the UNDP Governing Council to reconsider the level of contributions to the Fund in order to allow the Fund to assist exploration up to and including the stage of feasibility studies.)

The Committee also approved, for adoption by ECOSOC, a number of constructive resolutions on such subjects as problems relating to the supply and demand of natural resources and the UN Water Conference. With regard to the latter, which was scheduled for Argentina in 1977, the Committee recommended that it serve as the preparatory 'committee for the Conference and hold intersessional meetings for this purpose with the first scheduled for early in 1976.

In the area of program coordination, the Committee approved a resolution urging all UN organs and agencies to cooperate to prepare an expanded Plan of Action for the development of natural resources and to assist the Secretary General in preparing reports on ongoing and planned programs, particularly those of a global nature, for submission to each regular session of the Committee. The resolution also recommended that the Secretary General, in cooperation with relevant UN agencies, particularly the UNDP, undertake the necessary arrangements to provide better coordination and harmonization of operational activities in the natural resources field at the country level, and report on progress at the next session of the Committee. The United States strongly supported this resolution, and helped to ensure that the thrust and content of its recommendations were reflected in the agenda adopted for the next regular session of the Committee.

All of these resolutions were adopted without vote by ECOSOC at its 59th session in July.

One proposed resolution, however, was not generally acceptable. That resolution, concerning permanent sovereignty over natural resources, was sponsored in the Committee by the group of developing-state members. Among other provisions, the resolution (1) reaffirmed the inalienable rights of states to exercise full permanent sovereignty over all their wealth, natural resources, and economic activities, and (2) reaffirmed that the application of the principle of nationalization implied that each state was entitled to determine the amount of possible compensation and the mode of payment, and that any disputes should be settled in accordance with the national legislation of the state carrying out such measures. The objections of the United States and 11 other countries were noted for the record, the chairman ruling that although there

consensus for the resolution, there was "a discernible majority for adoption." When the report of the Committee on Natural Resources came before ECOSOC,

the United States requested a vote on this resolution and it was adopted on July 25 by a vote of 26 to 5 (U.S.), with 5 abstentions.

The 30th General Assembly also adopted two resolutions related to the subject of natural resources. Both were recommended by the Assembly's Second Committee during its consideration of the report of ECOSOC. The first, sponsored by 30 states and introduced on December 2 by Argentina, endorsed the arrangements so far for the UN Water Conference, requested the relevant UN organizations to cooperate closely with the Conference secretariat in the preparatory work, and urged UNEP to provide financial support for the preparatory work of the Conference. The resolution was approved without vote the same day and adopted by the Assembly without vote on December 15.

The second resolution, entitled "Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories," was sponsored by 45 states and introduced on December 5 by Pakistan. The resolution recalled that the 29th Assembly in 1974 had requested the Secretary General, with the assistance of relevant specialized agencies and UN organs, including UNCTAD, "to prepare a report on the adverse economic effects on the Arab states and peoples, resulting from repeated Israeli aggression and continued occupation of their

territories." Concluding that the Secretary General's report, dated November 3, was inadequate because it did not incorporate the necessary substantive and comprehensive studies, the resolution requested the heads of the relevant specialized agencies and UN organs, particularly UNCTAD and ECWA, to cooperate actively and adequately with the Secretary General in the preparation of a final and comprehensive report which should be submitted to the Assembly at its 31st session. The resolution was approved by the Second Committee on December 5 by a rollcall vote of 91 to 2 (Israel, U.S.) with 21 abstentions, and adopted by the plenary Assembly on December 15 by a rollcall vote of 100 to 2 (Israel, U.S.), with 30 abstentions. The United States voted against the resolution because, inter alia, it believed that the item was not within the competence of the Second Committee and that the resolution contained improper criticism of the Secretariat.

UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY

The UN University is to consist of a worldwide network of advanced training and research institutes with a University Center in Tokyo to provide program direction, coordination, and administrative support. The Center, facilities for which were furnished by Japan, became operational in 1975. Two Vice Rectors, Dr. Ichiro Kato (Japan), for Administration, and Dr.

Alexander Kwapong (Ghana), for Planning and Development, have been appointed by the Rector, Dr. James M. Hester (U.S.). The University, whose charter was adopted by the 28th General Assembly in 1973, is still in the early stages of setting program priorities and fund-raising.

The University's governing body, the Council, met in Tokyo in January 1975 and at UN Headquarters in June. Major actions taken by the Council included approving the Rector's organizational proposals and three general priority areas for the University's programs: world hunger, human and social development, and the use and management of natural resources. Three committees of experts, on each of which Americans served, subsequently recommended programs in these areas for the University. The experts concerned with the problem of world hunger recommended that the University direct its efforts to post-harvest conservation, food policy, food science, and nutrition. The experts in the field of development recommended that the University focus upon education for development, improving social relevance of science and technology, styles of living, and the analysis of projections of the future based on various world models. In the field of natural resources, the experts recommended that the University undertake a series of ecological projects concerned with arid zones, coastal areas, and oceanography, and another series concerned with the more careful use of natural resources, such as limiting the non-fuel uses of fossil material.

The University's fund-raising objective is $500 million for an endowment fund that will provide a basic annual operating income in the range of $25-$40 million. By the end of 1975 Cyprus, Ghana, Greece, Japan, Senegal, Sweden, and Venezuela had made pledges to the endowment fund. The two largest pledges were those from Japan in 1973 for $100 million and from Venezuela in 1975 for $10 million.

On December 9 the 30th General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution on the UN University that had been sponsored in the Second Committee by Venezuela and 18 other states. In the resolution the Assembly (1) encouraged the University to pursue its work within the three broad areas of priority that it had identified, (2) urged the University to embark on its full activities as soon as possible and establish appropriate links with interested and qualified institutions all over the world, (3) stressed the need for full cooperation and coordination between the University and appropriate agencies and bodies of the UN system with a view to avoiding duplication of effort and permitting utilization of available expertise in the most effective and economical manner, (4) appealed to all members to give financial and other support to the University, and (5) requested the Secretary General in cooperation

with the Rector and Council of the University and the Director General of UNESCO to intensify his efforts to raise more funds for the University.

UN INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH

The UNITAR Board of Trustees, which sets overall policy and approves the budget, comprises 4 ex officio members--the UN Secretary General, the President of the General Assembly, the President of ECOSOC, and the Executive Director of UNITAR--and 21 members who are appointed by the Secretary General on a broad geographical basis. Harvey Picker, Dean of the Faculty of International Affairs at Columbia University, is a member of the board. The Executive Director, Davidson Nicol (Sierra Leone), also serves ex officio as a member of the UN University Council, in order to guard against the possibility of overlap between the programs of UNITAR and UNU.

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At its 14th session, held in New York, September 22-25, 1975, the Board of Trustees reviewed the Institute's work during the preceding year and approved a budget of $2,609,000 and program of work for 1976 which continues both the research and training programs. major research project during 1976 will continue to be the Project on the Future, directed by Dr. Philippe de Seynes, former UN Under Secretary General for Economic and Social Affairs, who was appointed UNITAR Senior Special Fellow in January 1975. Other continuing research will be concerned with peaceful settlement of disputes, the UN role in promoting cooperation between countries having different economic and social systems, the international civil service, and multinational corporations. Among the subjects for future studies discussed by the Board were nutrition, deserts and water, new energy sources, and intermediate technologies to exploit small-scale deposits of natural resources.

With respect to training, during the year ended June 30, 1975, there were over 600 participants from 120 countries in UNITAR courses, which were organized for diplomats, national officials, and international civil servants. The cooperation of other UN agencies in carrying out UNITAR courses for international civil servants was strengthened during 1975, in part because UNITAR's Director of Training also served as the chairman of the ACC26/ Subcommittee on Education

26/ The Administrative Committee on Coordination is composed of the UN Secretary General and the executive heads of the specialized agencies and the IAEA. The heads of other UN organs are invited to participate as appropriate.

and Training and the CCAQ27/ Subcommittee on Staff Training.

A noteworthy example during 1975 of UNITAR's timely integration of its research and training programs concerned activities for International Women's Year. In cooperation with UNDP and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, UNITAR organized a training seminar on women and development. Held at Mexico City in June, immediately before the World Conference of the International Women's Year, the seminar was attended by participants from more than 30 countries. The Institute also published, so that it would be available in time for the World Conference, a special issue of UNITAR News entitled "Women and the UN."

The Second Committee of the 30th General Assembly considered UNITAR at three meetings on October 7 and 8 and November 20. In opening the discussion, the Executive Director introduced UNITAR's annual report and affirmed that UNITAR would take the conclusions of the General Assembly's seventh special session into account when putting its program of work into effect.

Speaking on October 8, the U.S. Representative, John H. Haugh, said that considering the small amount of money involved, the work of UNITAR was surprisingly comprehensive in areas of critical concern. He complimented the Executive Director on increasing the proportion of expenditures devoted to substantive operations by seeking the advice and implementing recommendations of the UN Administrative Management Service. He expressed the view, shared by others, that UNITAR's role involved activities designed to improve UN structure and functioning and problems of special interest to the developing countries in the area of economic and social development. He said that the United States was particularly pleased that UNITAR's research activities had been reoriented toward studies which could be completed and used within approximately one year. He concluded by saying that, with respect to the Project on the Future, the United States looked forward both to the realistic identification of evolving global problems and to proposals for timely, imaginative UN system solutions.

27/ The Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions was established by the ACC in 1948. All organizations of the UN common system--i.e., UN, specialized agencies, IAEA, GATT, UNDP--are represented on the Committee. Member organizations are represented by the heads of their administrative services or such other administrative officers as may be designated from time to time.