Pre-trial discovery, i.e., the examination by a defendant of the evidence in the case against him prior to his trial, is now extensively used in some jurisdictions, and has been treated as a matter of right in People v. Quarles in New York. The defense counsel has many means of discovery including: (1) preliminary examination; (2) copy of the indictment; (3) bill of particulars; (4) statements and confessions of defendants; (5) list of witnesses and addresses; (6) statements of witnesses; and (7) inspection and copying of physical evidence. In many cases an informal request to the prosecutor will produce the needed items. The procedure used when a motion or petition is necessary is set forth in Garber, The Growth of Criminal Discovery. Discovery by the prosecution has been upheld in California and Washington. No address. This Citizens' Committee for Children of New York is concerned with the problems of children and their families. Its interests are in preventive measures as well as in protective and corrective care and treatment. This testimony relates to the Family Court. It recommends procedural improvements and the securing of more staff. The elimination of fragmentation of cases involving families with social behavior problems may be helped by: diagnostic work at intake determining court referral; better training of petition clerks to determine which court part is more suitable than another for a particular case; help to persons changing court parts; preparation of petitions better suited to family needs; and information unification. A central register assuring an immediate access to upto-date information should be part of the Judicial Conference's responsibility. The need is stressed for more Family Court judges and mandatory training for newly appointed judges. Evidence and arguments are advanced for a speedy trial to protect the accused as well as society, and for the maintenance of confidentiality. The position of the Committee is stated on legislation concerning the freedom of the Family Court judges to place persons in need of supervision in any institution under the auspices of the State Department of Social Welfare, and an increase in age jurisdiction for the Family Court. Austin MacCormick, Chairman of the Board, Citizens' Committee for Children of New York, Inc., 112 East 19 Street, New York, 10003. 1861 Harper, James. Homicide cases: the preliminary hearing. Popular Government, 31(4):8-11,21, 1964. The general statutes of North Carolina authorize county coroners to conduct preliminary hearings in the cases of criminal homicide they investigate. The coroners are only empowered to conduct hearings in homicide cases while preliminary investigations of other crimes can be held only in courts. Confusing procedure results from this distinction between homicide charges and charges for lesser crimes. There are no standard preliminary procedures in cases involving homicide charges and often more than one hearing is conducted because of the conflicting duties of coroners, medical examiners, and the courts. Although the right to a preliminary hearing is a necessary prerogative for the accused, it is by no means final. If probable cause is found, the case is sent to a grand jury. A finding of no probable cause results in release of the accused. There should be no distinction between preliminary hearing procedures for homicides and for other crimes, and different officials should not have overlapping duties and jurisdictions. No address. 1862 Action for Appalachian Youth. A report and request for a continuation grant. Charleston, West Virginia, December 1964, various pagings. mimeo. Evi A description is given for a project which seeks to deal with a problem in the relationship between the population of rural Kanawha County and an urban industrialized culture in which this population must operate. dence was given that the contact of people from this rural area with the dominant urban culture provoked delinquency and other problems of alienation and maladaptation. The isolation of the target area fosters deprivation, poverty, inadequate access to education, and health problems. These handicapping conditions, in turn, foster alienation. The project proposes to increase the ability of institutions and people to meet the needs of the rural population. A work-training system has been established and a tutoring program utilizes college students and retired teacher-volunteers. The program includes proposals to: (1) stimulate the improvement of housing; (2) establish recreational facilities; and (3) improve the health and welfare services. A description of each phase of the program outlines the functions of staff members and operating budget. Action for Appalachian Youth, Inc., P.O. Box 3228, Charleston, West Virginia, 25332. 1863 Grant, Richard A. Public offenders. Rehabilitation Record, 5(6):1-4, 1964. The close relationship between vocational performance and over-all community adjustment among offenders, and the government program which deals with the restoration of disabled persons to jobs has a significant role to play in the correctional field. Many state rehabilitation agencies have offenders as clients. The emphasis on these various state and federal vocational rehabilitation projects for the physically or mentally disabled has been on the adult offender, though one at the Children's Village, Dobbs Ferry, New York, provides comprehensive rehabilitation services for emotionally disturbed delinquent adolescents. Rhode Island and Georgia are among other states with programs for offenders in the younger age group. Several institutes have been held to bring together professionals from both rehabilitation and correctional fields to explore ways of working more closely together. One result of these institutes has been to plan a series of special demonstration projects to concentrate vocational rehabilitation services at selected federal probation offices. Each project will include research objectives and full rehabilitation services to probationers, parolees, and releasees under the jurisdiction of the respective probation offices. Another recent development is approved by the National Advisory Council for Vocational Rehabilitation of a project under which the National Council on Crime and Delinquency will establish a joint commission on correctional manpower and training. This commission will try to relieve the critical shortage of professional manpower in the correctional field. Vocational rehabilitation will be included in this project. The difficulties involved in incorporating offenders in vocational rehabilitation programs are outlined, which include such factors as eligibility and lack of funds. No address. 1864 National Council of Juvenile Court Judges. Institute and Conference Program. Preliminary training reports of National Training Laboratories, Division of National Education Associations. Chicago, Illinois, no date, 21 p. mimeo. As The National Council of Juvenile Court Judges Institute and Conference Program offers a variety of training formats and experiences under a broad national training grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. indicated by this compilation of summary reports, the program's chief efforts have been week-long regional meetings, focusing on the development of human relations and communication skills that are important to effective work with children, court staffs, and community resources. Participation and laboratory learning methods have been used rather than conventional lecture presentations. The work conference series held during 196364 involved two to three-day state and local meetings. Special work conferences were held and inservice training programs for court staff were begun. National Council of Juvenile Court Judges, American Bar Center, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago 37, Illinois. 1865 California. Youth Authority Department. Subjective impact of an industrial training school: a panel study, by Selden Menefee. Sacramento, June 1964, 184 p. This study of the subjective impact of an industrial school deals with the impact of the Preston School of Industry on a group of nineteen inmates, wards of the California Youth Authority, in 1959 and 1960. The impact as indicated by a series of detailed interviews was, in general, favorable from the boys' own point of view. But the constructive influences of school and staff tended to be offset in the living units and elsewhere by a strong deviant peer-culture. Major institutional factors affecting the boys were the companies, school, and vocational classes and institutional controls exercised by supervisors and by cadet officers. There was a generally favorable attitude toward supervisors. In the social structure of the company, ethnic or racial background was the most obvious basis for social differentiation among boys and within the races a social hierarchy was also present. Within this system there was some evidence of upward mobility based partly on fighting ability, partly on manipulative skills, athletic prowess, and other factors. In nearly all companies, there were cliques which possessed status and control over peer behavior thus making it difficult for boys to accept staff values. A key part of the deviant inmate subculture was the "code," the unwritten rules governing behavior within the peer group, as opposed to staff rules. The divergence between staff and peer values and rules resulted in tensions such as a food riot which occurred during the period under study. In this instance, the boys tended to conform mainly to peer pressures, and both persuasion and disciplinary measures had to be used. the final interview, the great majority of the boys in the main panel responded favorably when asked how they felt about Preston. They mentioned specific things they had learned in school, in trade classes, and in "getting along with other people." Of six who gave answers rated as generally positive in tone, five succeeded on parole three years later. Of six who gave negative or indifferent responses of their impression of Preston, five subsequently failed on parole. The consensus In of opinion was that the Preston experience helped boys more than it hurt them. Most of those who failed on parole blamed their failure largely on their peer associations after leaving Preston. Both before and after the time of the original impact interviews, efforts were made by Preston officials to bring about closer staff-ward relationships, improved school and trade training programs, and a wider range of leisure-time activities. These changes tended to reinforce sociallyacceptable goals and provide recognition of constructive achievements among the wards, and thus to undercut the deviant subculture at Preston and provide a more relaxed atmosphere. Appendix I details the background of panel members. Appendix II is a glossary of conlanguage at Preston. No address. 1866 Middle Atlantic States Conference of Correction. Twenty-sixth annual conference, Wilmington, Delaware, May 3-6, 1964, prepared by John A. Morhart. no publication data, 94 p. multilith. The annual meeting of the Middle Atlantic States Conference of Corrections on May 5, 1964 included general sessions and workshops on some of the following subjects: corrections and justice; field contacts in probation and parole; group counseling; custody and treatment; the presentence report; treatment of the sociopath; work release programs; prerelease preparation; correction and child welfare; probation; decision making in probation and parole; school dropouts as a challenge to corrections; staffing in probation and parole; the halfway house; the dynamics of anti-social behavior; research statistics and planning in corrections; preparation for release; classification; and citizens' action in correction. No address. 1867 Radzinowicz, Leon. The role of criminology and a proposal for an institute of criminology: a report presented to and approved by the Special Committee on the Administration of Criminal Justice, set up by the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. New York, 1964, 120 p. A study of how the city of New York could marshal its resources to provide new knowledge and a better mechanism for continuing improvements in criminal justice suggests that there is a compelling need and desire for a center of high standing to be engaged in continuous and diversified activity bearing upon the problems of crime, its prevention and treatment, and upon criminal law and its enforcement. There has been an awareness of the need for a permanent criminological center in the past. Yet the movements toward accomplishing that end have been rebuffed. The Association of the Bar, the Judicial Conference, the universities, and private and voluntary agencies of the city of New York can all make a contribution to the setting up of a criminological center for the city of New York. A description of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology and an evaluation of the experiences gained are included for illustrative purposes. Separate and independent institutes should be established through out the country. It must be home of basic or pure and continuing research in the field of criminology; it should provide practical programs for the application of the knowledge and techniques it develops; and its program should embrace all the disciplines, ranging from psychology through sociology, anthropology, economics, and the law itself, which may contribute to the understanding of crime. It must be independent and not subordinated to the professional, vocational, or even educational objectives of institutions or organizations seeking or serving other and narrower or broader goals in the community. This report was unanimously recommended by the Special Committee on the Administration of Criminal Justice. The most significant development of 1964 in United States federal correctional institutions was the dramatic reduction in the prison population; on June 30, 1964 the population stood at 22,058 down 1,259 from the same date in 1963. Although the number of criminal cases filed in federal criminal courts increased slightly, the rate of decline during 1963 accelerated during 1964. The trend can be attributed to a number of factors including: an increased use of fines; the adoption of more liberal probation policies; and the reversal of the trend toward lengthier sentences. The report evaluates the effects of this population reduction, summarizes industrial operations of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., gives information on personnel management, congressional liaison, medical and psychiatric developments, construction, legal activities, and research. The report compares conditions in United States prisons in 1937 with those of today, and reflects on the future of corrections and tomorrow's prisons. No address. 1869 Cuyahoga County (Ohio). Juvenile court. Annual report for 1964. Cleveland, 1965, 25 p. The annual report of the juvenile court of Cuyahoga County, Ohio presents a descriptive analysis of the court's work and statistical tables on unofficial and official total complaints received from 1960 to 1964, the type of complaint received, official and unofficial dispositions of juveniles in delinquency cases, the disposition of neglect and dependency cases, cases under supervision by the probation department in 1964, the number of children under care in the detention home in 1964, the incidence of physical defects noted by the court clinic, and the diagnoses of patients examined by the court psychiatrists. No address. 1870 U. S. Justice Department. Parole Board. Functions of the United States Board of Parole. Washington, D.C., 1964, 12 p. This guide to the functions of the United States Board of Parole includes information on the Board's statutory authority, its composition, eligibility for parole, the granting of parole, mandatory release, parole supervision in the communty, revocation of parole or mandatory release, and the basis of parole. No address. 1871 International Criminal Police Organization. The role and future of the police in the field of crime prevention, prepared for the Third United Nations Congress for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Delinquents. Stockholm, 1965, 30p. The development of the important function which the police can perform in crime prevention depends in particular upon the mentality of the police and the public and on the training of police officers responsible for crime prevention. The police should aspire to be an institution for crime prevention and be known and recognized by the public as such. Apart from the conventional crime prevention, such as the presence of the police in the street, police should establish branches specializing in crime prevention which could provide some of the following services: (1) instructing and warning the public against the effects of certain offenses on the offender, the victim, and the community and against the negligence of the potential victim which encourages the commission of certain crimes; (2) rational organization of material protection against theft and other property offenses; (3) study of the most appropriate methods of crime prevention with reference to public opinion and the means at the disposal of police; (4) reducing the tension arising from dangerous situations brought about by quarrels and theatening behavior; and (5) the prevention of juvenile delinquency in the broadest sense by such means as the spotting of areas of delinquency, the detection of minors who are endangered, and the establishment of police youth clubs. No address. 1872 California. Youth Authority Department. Preliminary population estimates 1966-67 governor's budget. Sacramento, 1965, 11 p. The preliminary population estimate for the 1966-67 California governor's budget contains the following projections: (1) estimated average daily population of wards in California Youth Authority institutions and in Department of Corrections institutions that house Youth Authority wards for fiscal years 1965-67; (2) preliminary estimates of the 1965-67 institutional population movement; and (3) preliminary estimates of parole caseloads and parole movement for fiscal years 1965-67. No address. 1873 Kentucky. Legislative Research Commission. Capital punishment. Frankfort, 1965, 17 p. (Informational Bulletin No. 40) There have been 162 executions in Kentucky since an electric chair was installed in the Kentucky State Penitentiary in 1911. Today fifteen crimes are punishable by death in Kentucky, among them, murder, rape, and kidnapping. Of the 162 persons (none of them women) executed in Kentucky since 1911, 144 were for murder. On an average, three persons per year have been executed, but there have been no executions in the state since March 2, 1962. The number of executions have steadily decreased since 1933 and the warden of the Kentucky state penitentiary as well as the governor of the state are opposed to capital punishment. Reasons most commonly given for the abolition of capital punishment include the following: (1) capital punishment does not act as a deterrent to capital crime; (2) it is so infrequently used that it has become very ineffective; (3) although the crime rate has been rising rapidly in the United States in the last few years, the homicide rate has declined since 1930; (4) there is the ever present danger of executing the innocent or mentally ill; (5) capital punishment is not uniformly applied, falling more |