1975. This provided that greater programming emphasis will be placed on the results to be achieved by projects and less on the means of achieving them, such as reliance on experts from developed countries. This is intended to provide a better use of local expertise and institutions and a more effective transfer of appropriate technologies both to and among the developing countries. In this connection, the UNDP continued in 1975 to give increased attention to "technical cooperation among developing countries," establishing a special unit for this purpose and beginning the organization of a series of regional meetings and a worldwide conference to foster this activity.

On the recommendation of its Second Committee, the 30th General Assembly without vote adopted two resolutions directly related to the technical cooperation work of the UNDP. The first, adopted on November 28, endorsed the UNDP Governing Council's decision on new dimensions in technical cooperation and stressed the importance of applying the general guidelines in that decision for the future orientation of the Program.

The second resolution, adopted on December 11, stressed the importance of technical cooperation activities among developing countries and, inter alia, requested the UNDP Administrator to integrate such activities into the regular framework of the UNDP through the work of the Special Unit for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries.

UN Regular Program

Provision is made annually in the UN regular (or assessed) budget for a small program known as the "Regular Program of Technical Assistance.' Its obligations in 1975 amounted to $9.7 million. The program is operated under a series of General Assembly resolutions relating to economic development, industrial development, social welfare, public administration, human rights, narcotics, regional and subregional advisory services, and education programs for southern Africa. The UNDP Governing Council provides general policy guidance for the Program.

The major program areas covered by the 1975 obligations were natural resources and transport ($2.5 million), industrial development ($2 million), development planning ($1.6 million), social development ($1.4 million), and public administration ($1.2 million). The program activities were carried out largely in the least developed countries, with Africa receiving almost half of the total and interregional projects accounting for almost 25% of the obligations.

Although sympathetic with the effort to use the Regular Program to provide additional assistance to the least developed countries, the United States has continued to advocate that all technical assistance for development be eliminated from the UN assessed budget and be funded by voluntary contributions through the UNDP and other UN programs. This would restrict the Regular Program to those few areas, such as human rights, for which there are no other sources of funds.

UN Volunteers

A corps of UN Volunteers (UNV) was established by the 25th General Assembly, to begin operations as of January 1, 1971. Responsibility for UNV was vested in the UNDP Administrator, who exercises this function through a Coordinator. The present UNV Coordinator is John Gordon, formerly head of the Canadian University Service Overseas. His headquarters are in Geneva.

UN Volunteers work on a wide range of development projects funded by the UNDP. Primarily operating in the rural sector, there were 274 Volunteers (including 30 Americans) serving by the end of 1975 in 48 countries, over half of which were in the least developed category. Approximately half of the Volunteers were themselves from developing countries.

Coordinator Gordon presented at the 20th session of the UNDP Governing Council in June 1975 a program designed to further the basic UNV objective, the achievement of a meaningful involvement of young people in economic development activities. To this end a number of projects have been initiated involving UN Volunteers in the Middle East, Latin America, Africa, and East Asia. Particularly noteworthy was the "sand dune fixation project" in Iran. This project, which involves many of the 36 Volunteers assigned to that country, combines irrigation activity and the planting of vegetation to inhibit desertification. Other substantial Volunteer activity is to be found in Lesotho and in Yemen.

The Coordinator noted that the assumption of direct recruitment by UNV in mid-1974 had resulted in doubling the rate of recruitment and placement. However, limited financial resources would prevent achievement of the goal of having 500 Volunteers in the field by mid-1976. Accordingly, the Coordinator urged increased contributions by member states to the Special Voluntary Fund and a broadening of its use to cover all Volunteer expenses. This Fund had been established by the 25th General Assembly, which invited governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private

individuals to make contributions. The United States did not contribute to the Fund in 1974 or 1975, but its contributions through 1973 totaled $400,000.

Capital Development Fund

The General Assembly established the UN Capital Development Fund in 1966 despite lack of support from the United States and most other developed countries. Most donor countries have not been convinced of the need for another institution to provide capital development aid through concessional loans and grants. In 1967 the General Assembly placed the Fund under the management of the Administrator and the Governing Council of the UNDP, because pledges to the Fund were not sufficient to make a separate administration economical.

Contributions in the early years were very limited and the Fund's activities were consequently constrained. Since 1973, the Fund has been oriented so that its resources are concentrated on projects designed to benefit primarily the least developed countries. Emphasis is placed on assistance in the fields. of small-scale industry and integrated rural development. The Fund finances projects that involve relatively greater risks than other agencies might be willing to assume, and most assistance is on a grant basis.

The UNDP Administrator has placed the Fund under the direction of an Executive Secretary who has fairly rapidly moved to energize its activities. By the end of 1975 total project commitments reached $15 million. The Fund's commitments in 1974 and 1975 went entirely to the least developed countries, with approximately two-thirds going to the countries of the drought-stricken Sudano-Sahelian zone of Africa. The Fund adopted an innovative approach by supplying rather small amounts of capital for projects to build local institutions, often in cooperation with other donors, including U.S. AID and the Peace Corps. Providing seed money for small loan funds for low-cost housing, small-scale industry, and agricultural programs is a major emphasis.

By the end of 1975, 59 countries had pledged a total of $27.1 million to the Fund. This was increased shortly after the end of the year by a $3.4 million contribution from Sweden. Other major donors have been Denmark, Netherlands, and Norway from the industrialized countries, and Egypt, India, Pakistan, and Yugoslavia from the developing countries.

UN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

The General Assembly on November 17, 1966, adopted a resolution establishing UNIDO as an autonomous organization within the United Nations to promote and accelerate the industrialization of the developing countries. Membership in UNIDO is open to all members of the United Nations, the specialized agencies, and the IAEA; the United States has been a member since the beginning. UNIDO has its headquarters in Vienna.

A 45-state Industrial Development Board (IDB),4/ elected by the General Assembly, is UNIDO's policyformulating body. It meets annually to review past activities and approve future programs, and its subsidiary body, the Permanent Committee (a committee of the whole) meets twice a year between sessions of the IDB.

The headquarters and field staff of UNIDO--authorized at 1,041 for the 1974-75 biennium--directly promotes industrial development by making available internationally recruited experts, by training developing country personnel, by establishing pilot institutions, and by making preinvestment surveys. Supporting activities of the headquarters staff include research and publication on technologies in specific industrial sectors, such as metallurgy and fertilizer, and on industrial functions, such as financing and management. UNIDO also provides several information clearinghouse services and organizes expert symposia and promotional conferences to stimulate contacts between businessmen, consultants, and government officials from countries at all levels of industrialization. UNIDO does not provide capital assistance.

Program Activities

The value of technical assistance projects delivered by UNIDO in 1975 grew significantly over 1974 from approximately $24.1 million to $33.5 million, a jump of 39%. Financing was provided from a variety of sources, mostly voluntary. As in the past, most (73%) of the field projects executed by UNIDO were funded by the UNDP, as part of the latter's overall country programs. Special Industrial Services--i.e., short-term,

4/ Members in 1975 were Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Gabon, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Liberia, Malagasy Republic, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Rwanda, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Tunisia, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zambia.

trouble-shooting aid to solve urgent technical problems--financed by the UNDP program reserve fund, accounted for some 11% of the UNIDO program. Some 60 countries--led by the U.S.S.R. and Italy--made voluntary contributions to the UNIDO General Trust Fund (6%), while Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the People's Republic of China made large contributions to pay for specific projects that they sponsored jointly with UNIDO (4%). Only 6% of UNIDO technical assistance in 1975 was financed from the Regular Program of Technical Assistance, a part of the UN assessed budget.

A high concentration of UNIDO's projects in 1975 were in the field of industrial technology, which included assistance for engineering, metallurgical, chemical, pharmaceutical, and paper industries. In the area of industrial services, most assistance was for projects in industrial institutions and quality control systems; and in the area of industrial programming, a number of projects were for surveys and studies.

UNIDO's administrative and research activities are funded from the UN regular budget, in 1975 at a level of $19.8 million.

The United States supported UNIDO financially in 1975 through its annual voluntary contribution to the UNDP and through its assessed contribution to the UN regular budget. Furthermore, as in the past, a number of UNIDO-sponsored training projects were carried out in the United States.

Second General Conference

UNIDO held its Second General Conference in Lima, Peru, March 12-27, 1975; 114 states took part. The principal result was the adoption of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Cooperation. The first 57 articles comprise the Declaration, and articles 58 through 76 comprise the Plan of Action. The Plan is divided into six principal sections: (1) measures of national scope; (2) cooperation among developing countries; (3) cooperation between developing and developed countries; (4) the least developed, landlocked, and island developing countries; (5) institutional arrangements; and (6) the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.

A major goal set out in the Declaration was increase the developing countries' share of world industrial production from its present 7% to at least 25% by the year 2000. The new institutional arrangements advocated by the Plan of Action included (1) reorganization of the UNIDO Secretariat; (2) conversion of UNIDO into a specialized agency; (3) pending such