clandestine Communist radio announced the formation of a "Thai Patriotic Front," with the declared purpose of overthrowing Thailand's Government, both Radio Peiping and Radio Hanoi repeated the broadcast over their powerful stations and indicated their support of this front group. Further, the Chinese Communists recently purchased $1 million worth of Thai currency in Hong Kong, for purposes that can only be guessed at. There has been a very great increase recently in the numbers of people being given Thai language and area training in Communist China, the purpose of which seems completely clear. In light of these other indications, the Chinese Communist Foreign Minister's reported remark that insurgency may break out in Thailand in 1965 takes on an ominous ring.

What is Thailand doing about this situation? What are we doing about it?

Taking a lesson from what has happened in Viet-Nam and Laos, the Thai for some time have been making a determined and effective effort to remove the economic and social grievances which often make village people vulnerable to the blandishments of communism. They have on their own initiative put into the field in every northeast province bordering on Laos what are called Mobile Development Units. These MDU'S are designed to make an immediate impact upon the villages in the area, both psychological and material. Teams attached to the units visit the villagers in remote areas, discuss their problems with them, and in many cases take steps to meet those problems. They construct village roads, repair or build bridges, build schools, and supply badly needed medical care.

We are backing this Thai effort by supplying equipment for use by these MDU's. We are also engaged with the Thai in the Accelerated Rural Development program, which will provide the vital follow through behind the impact projects of the MDU's. The Accelerated Rural Development project will provide public-works capability at the provincial level. It will also give provincial officials greater authority and capability in

the field of public works, as well as in agriculture, health, education, et cetera. This decentralization should make the program more effective as well as more responsive to village wants and needs. The leaders of the Thai Government are strongly committed to making this program a

success.

The security roads project, which will be completed this year, will for the first time make two areas in north and northeast Thailand—near Communist-held territory in Laosaccessible to Thai security forces throughout the year. These roads will also bring as an extra dividend great economic benefits.

In connection with internal security, we are engaged in retraining and reequipping 16,000 provincial police. A similar but more intensive program has been carried out with the 6,300 men of the border police.

We have supplied a portable radio transmitter in the northeast to help counter the powerful voices of Radio Peiping and Radio Hanoi. This station, broadcasting mostly in the northeast dialect, has become the most popular in the northeast.

On the military side, the Thai are increasingly emphasizing the civic action and counterinsurgency missions of their forces. The Thai armed forces are contributing importantly to the success of the Mobile Development Units, which are a joint civilian/military effort. Our military assistance is aimed at encouraging the Thai to continue in these directions and to make their armed forces more effective.

To sum up, the Communist threat to the area is very real, but so are the countermeasures being taken to meet that threat. As the intensity of the Communist effort increases, it will probably be necessary for the Thai Government to intensify its own efforts. However, the important programs which they have developed over the last few years assure that they will not be caught napping by the Communists. A solid basis has been laid for meeting, if necessary, a stronger Communist drive.

After all the painful lessons of the past, it is heartening to see a government and people acting in time to protect the freedom and integrity of their nation.

tural and religious life of its people increase international tension and embitter relations between peoples;

4. Solemnly renews its call for the cessation of all practices which deprive the Tibetan people of the human rights and fundamental freedoms which they have always enjoyed;

5. Appeals to all States to use their best endeavours to achieve the purposes of the present resolution. 1403rd plenary meeting.

UNITED STATES ADMINISTRATION OF THE TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

Document IX-86

Annual Report of the President (Johnson) to the Congress on U.S. Participation in the U.N., Transmitted March 9, 1967 (Excerpt)

United States Administration of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is composed of over 2,100 islands and atolls (96 of which are inhabited), having a combined land area of approximately 687 square miles scattered over an ocean area of some 3 million square miles. The islands are located in the Western Pacific Ocean north of the Equator and are divided into three large groups: the Marianas (with the exception of Guam) in the north, the Carolines in the central and southern sectors, and the Marshalls in the east. The Territory has a population of more than 90,000. Prior to World War II, Japan administered the islands under a League of Nations mandate. The U.S. Government and the Security Council con

28 U.S. Participation in the UN: Report by the President to the Congress for the Year 1965 (Department of State publication 8137), pp. 266–270. For a more detailed report covering the period July 1, 1964, to June 30, 1965, see Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 1965 (Department of State publication 8064); see also American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1964, pp. 949-955.

An item of major interest to the Council was the recent political advance in the Islands. In his introductory remarks, Mr. Dickinson,1 speaking for the United States, cited the establishment of the Congress of Micronesia as the Territory's most important development. Established by a Secretarial order of the Secretary of the Interior on September 28, 1964, with the election of members on January 19, 1965, the two-house body was scheduled to meet on July 12, 1965, as the first territorywide legislature. In another area, the U.S. Representative stated that the United States had taken steps to add compassionate compensation to the extensive provisions already made for those Rongelapese who had been victims of accidental fallout from nuclear testing. Finally, he emphasized that the United States was only too well aware that the developmental task still remaining was

enormous.

High Commissioner Goding reviewed in detail major political, social, educational, and economic developments in the Territory, noting particularly the provisions under Which the Congress of Micronesia would operate and the atmosphere in which elections had been conducted.

In discussion of future political development in the Trust Territory, Mr. Olter, adviser to the U.S. delegation, noted:

29 See A Decade of American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941-1949, pp. 1026-1036.

For the texts of statements by Messrs. Goding and Olter, see Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 16, 1965, pp. 281-297.

31 Text ibid., pp. 280-281. Dwight Dickinson was the Alternate U.S. Representative in the Trusteeship Council.

Three weeks ago I toured my district with my fellow congressman from Ponape district. At every place we visited, we concluded our meetings by asking the people their future political preference. Given several alternatives, the people invariably insisted that they wished to remain under the present system until they were ready in terms of educational standard, economic stability, political sophistication and social maturity and responsibility. The Micronesians are cautious and are reluctant to gamble for the price of uncertainty. When we are ready to accept responsibilities and are aware of the implications and consequences of committing ourselves to whatever political status we prefer, we will ask for it. In the words of the Micronesian who appeared before this Council last year, "It is like the papaya fruit-when it is ripe, it will show on the surface.

In its report to the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council recalled that the question of compensation for damage suffered by Micronesians during World War II had been the subject of recommendations by the Trusteeship Council since 1950. The Council noted the assurance of the U.S. Representative that high priority was being given to a satisfactory solution of this longstanding and perplexing problem. It reaffirmed the suggestion of the 1964 Visiting Mission that the United States might enlist the help of the United Nations and recommended that the United States consider employing the good offices of the Secretary-General in an approach to the Government of Japan for a prompt and definite settlement of the claims. It expressed the hope that the Administering Authority would be in a position to report to the next session of the Council that a satisfactory settlement of the claims had been definitely concluded.

With reference to claims for compensation of victims of nuclear fallout on the Marshall Islands, the Council noted that conditions had greatly improved and expressed the hope that the compassionate compensation granted by the United States to the Rongelapese in 1964 would remove the sense of grievance which the people had expressed.

In the area of political development, the Council expressed its satisfaction with the establishment of the Congress of Micronesia but hoped that the Congress would have greater budgetary control over funds and that the Administering Authority would define and limit the instances in which the High Commissioner's veto power over legislation 82 U.N. doc. S/6490.

would be used. The Council noted that at the present stage of the Territory's growth, swift political advancement was desirable both for its own sake and as a prerequisite to economic and social development. The establishment of a national legislature was the greatest single step forward in the political development of Micronesia. It was now a matter of urgency to define the relationship between the territorywide legislature and the district legislatures. Stating that the accelerated pace of advancement in the legislative field should now be carried into the executive, the Council called for an intensification of the program for training Micronesian personnel at all levels, as well as efforts to expand Micronesian control over and participation in the executive. It suggested the creation of a unified civil service and a Civil Service Commission as a means of contributing to these objectives.

At the present time the economic structure of the Trust Territory is primarily based on subsistence agriculture and fishing. U.S. policy is to develop the islands' economy and, toward that end, the United States has engaged a private firm to undertake a 2-year economic development program. The Council noted this important step and welcomed the assurance that the Micronesians would be fully associated with the planning process at every stage. It recommended that the national and local legislatures, and perhaps sepaerate development boards, should be E closely associated with the preparation and implementation of development plans.

The Council was gratified that since 1963 the resources available for administration of the Territory had increased by more than 100 percent to more than $18 million in 1965. At the same time, in order to promote eventual self-sufficiency, the Council hoped that the Congress of Micronesia would consider measures for increasing internal revenue. It stated that the existence of comparatively meager economic resources required that a significant portion of the earnings of commercial operations should be retained in the Territory and that the Micronesian people should have the opportunity to participate, through investment, in ownership of such operations. The Council hoped that the Administering Authority, with the Congress of

Micronesia, could devise measures, including loans, to facilitate such participation.

The Council also noted with appreciation the vigorous efforts taken in developing essential transportation and communications (including a radio station and an airport in each district). However, still more needed to be done to link up villages, to provide access to power and water supplies and to export centers, and to open up the hinterlands for agricultural development. The Council noted that considerable progress had been made in settling land claims and hoped that all outstanding claims would be settled quickly.

The Council welcomed the progress made in public health and encouraged the Administering Authority to build further health units throughout the Territory to bring medical care within closer reach of the people. It recommended improved medical training for Micronesians in preparation for their assuming leadership in administrative and supervisory functions in medical and health matters.

A major accelerated program of educational development has been underway since 1963 to provide a universal free public school system through high school, with advanced training in the trades and professions for those who can profit by it. The Council commended the Administering Authority for the progress made in this program. It recommended that consideration be given to the establishment of a junior college as a further means of promoting Micronesian unity, as well as preparing Micronesians to take up senior positions in the islands.

The Council referred to the conclusion of the 1964 Visiting Mission that no fully matured opinions on the Territory's political future had developed among the people, and to U.S. statements that the people of Micronesia would have the opportunity to exercise a free, informed, and meaningful choice of the type of government they wished and the nature of their future political associations. The Council reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people of the Territory to self-determination (including the right to independence) and suggested that the Congress of Micronesia should direct its attention to the future status of the Territory. It urged the Administer

ing Authority to keep the people aware of all political options. The Council further urged the Administering Authority, in consultation with the Congress of Micronesia and in light of the U.N. Charter, the Trusteeship Agreement, and two resolutions of the 15th General Assembly,33 to draw up realistic plans and programs reflecting a proper sense of urgency for the rapid and planned advance of the Territory in all aspects of its political life.

At its 32d session, the Trusteeship Council also examined several petitions concerning the Trust Territory. One petition, filed by some members

of the Trust Territory medical staff, stated that the administration had not fulfilled its obligation to protect the health of the inhabitants and urged an expert investigation. The U.S. Representative, noting that there had been a considerable improvement in health conditions in the Territory in the past few years, said that the United States was fully aware of the need for continued progress and would welcome an impartial investigation of the allegations made in the petition. The Council decided without objection to invite the World Health Organization (WHO) to undertake the investigation.