studies carried out as part of a coordinated programme of the InterAgency Committee set up by the Administrative Committee on Coordination, and of such studies undertaken by non-governmental

organizations as he deems appropriate;

5. Decides to include this item in the provisional agenda of its twentyfirst session.

1404th plenary meeting.

[NOTE: During 1965 there entered into force, on the dates listed below, agreements on application of safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to bilateral treaties between the United States and the following seven countries regarding cooperation on civil uses of atomic energy: Austria, Dec. 13, 1965 (TIAS 5914; 16 UST 1836); Republic of China, Oct. 29, 1965 (TIAS 5882; 16 UST 1616); the Philippines, Sept. 24, 1965 (TIAS 5879; 16 UST 1271); Portugal, Dec. 15, 1965 (TIAS 5915; 16 UST 1846); South Africa, Oct. 8, 1965 (TIAS 5880; 16 UST 1281); Thailand, Sept. 10, 1965 (TIAS 5861; 16 UST 1164); Republic of Viet-Nam, Oct. 25, 1965 (TIAS 5884; 16 UST 1629)..

[For further information on the United States policy of extending IAEA safeguards to bilateral treaties on civil uses of atomic energy, see

The Inter-Agency Committee on the Conversion to Peaceful Needs of the Resources Released by Disarmament was established by the U.N. Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC) in 1964 to work with the U.N. Secretary-General on the economic and social effects of disarmament, and is composed of representatives of each of the UN. specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency. For a summary of the work of the Committee, see UN. doc. E/4042 and annex II thereto (Questionnaire on the Economic and Social Consequences of Disarmament, developed by the Committee and approved by the ACC for circulation to governments).

post, docs. III-75, 77; other material concerning proposals to employ IAEA safeguards to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons is printed in section B of part III, ante.]

Document III-71

Statement Issued by the Department of State, February 9, 19651

Establishment of More Secure Procedures Regulating

Participation Abroad by United States Firms in Maritime Civil Nuclear Propulsion Projects

The United States Government welcomes participation abroad by United States firms in the field of maritime (civil) nuclear propulsion projects, and hopes that the growing interest in this area of nuclear technology will result in fruitful cooperation in the future. Such cooperation does however involve problems because of the close relationship between maritime and naval nuclear propulsion technologies. As a supplement to measures previously in effect to protect United States

1 Department of State Bulletin, Mar. 1, 1965, p. 300. For background material on the announcement, see The New York Times, Feb. 9, 1965.

naval nuclear propulsion plant information against unauthorized disclosure, it has therefore been decided to introduce a procedure for United States Government review and licensing control over proposed participation abroad by United States firms in the field of maritime nuclear propulsion. The purpose of this review will be to insure prior to licensing that United States naval nuclear propulsion plant information shall not be divulged in the course of the proposed participation in maritime propulsion projects.

The following statement sets forth the overall policy and procedures which will be followed:

1. It is the policy of the United States Government not to participate and not to authorize private United States firms or individuals to participate in

(a) a foreign naval nuclear propulsion plant project, or

(b) a foreign maritime nuclear propulsion plant project which would involve the provision of any United States naval nuclear propulsion plant technology (classified or unclassified) including designs, or involve the provision of any portion of a United States naval nuclear propulsion plant, its land prototypes, or special facilities for their construction, support, or maintenance, including any machinery, device, component, or equipment specifically developed or designed for use in such plants or facilities (other than an item which is identical to that in use in an unclassified civil nuclear power plant and could be furnished in a way which did not disclose its relationship to naval nuclear propulsion)

except under an Agreement for Cooperation on naval nuclear propulsion (in either case (a) or case (b)) executed in accordance with Section 123 (d) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended." This policy applies to transactions, including assignment or exchange of personnel, between United States firms and foreign firms regardless of the legal relationship between the firms.

2. Because of the risk of directly or indirectly providing United States naval nuclear propulsion plant tech

2 42 U.S.C. § 2153.

nology through arrangements between United States firms and foreign governments or firms in the area of maritime nuclear propulsion plant technology, any such arrangement may be entered into only after consideration and approval by the United States Government, evidenced by issuance of a specific license authorizing participation in such arrangements.

3. Detailed regulations and implementing instructions as may be necessary will be issued in the near future.

Document III-72

Announcement Issued by the Atomic Energy Commission, February 15, 1965 3

United States Decision
To Reduce the Rate
of Production of
Enriched Uranium

Document III-73

Report to the Cabinet by the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (Seaborg), June 18, 1965 +

Scientific-Technological
Exchanges in the Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy
With the Soviet Union and
Countries of Eastern Europe

I believe that the visit last week to the United States of a group of Soviet scientists offers us a concrete example of that common bond of science about which the President has spoken. Though this visit received little public attention, it was a noteworthy example of the way in which scientific exchange can add significantly to better international relations.

This was the fourth group of Soviet scientists to visit the United States in the last year or so, balanced

3 Ante, doc. III-3.

Department of State Bulletin, July 19, 1965, pp. 128-131.

by the visits of four similar American groups to the Soviet Union.

These visits which I will review later confirm our hopes that science can serve as a possible bridge to span the gap which continues to exist between many countries. The language of science has increasingly become identified as a common tongue that transcends regular language barriers and political differences. I strongly believe that to be understood is essential to peace, and no understanding is possible where there is a want of communication. The field of science is an area in which incipient understanding can take root and

grow.

I should like to take this opportunity to tell you of our experience in the scientific-technological exchanges in the peaceful uses of atomic energy.

In May 1963, I visited the U.S.S.R. as the head of a U.S. delegation at the invitation of Mr. A. M. Petrosyants, Chairman of the State Committee for the Utilization of Atomic Energy. Our delegation was warmly received at a number of civilian research laboratories and reactor plants, including several which had never before been open to foreign scientists from either the East or West.

During the visit, Mr. Petrosyants and I reached agreement on a new Memorandum of Cooperation which provided for an expansion of the exchanges previously conducted, ar well as a program of new exchanges involving the assignment of researchers in each other's unclassified facilities. This Memorandum of Cooperation represents part of a more inclusive agreement negotiated between our Department of State and the U.S.S.R.

Later that year a team of ten Soviet technical personnel under the leadership of Mr. Petrosyants visited U.S. installations comparable to those we had visited. In a coast-tocoast tour the Soviet visitors were shown many of our most recent advances in those areas in which we believe it is to our mutual advantage to exchange information.

Important mutual benefits were derived from this initial exchange.

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1963, p. 556. * See ibid., 1964, pp. 648-663.

In our visit to the Soviet Union and in their visit to the U.S. each was able to obtain a more detailed picture of the comparative status of our two countries in reactor development, controlled fusion, nuclear chemistry, high energy physics and other disciplines.

In addition to opening many aspects of the Soviet nuclear energy program to U.S. scientists, a large amount of good will was engendered between responsible American and Soviet scientists. After the initial exchange of senior program administrators was completed, the way was clear for more detailed exchanges under the Memorandum of Cooperation.

I am pleased to report that in the past year or so we have achieved considerable success in implementing the Memorandum. This has led to a substantial improvement of our knowledge of Soviet scientific research in the fields of controlled fusion, solid state physics, civilian power reactors, and the disposal of radioactive wastes. Delegations of up to ten scientists in each of these fields have spent two weeks visiting the leading facilities in each other's countries. The opportunity for U.S. scientists to examine in detail Soviet research, development, and operating facilities has permitted the AEC, and U.S. science in general, to make more accurate appraisals of the relative standing of American and Soviet science in these fields.

I have had the pleasure of meeting with each of the Soviet delegations upon completion of their tours of U.S. facilities, and in every instance they have expressed their appreciation for the hospitality received throughout their travels, their admiration of the achievements of U.S. science and technology, and their earnest desire to continue this program.

A recently implemented feature of the Memorandum of Cooperation is the exchange of a number of research specialists to work and study in each other's installations for periods of up to one year. In the past few weeks, two Soviet scientists from the Yerevan Physics Institute completed a three-month assignment at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator while Dr. and Mrs. [Gerhardt E.] Fischer, from our Cambridge program, completed three months of

work in Yerevan. (Incidentally, Mrs. Fischer is the daughter of former Presidential Scientific Advisor, Dr. George Kistiakowsky, and a competent scientist in her own right.)

A scientist from Moscow spent six months with the high energy physics group at the AEC's Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, and, in return, a Brookhaven scientist is currently participating in the research of the Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. The participants of these exchanges have been provided broad opportunities for professional and personal travel, in addition to having the rather unique distinction of being the first actually to conduct research in each other's nuclear energy programs.

Last month, Foy D. Kohler, our Ambassador in Moscow, confirmed our belief in the international importance of these exchange programs when he informed me that he is looking forward to the arrival of more AEC delegations this summer. In his opinion, these scientific exchanges are especially useful in improving our bilateral political relationships during these troubled times. High Soviet officials have expressed similar sentiments.

We are maintaining a continuous flow, in both directions, of reports and doctoral dissertations on recent research in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The number of documents exchanged to date has exceeded 500. As a result of this and other informal exchanges of information, the U.S.S.R. is one of the leading foreign contributors to our compilation of reports in the nuclear sciences.

The Memorandum provides for further exchanges of delegations in the use of tracer compounds in medicine, radioneurological research, nuclear physics, high and low energy physics, and accelerator design, as well as the long-term exchanges of research specialists in controlled fusion and reactor techniques. In addition, we plan to hold joint conferences on specific scientific problems of mutual interest.

One specific area of exchange which I wish to bring to your attention is in the field of desalination, including the use of nuclear energy. This program is carried out by the

Department of the Interior, and the AEC. As a result of President Johnson's invitation for cooperative efforts in this very important field, a Soviet group toured U. S. desalination facilities and reactor plants last summer. In November an agreement to cooperate in the field of desalting was signed in Moscow' and a U. S. group made a return visit to Soviet installations engaged in this work. We have made a good start in exchanging information in this area and look forward to further exchanges as the programs develop.

Of course not all exchanges in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy are carried out under the Memorandum or the Desalination Agreement, for there are other programs which involve AEC facilities and permit AEC and other scientists to visit Soviet scientific centers. Both sides have also facilitated participation at professional meetings and, for example, AEC scientists have recently participated in scientific symposia and seminars in Minsk, Novosibirsk, and Yerevan. A large group of U.S. scientists also will attend a meeting in Moscow later this month of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It might also be of interest to note that there are currently several dozen Soviet scientists in the United States at work in many areas of study and at many facilities across the country.

In addition to our exchanges with the Soviet Union we engaged in similar activities with a number of the countries in Eastern Europe. For example, Polish scientists are working in a number of atomic energy installations and universities in areas which do not involve national security. Among a number of such projects, a young Polish scientist, sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, is now spending a year at the Brookhaven National Laboratory studying theoretical physics and another is participating for four months in the Laboratory's medical research program. Other young Polish scientists are participating in unclassified AEC-sponsored research at various universities such as Stanford, Notre Dame, Marquette, and the California Institute of Technology. U.S. scientists visit Polish institutes and the AEC supported a post-graduate researcher who spent a full year at

7 Text ibid., pp. 663–664.

the leading Polish nuclear energy research center. A very important aspect of our exchange program with Poland is the AEC depository library which is maintained in Warsaw. In return, we receive a substantial number of Polish reports, mostly in English, in sufficient copies to supply all of the domestic depository libraries.

AEC Commissioner, Dr. Mary I. Bunting, recently completed a trip to Poland at the invitation of the Polish AEC. As both a scientist and appointee of President Johnson to a high-level position in his administration, her visit is worthy of special note.

I would hope that the wider exchange of information and ideas in the peaceful uses of atomic energy will continue and expand the desire for constructive cooperation. While the Soviet scientists live in a society different from ours in many ways a society whose political principles clash with our national ideals-in the laboratory, the Soviet scientist behaves in much the same way as the American scientist. It is our hope that the message of free inquiry which the scientists around the world must apply in their work will increasingly contribute to better understanding.

Science certainly will not remove all of the differences and resolve all the conflicts between East and West, but it is an approach that offers some promise of results. And in this nuclear age, I do not think that we can afford to neglect any path that offers hope of increasing international understanding.

Document III-75

Statement Made by the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (Seaborg) Before the General Conference of the IAEA, Tokyo, September 22, 1965 (Excerpt)*

International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy

Let me begin by recalling that my Government's broad, basic policy of international cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy has been applied since 1954. This program has been developed with the assistance of many governmental agencies and industrial and educational organizations both in my country and abroad. It has become a symbol of effective international cooperation devoted to the betterment of mankind. Extensive international programs have been developed concerning the uses of radioisotopes and radiation sources, the promotion of peaceful nuclear research, the provision of opportunities for nuclear education and training, and, more recently, the development and use of nuclear power for the generation of electricity and for the combined production of electricity and desalting of sea water.

The United Nations International Cooperation Year comes at the close of the first decade of our Atoms for Peace program and provides a special occasion for taking stock. In this connection, I should like to recall that at the Third International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva last September,10 one thing above all became apparent as we reviewed our progress over the years: The degree of international cooperation in the development of nuclear energy resources in the last decade

Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 25, 1965, pp. 677-682. Mr. Seaborg headed the U.S. delegation to the Conference, which met Sept. 21-28, 1965. In the course of his opening remarks, not printed here, Mr. Seaborg read to the Conference a message from President Johnson (text in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, vol. II, pp. 1009-1010).

10 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1964, pp. 1116-1126.